The study identified four distinct food-related lifestyle segments among Taiwanese consumers using a modified Food-Related Lifestyle instrument:
1) Traditional consumers (23.54%) who value product information, price, and freshness.
2) Adventurous consumers (27.61%) who rely on experts, enjoy novelty, and involve themselves in cooking.
3) Uninvolved consumers (24.07%) who care less about product information, price, health, and novelty.
4) Astute consumers (24.78%) who seek value, convenience, and are less influenced by others.
Social marketing of water and sanitation products A systematic re.docxjensgosney
Social marketing of water and sanitation products: A systematic review of peer-reviewed literature
· W.D. Evansa, , ,
· S.K. Pattanayakb, ,
· S. Younga, ,
· J. Buszinc, ,
· S. Raib, ,
· Jasmine Wallace Bihma,
Show more
doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.03.011
Get rights and content
Highlights
•
Water and sanitation behaviors can be marketed like commercial products.
•
There has been no systematic review of theory, research, and practice in this area.
•
We identified 32 articles over a 22 year period that met search criteria.
•
Evaluations show improvements in mediators but mixed results in behavior change.
•
Social marketing can improve water and sanitation programs worldwide.
Abstract
Like commercial marketing, social marketing uses the 4 “Ps” and seeks exchange of value between the marketer and consumer. Behaviors such as handwashing, and products such as those for oral rehydration treatment (ORT), can be marketed like commercial products in developing countries. Although social marketing in these areas is growing, there has been no systematic review of the current state of practice, research and evaluation.
We searched the literature for published peer-reviewed studies available through major online publication databases. We identified manuscripts in the health, social science, and business literature on social marketing that used at least one of the 4 Ps of marketing and had a behavioral objective targeting the behaviors or products related to improving water and sanitation. We developed formalized decision rules and applied them in identifying articles for review. We initially identified 117 articles and reviewed a final set of 32 that met our criteria.
Social marketing is a widespread strategy. Marketing efforts have created high levels of awareness of health threats and solutions, including behavior change and socially marketed products. There is widespread use of the 4 Ps of marketing, with price interventions being the least common. Evaluations show consistent improvements in behavioral mediators but mixed results in behavior change.
Interventions have successfully used social marketing following widely recommended strategies. Future evaluations need to focus on mediators that explain successful behavior change in order to identify best practices and improve future programs. More rigorous evaluations including quasi-experimental designs and randomized trials are needed. More consistent reporting of evaluation results that permits meta-analysis of effects is needed.
Keywords
· Social marketing;
· Health promotion;
· Behavior change;
· Water;
· Sanitation;
· Diarrheal disease
1. Introduction
At its core, marketing is about an exchange of value between the marketer and consumer. If the marketer can promote a product or service to make the consumer perceive sufficient value, the consumer is more likely to purchase it. The marketer's objective is to create value for consumers and thereby financial benefit for the marketer or her.
Ten-point Vision Strategies to Offer a Menu of Options to Promote Healthy Eat...asclepiuspdfs
Background: Globalization is largely responsible for the noticeable rise of food energy availability and other food consumptions trends. Lebanon has been experiencing a nutritional transition in food choices and patterns during the past years. Dietary habits and lifestyles have been consequently affected, and nutrition-health related problems are increasingly being observed. Public health nutrition strategies and policies will ultimately benefit individuals and their communities. Objective: The objective of the study was to explore the determinants of health promotion strategies and nutrition policies development by studying Lebanese key stakeholders’ perceptions.
Social marketing of water and sanitation products A systematic re.docxjensgosney
Social marketing of water and sanitation products: A systematic review of peer-reviewed literature
· W.D. Evansa, , ,
· S.K. Pattanayakb, ,
· S. Younga, ,
· J. Buszinc, ,
· S. Raib, ,
· Jasmine Wallace Bihma,
Show more
doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.03.011
Get rights and content
Highlights
•
Water and sanitation behaviors can be marketed like commercial products.
•
There has been no systematic review of theory, research, and practice in this area.
•
We identified 32 articles over a 22 year period that met search criteria.
•
Evaluations show improvements in mediators but mixed results in behavior change.
•
Social marketing can improve water and sanitation programs worldwide.
Abstract
Like commercial marketing, social marketing uses the 4 “Ps” and seeks exchange of value between the marketer and consumer. Behaviors such as handwashing, and products such as those for oral rehydration treatment (ORT), can be marketed like commercial products in developing countries. Although social marketing in these areas is growing, there has been no systematic review of the current state of practice, research and evaluation.
