The document provides information on seven ancient wonders of the world: the Great Pyramid of Giza, the largest Egyptian pyramid built as a tomb for Pharaoh Khufu; the Great Wall of China, a series of fortifications built across northern China stretching thousands of kilometers; the Taj Mahal, a white marble mausoleum in India built in the 1600s; Machu Picchu, an 15th century Inca citadel located high in the Andes Mountains in Peru; Petra, an ancient Nabataean city carved into rock cliffs in southern Jordan; the Colosseum, an elliptical amphitheater in Rome that could hold tens of thousands of spectators; and the Hanging

1. farhan world travels
7 WONDERS OF WORLD
August 06, 2023
Great Pyramid of Giza
The Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest Egyptian pyramid and served as the tomb of pharaoh Khufu, who ruled during
the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom. Built in the early 26th century BC, over a period of about 27 years, the pyramid is the
oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only wonder that has remained largely intact. It is the most famous
monument of the Giza pyramid complex, which is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Memphis and its Necropolis". It is
situated at the northern end of the line of the three pyramids at Giza.
Initially standing at 146.6 metres (481 feet), the Great Pyramid was the world's tallest man-made structure for more than 3,800
years. Over time, most of the smooth white limestone casing was removed, which lowered the pyramid's height to the current
138.5 metres (454.4 ft); what is seen today is the underlying core structure. The base was measured to be about 230.3 metres
(755.6 ft) square, giving a volume of roughly 2.6 million cubic metres (92 million cubic feet), which includes an internal hillock.
The dimensions of the pyramid were 280 royal cubits (146.7 m; 481.4 ft) high, a base length of 440 cubits (230.6 m; 756.4 ft), with
a seked of 51
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palms (a slope of 51°50'40").
It was built by quarrying an estimated 2.3 million large blocks, weighing 6 million tonnes in total. The majority of the stones are not
uniform in size or shape, and are only roughly dressed. The outside layers were bound together by mortar. Primarily local
limestone from the Giza Plateau was used for its construction. Other blocks were imported by boat on the Nile: white limestone
from Tura for the casing, and blocks of granite from Aswan, weighing up to 80 tonnes, for the "King's Chamber" structure.
Great Wall of China
The Great Wall of China (traditional Chinese: 萬里長城; simplified Chinese: 万里长城; pinyin: Wànlǐ Chángchéng, literally "ten
thousand li long wall") is a series of fortifications that were built across the historical northern borders of ancient Chinese
states and Imperial China as protection against various nomadic groups from the Eurasian Steppe. Several walls were built from
as early as the 7th century BC, with selective stretches later joined by Qin Shi Huang (220–206 BC), the first emperor of China.
Little of the Qin wall remains. Later on, many successive dynasties built and maintained multiple stretches of border walls. The
best-known sections of the wall were built by the Ming dynasty (1368–1644).
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2. Apart from defense, other purposes of the Great Wall have included border controls, allowing the imposition of duties on goods
transported along the Silk Road, regulation or encouragement of trade and the control of immigration and
emigration. Furthermore, the defensive characteristics of the Great Wall were enhanced by the construction of watchtowers,
troop barracks, garrison stations, signaling capabilities through the means of smoke or fire, and the fact that the path of the Great
Wall also served as a transportation corridor.
The frontier walls built by different dynasties have multiple courses. Collectively, they stretch from Liaodong in the east to Lop
Lake in the west, from the present-day Sino–Russian border in the north to Tao River (Taohe) in the south; along an arc that
roughly delineates the edge of the Mongolian steppe; spanning 21,196.18 km (13,170.70 mi) in total. Today, the defensive
system of the Great Wall is generally recognized as one of the most impressive architectural feats in history.