We searched the literature for published peer-reviewed studies available through major online publication databases. We identified manuscripts in the health, social science, and business literature on social marketing that used at least one of the 4 Ps of marketing and had a behavioral objective targeting the behaviors or products related to improving water and sanitation. We developed formalized decision rules and applied them in identifying articles for review. We initially identified 117 articles and reviewed a final set of 32 that met our criteria.
Social marketing is a widespread strategy. Marketing efforts have created high levels of awareness of health threats and solutions, including behavior change and socially marketed products. There is widespread use of the 4 Ps of marketing, with price interventions being the least common. Evaluations show consistent improvements in behavioral mediators but mixed results in behavior change.
Interventions have successfully used social marketing following widely recommended strategies. Future evaluations need to focus on mediators that explain successful behavior change in order to identify best practices and improve future programs. More rigorous evaluations including quasi-experimental designs and randomized trials are needed. More consistent reporting of evaluation results that permits meta-analysis of effects is needed.
Keywords
· Social marketing;
· Health promotion;
· Behavior change;
· Water;
· Sanitation;
· Diarrheal disease
1. Introduction
At its core, marketing is about an exchange of value between the marketer and consumer. If the marketer can promote a product or service to make the consumer perceive sufficient value, the consumer is more likely to purchase it. The marketer's objective is to create value for consumers and thereby financial benefit for the marketer or her.
Ten-point Vision Strategies to Offer a Menu of Options to Promote Healthy Eat...asclepiuspdfs
Background: Globalization is largely responsible for the noticeable rise of food energy availability and other food consumptions trends. Lebanon has been experiencing a nutritional transition in food choices and patterns during the past years. Dietary habits and lifestyles have been consequently affected, and nutrition-health related problems are increasingly being observed. Public health nutrition strategies and policies will ultimately benefit individuals and their communities. Objective: The objective of the study was to explore the determinants of health promotion strategies and nutrition policies development by studying Lebanese key stakeholders’ perceptions.
Menu Considerations of the Health Conscious Customers in Selected Restaurants...arthurdigman
Abstract – Healthy eating is becoming increasingly important in consumers’ mind. As people realize that health problems are associated with modern lifestyle, interests in healthy eating are escalating. This study was created to ascertain the different considerations of the health conscious customers in choosing their food when dining out in the selected restaurants. The study was designed to determine the awareness of the customers about healthy foods and the main factors that the health conscious customer considers when selecting menu items. The study also focused on the challenges faced by the customers in choosing healthy food as an option and the opportunities in engaging the healthy lifestyle. Descriptive type of research was utilized in the study with 200 customers of the three selected restaurants. The results of this study showed that the age bracket of most of the respondents is from 18 to 22 years old, and mostly were female therefore, female is highly health conscious than male. Respondents are aware what is healthy/ organic food and the reason why to purchase. Price is the factor that most respondents considered in selecting food, and the number one challenge for them is to select food that has vitamins and minerals which keep them healthy and gives a good appearance. With the benefits, organic food has more natural antioxidants that improve the immune system which helps fight against diseases.
This new report reveals the findings from IGD’s ShopperVista research on the motivations and drivers for shoppers in adopting a more sustainable diet.
It includes information on:
•How shoppers approach both health and sustainability
•What drives their product choices in these areas
•How empowered they feel to make a difference
•What shoppers feel about choice editing
•Who shoppers think is responsible for making a difference
Influence of Antecedents on Consumer Attitudes towards Functional Food Empiri...ijtsrd
Food is one of the basic needs to be satisfied for the survival of a human being. "Functional Food" is food and food components that may provide benefits beyond basic nutrition, and it includes a wide variety of foods and food components believed to improve health and well being of people which help to reduce the risk of specific diseases. This paper investigates the influence of antecedents Customer knowledge, Necessity, Safety, Confidence, Rewards on consumer attitudes towards functional food within the Sri Lankan context. It is important for marketers to understand the attitudes in relation to functional food so they can properly implement in marketing strategies. In addition to the main objective of identifying influence of antecedents on consumer attitudes, the most influencing antecedent was also established. Convenient sampling method was used in collecting data from the respondents which consisted of 280 respondents from Colombo district within the age group of eighteen to sixty. Inferential statistics were used analyse and interpret the data by Correlation and Regression. Validity and reliability were tested for all the measures. The results indicate that customer knowledge, necessity and safety have a negative impact while confidence and rewards has a positive impact on the consumer attitude towards functional food. Rewards from functional food were derived to be a crucial factor for the consumer attitudes on functional food. These findings will provide food processing organizations and policy planners with valuable insights on consumer behaviour. R. M. K. S. Rasanjalee | D. S. R. Samarasinghe "Influence of Antecedents on Consumer Attitudes towards Functional Food: Empirical Study in Sri Lanka" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27994.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/27994/influence-of-antecedents-on-consumer-attitudes-towards-functional-food-empirical-study-in-sri-lanka/r-m-k-s-rasanjalee
1
6
Nutrition
Name
Institutional affiliation
Professor
Course
Date
Introduction
An individual’s nutritional status mainly results from various factors interacting at different levels (Shirakabe et al., 2018). Nevertheless, an individual’s eating pattern is an essential factor that dictates disease occurrence, particularly some chronic conditions like hypertension, cancer, stroke, heart disease, and diabetes. Again, adverse outcomes, including malnutrition, poor life quality, low birth weight, mortality, and disability, are relative to poor eating patterns. Therefore, recognizing diet’s role at the onset of disease and evaluating the nutritional status of a community, family, and individual are essential public health. In this case, nutritional assessment help to obtain information concerning the geographical distribution and prevalence of nutritional disorders in a community or a specific population group. The assessment also aids in planning corrective measures and examining the effectiveness of applied strategies simultaneously.
Article Search
Identifying recently published articles that support present nutritional status evaluation is necessary to locate essential evidence for the topic. Hence, it was imperative to determine scholarly academic sources whose publications range within the past five years to facilitate up-to-date information that applies to the paper’s focus. In this case, I used search terms “Malnutrition,” “Mini Nutritional Assessment,” and “Diets” in the NCBI and PubMed search databases. Here, I located the articles “Assessing and Evaluating Nutritional Status, Diets, and Physical Activity” and “Evaluation of Nutritional Status of Elderly Patients Presenting to the Family Health Center” using this technique to find information that supports nutritional status assessment.
Article Findings
The findings in the articles emphasize the significance of implementing nutritional status assessments to maintain individuals’ health status. Cross-sectional research took place at a domestic health center in Turkey. The study sample consisted of 102 patients in FHC without severe dementia, communication problems, or psychiatric conditions (Nazan & Buket, 2018). Participants completed an MNA questionnaire regarding daily meal numbers, feeding mode, fluid and protein consumption, anthropometric measurements, and patients’ self-view concerning health and nutritional status. In the study, 31% of the participants had malnutrition risk, while 13% were malnourished. The findings showed that malnutrition prevalence was higher in males, and malnutrition risk increases with age in any geriatric population. Again, patients with malnutrition portrayed severe appetite loss. Generally, the study shows that the malnutrition rate increase rapidly in parallel with the global elderly growth. Hence, the article addresses the topic because the application of nutritional screening examinations for the elderly people would facilitate health me ...
The Concept of Precision Nutrition and Product Technology R&D Innovation ——Zh...Simba Events
The Concept of Precision Nutrition and Product Technology R&D Innovation
——Zhang Xuguang, Director Science and Technology Center, BY-HEALTH CO., LIMITED
Differences in Perceptions Between Muslim andNon-Muslim Consumers in purchasi...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The high demand for halal food provides opportunities for halal food producers, especially in
Indonesia, to expand their market both domestically and abroad. Several studies reveal that halal is no longer
defined as a religious obligation but is already considered the standard of choice for both Muslims and NonMuslims around the world, so there is great potential to reach Non-Muslim consumers as a new market for halal
food. This study aims to determine the differences in perceptions between Muslim and Non-Muslim consumers
regarding the intention to purchase food with the halal logo in Indonesia. The analysis used in this study is
Discriminant Analysis using SPSS 22 software to analyze differences in perception factors between Muslim and
Non-Muslim consumers related to the variables of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control.
The results showed significant differences between attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control
of Muslimand Non-Muslim consumers towards the intention to purchase food with the halal logo. This research
is expected to be used as a reference in decision-making strategies, especially for business people and regulators
to continue to be able to develop the halal industry.
KEYWORDS:Attitude, Subjective Norm, Perceived Behavioral Control, PurchaseIntention, Halal Food
JEL Classification: M19, M30, M31
This special session explores the relationship between food and well-being through a broad lens. This research contributes to our understanding of how consumers, policy makers, firms, and other stakeholders may help improve consumers’ health by improving their food well-being.
The session features three articles from an upcoming special issue of the Journal of Public Policy & Marketing and are detailed in the first portion of this presentation. The second portion covers the articles that were not discussed in the session.