Taj Mahal
The Taj Mahal (/ˌtɑːdʒ məˈhɑːl, ˌtɑːʒ-/; lit. 'Crown of the Palace') is an ivory-white marble mausoleum on the right bank of the
river Yamuna in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India. It was commissioned in 1631 by the fifth Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan (r. 1628–1658)
to house the tomb of his favourite wife, Mumtaz Mahal; it also houses the tomb of Shah Jahan himself. The tomb is the centrepiece
of a 17-hectare (42-acre) complex, which includes a mosque and a guest house, and is set in formal gardens bounded on three
sides by a crenellated wall.
Construction of the mausoleum was essentially completed in 1643, but work continued on other phases of the project for another
10 years. The Taj Mahal complex is believed to have been completed in its entirety in 1653 at a cost estimated at the time to be
around ₹32 million, which in 2023 would be approximately ₹35 billion. The construction project employed some 20,000 artisans
under the guidance of a board of architects led by Ustad Ahmad Lahori, the emperor's court architect. Various types of symbolism
have been employed in the Taj to reflect natural beauty and divinity.
The Taj Mahal was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983 for being "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the
universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage". It is regarded by many as the best example of Mughal architecture and a
symbol of India's rich history. The Taj Mahal attracts 7-8 million visitors a year, and in 2007 it was declared a winner of the New 7
Wonders of the World (2000–2007) initiative
Machu Picchu
Machu Picchu is a 15th-century Inca citadel located in the Eastern Cordillera of southern Peru on a 2,430-meter (7,970 ft)
mountain ridge. Often referred to as the "Lost City of the Incas", it is the most familiar icon of the Inca Empire. It is located in
the Machupicchu District within Urubamba Province above the Sacred Valley, which is 80 kilometers (50 mi) northwest of Cusco.
The Urubamba River flows past it, cutting through the Cordillera and creating a canyon with a tropical mountain climate. In
reference to the site’s name, for most speakers of English or Spanish, the first 'c' in Picchu is silent. In English, the name is
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3. pronounced /ˌmɑːtʃuː ˈpiːtʃuː/ or /ˌmætʃuː ˈpiːktʃuː/, in Spanish as [ˈmatʃu ˈpitʃu] or [ˈmatʃu ˈpiɣtʃu], and
in Quechua (Machu Pikchu) as [ˈmatʃʊ ˈpɪktʃʊ].
The Inca civilization had no written language and, after the discovery by a Spanish soldier Baltasar Ocampo, by the end of the
16th-century no more Europeans visited the site until the 19th century, so far as is known, so there are no written records of the
site while it was in use. The names of the buildings, their supposed uses, and their inhabitants are the product of modern
archaeologists on the basis of physical evidence, including tombs at the site. Machu Picchu was built in the classical Inca style,
with polished dry-stone walls. Its three primary structures are the Intihuatana, the Temple of the Sun, and the Room of the Three
Windows. Most of the outlying buildings have been reconstructed in order to give visitors a better idea of how they originally
appeared. By 1976, 30% of Machu Picchu had been restored and restoration continues. Most
recent archaeologists believe that Machu Picchu was constructed as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (1438–1472). The
Incas built the estate around 1450 but abandoned it a century later, at the time of the Spanish conquest. According to the new AMS
radiocarbon dating, it was occupied from c. 1420–1532. Historical research published in 2022 claims that the site was probably
called Huayna Picchu by the Inca people themselves, as it exists on the smaller peak of the same name
Petra
Petra (Arabic: ‫راء‬‫ْت‬‫َب‬‫ْل‬‫ٱ‬, romanized: Al-Batraʾ; Ancient Greek: Πέτρα, "Rock"), originally known to its inhabitants
as Raqmu or Raqēmō (Nabataean: 𐢈𐢓𐢚𐢛‎*Raqēmō) is a historic and archaeological city in southern Jordan. It is adjacent to the
mountain of Jabal Al-Madbah, in a basin surrounded by mountains forming the eastern flank of the Arabah valley running from
the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba. The area around Petra has been inhabited from as early as 7000 BC, and
the Nabataeans might have settled in what would become the capital city of their kingdom as early as the 4th century
BC. Archaeological work has only discovered evidence of Nabataean presence dating back to the second century BC, by
which time Petra had become their capital. The Nabataeans were nomadic Arabs who invested in Petra's proximity to
the incense trade routes by establishing it as a major regional trading hub.