Menu Considerations of the Health Conscious Customers in Selected Restaurants...arthurdigman
Abstract – Healthy eating is becoming increasingly important in consumers’ mind. As people realize that health problems are associated with modern lifestyle, interests in healthy eating are escalating. This study was created to ascertain the different considerations of the health conscious customers in choosing their food when dining out in the selected restaurants. The study was designed to determine the awareness of the customers about healthy foods and the main factors that the health conscious customer considers when selecting menu items. The study also focused on the challenges faced by the customers in choosing healthy food as an option and the opportunities in engaging the healthy lifestyle. Descriptive type of research was utilized in the study with 200 customers of the three selected restaurants. The results of this study showed that the age bracket of most of the respondents is from 18 to 22 years old, and mostly were female therefore, female is highly health conscious than male. Respondents are aware what is healthy/ organic food and the reason why to purchase. Price is the factor that most respondents considered in selecting food, and the number one challenge for them is to select food that has vitamins and minerals which keep them healthy and gives a good appearance. With the benefits, organic food has more natural antioxidants that improve the immune system which helps fight against diseases.
This new report reveals the findings from IGD’s ShopperVista research on the motivations and drivers for shoppers in adopting a more sustainable diet.
It includes information on:
•How shoppers approach both health and sustainability
•What drives their product choices in these areas
•How empowered they feel to make a difference
•What shoppers feel about choice editing
•Who shoppers think is responsible for making a difference
Influence of Antecedents on Consumer Attitudes towards Functional Food Empiri...ijtsrd
Food is one of the basic needs to be satisfied for the survival of a human being. "Functional Food" is food and food components that may provide benefits beyond basic nutrition, and it includes a wide variety of foods and food components believed to improve health and well being of people which help to reduce the risk of specific diseases. This paper investigates the influence of antecedents Customer knowledge, Necessity, Safety, Confidence, Rewards on consumer attitudes towards functional food within the Sri Lankan context. It is important for marketers to understand the attitudes in relation to functional food so they can properly implement in marketing strategies. In addition to the main objective of identifying influence of antecedents on consumer attitudes, the most influencing antecedent was also established. Convenient sampling method was used in collecting data from the respondents which consisted of 280 respondents from Colombo district within the age group of eighteen to sixty. Inferential statistics were used analyse and interpret the data by Correlation and Regression. Validity and reliability were tested for all the measures. The results indicate that customer knowledge, necessity and safety have a negative impact while confidence and rewards has a positive impact on the consumer attitude towards functional food. Rewards from functional food were derived to be a crucial factor for the consumer attitudes on functional food. These findings will provide food processing organizations and policy planners with valuable insights on consumer behaviour. R. M. K. S. Rasanjalee | D. S. R. Samarasinghe "Influence of Antecedents on Consumer Attitudes towards Functional Food: Empirical Study in Sri Lanka" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27994.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/27994/influence-of-antecedents-on-consumer-attitudes-towards-functional-food-empirical-study-in-sri-lanka/r-m-k-s-rasanjalee
1
6
Nutrition
Name
Institutional affiliation
Professor
Course
Date
Introduction
An individual’s nutritional status mainly results from various factors interacting at different levels (Shirakabe et al., 2018). Nevertheless, an individual’s eating pattern is an essential factor that dictates disease occurrence, particularly some chronic conditions like hypertension, cancer, stroke, heart disease, and diabetes. Again, adverse outcomes, including malnutrition, poor life quality, low birth weight, mortality, and disability, are relative to poor eating patterns. Therefore, recognizing diet’s role at the onset of disease and evaluating the nutritional status of a community, family, and individual are essential public health. In this case, nutritional assessment help to obtain information concerning the geographical distribution and prevalence of nutritional disorders in a community or a specific population group. The assessment also aids in planning corrective measures and examining the effectiveness of applied strategies simultaneously.
Article Search
Identifying recently published articles that support present nutritional status evaluation is necessary to locate essential evidence for the topic. Hence, it was imperative to determine scholarly academic sources whose publications range within the past five years to facilitate up-to-date information that applies to the paper’s focus. In this case, I used search terms “Malnutrition,” “Mini Nutritional Assessment,” and “Diets” in the NCBI and PubMed search databases. Here, I located the articles “Assessing and Evaluating Nutritional Status, Diets, and Physical Activity” and “Evaluation of Nutritional Status of Elderly Patients Presenting to the Family Health Center” using this technique to find information that supports nutritional status assessment.