The trading business gained the Nabataeans considerable revenue and Petra became the focus of their wealth. Unlike their
enemies, the Nabataeans were accustomed to living in the barren deserts and were able to repel attacks by taking advantage of
the area's mountainous terrain. They were particularly skillful in harvesting rainwater, agriculture, and stone carving. Petra
flourished in the 1st century AD, when its Al-Khazneh structure – believed to be the mausoleum of Nabataean king Aretas IV – was
constructed, and its population peaked at an estimated 20,000 inhabitants.
Although the Nabataean kingdom became a client state of the Roman Empire in the first century BC, it was only in 106 AD that it
lost its independence. Petra fell to the Romans, who annexed Nabataea and renamed it as Arabia Petraea. Petra's importance
declined as sea trade routes emerged, and after an earthquake in 363 destroyed many structures. In the Byzantine era, several
Christian churches were built, but the city continued to decline and, by the early Islamic era, it was abandoned except for a handful
of nomads. It remained unknown to the western world until 1812, when Swiss traveller Johann Ludwig Burckhardt rediscovered it.
Colosseum
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The Colosseum (/ˌkɒləˈsiːəm/ KOL-ə-SEE-əm; Italian: Colosseo [kolosˈsɛːo]) is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city
of Rome, Italy, just east of the Roman Forum. It is the largest ancient amphitheatre ever built, and is still the largest standing
amphitheatre in the world, despite its age. Construction began under the emperor Vespasian (r. 69–79 AD) in 72 and was
completed in 80 AD under his successor and heir, Titus (r. 79–81). Further modifications were made during the reign
of Domitian (r. 81–96). The three emperors who were patrons of the work are known as the Flavian dynasty, and the
amphitheatre was named the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium; Italian: Anfiteatro Flavio [aɱfiteˈaːtro
ˈflaːvjo]) by later classicists and archaeologists for its association with their family name (Flavius).
The Colosseum is built of travertine limestone, tuff (volcanic rock), and brick-faced concrete. It could hold an estimated 50,000 to
80,000 spectators at various points in its history, having an average audience of some 65,000; it was used
for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles including animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas
based on Roman mythology, and briefly mock sea battles. The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early
medieval era. It was later reused for such purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry, and
a Christian shrine.
Although substantially ruined by earthquakes and stone robbers taking spolia, the Colosseum is still a renowned symbol
of Imperial Rome and was listed as one of the New 7 Wonders of the World. It is one of Rome's most popular tourist
attractions and also has links to the Roman Catholic Church, as each Good Friday the Pope leads a torchlit "Way of the Cross"
procession that starts in the area around the Colosseum. The Colosseum is depicted on the Italian version of the five-cent euro
coin.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World listed by Hellenic culture. They were
described as a remarkable feat of engineering with an ascending series of tiered gardens containing a wide variety of trees,
shrubs, and vines, resembling a large green mountain constructed of mud bricks. It was said to have been built in the ancient city
of Babylon, near present-day Hillah, Babil province, in Iraq. The Hanging Gardens' name is derived from the Greek
word κρεμαστός (kremastós, lit. 'overhanging'), which has a broader meaning than the modern English word "hanging" and refers
to trees being planted on a raised structure such as a terrace.
According to one legend, the Hanging Gardens were built alongside a grand palace known as The Marvel of Mankind, by the Neo-
Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II (who ruled between 605 and 562 BC), for his Median wife, Queen Amytis, because she
missed the green hills and valleys of her homeland. This was attested to by the Babylonian priest Berossus, writing in about 290
BC, a description that was later quoted by Josephus. The construction of the Hanging Gardens has also been attributed to the
legendary queen Semiramis and they have been called the Hanging Gardens of Semiramis as an alternative name.
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