Article Findings
The findings in the articles emphasize the significance of implementing nutritional status assessments to maintain individuals’ health status. Cross-sectional research took place at a domestic health center in Turkey. The study sample consisted of 102 patients in FHC without severe dementia, communication problems, or psychiatric conditions (Nazan & Buket, 2018). Participants completed an MNA questionnaire regarding daily meal numbers, feeding mode, fluid and protein consumption, anthropometric measurements, and patients’ self-view concerning health and nutritional status. In the study, 31% of the participants had malnutrition risk, while 13% were malnourished. The findings showed that malnutrition prevalence was higher in males, and malnutrition risk increases with age in any geriatric population. Again, patients with malnutrition portrayed severe appetite loss. Generally, the study shows that the malnutrition rate increase rapidly in parallel with the global elderly growth. Hence, the article addresses the topic because the application of nutritional screening examinations for the elderly people would facilitate health me ...
The Concept of Precision Nutrition and Product Technology R&D Innovation ——Zh...Simba Events
The Concept of Precision Nutrition and Product Technology R&D Innovation
——Zhang Xuguang, Director Science and Technology Center, BY-HEALTH CO., LIMITED
Differences in Perceptions Between Muslim andNon-Muslim Consumers in purchasi...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The high demand for halal food provides opportunities for halal food producers, especially in
Indonesia, to expand their market both domestically and abroad. Several studies reveal that halal is no longer
defined as a religious obligation but is already considered the standard of choice for both Muslims and NonMuslims around the world, so there is great potential to reach Non-Muslim consumers as a new market for halal
food. This study aims to determine the differences in perceptions between Muslim and Non-Muslim consumers
regarding the intention to purchase food with the halal logo in Indonesia. The analysis used in this study is
Discriminant Analysis using SPSS 22 software to analyze differences in perception factors between Muslim and
Non-Muslim consumers related to the variables of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control.
The results showed significant differences between attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control
of Muslimand Non-Muslim consumers towards the intention to purchase food with the halal logo. This research
is expected to be used as a reference in decision-making strategies, especially for business people and regulators
to continue to be able to develop the halal industry.
KEYWORDS:Attitude, Subjective Norm, Perceived Behavioral Control, PurchaseIntention, Halal Food
JEL Classification: M19, M30, M31
This special session explores the relationship between food and well-being through a broad lens. This research contributes to our understanding of how consumers, policy makers, firms, and other stakeholders may help improve consumers’ health by improving their food well-being.
The session features three articles from an upcoming special issue of the Journal of Public Policy & Marketing and are detailed in the first portion of this presentation. The second portion covers the articles that were not discussed in the session.
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
NO1 Uk Rohani Baba In Karachi Bangali Baba Karachi Online Amil Baba WorldWide...Amil baba
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
NO1 Uk Black Magic Specialist Expert In Sahiwal, Okara, Hafizabad, Mandi Bah...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
**Key Sections Covered:**
1. **Economic Impact:** Understand the profound economic impact of Latino consumers on the U.S. economy. Discover how their increasing purchasing power is fueling growth in key industries and contributing to national economic prosperity.
2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
3. **Entrepreneurial Contributions:** Explore the entrepreneurial spirit within the Latino community. Examine how Latino-owned businesses are thriving and contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic diversification.
4. **Workforce Statistics:** Gain insights into the role of Latino workers in the American labor market. Review statistics on employment rates, occupational distribution, and the economic contributions of Latino professionals across various industries.
5. **Media Consumption:** Understand the media consumption habits of Latino audiences. Discover their preferences for digital platforms, television, radio, and social media. Learn how these consumption patterns are influencing advertising strategies and media content.
6. **Education:** Examine the educational achievements and challenges within the Latino community. Review statistics on enrollment, graduation rates, and fields of study. Understand the implications of education on economic mobility and workforce readiness.
7. **Home Ownership:** Explore trends in Latino home ownership. Understand the factors driving home buying decisions, the challenges faced by Latino homeowners, and the impact of home ownership on community stability and economic growth.
This SlideShare provides valuable insights for marketers, business owners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the economic influence of the Latino community. By understanding the various facets of Latino buying power, you can effectively engage with this dynamic and growing market segment.
Equip yourself with the knowledge to leverage Latino buying power, tap into their entrepreneurial spirit, and connect with their unique cultural and consumer preferences. Drive your business success by embracing the economic potential of Latino consumers.
**Keywords:** Latino buying power, economic impact, entrepreneurial contributions, workforce statistics, media consumption, education, home ownership, Latino market, Hispanic buying power, Latino purchasing power.
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network
#pi coins
#money
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.
Fang2009FRLSegmentation.PDF
1. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47630892
Food-Related Lifestyle Segments in Taiwan: Application of the Food-Related
Lifestyle Instrument
Article in American Journal of Applied Sciences · January 2009
DOI: 10.3844/ajassp.2009.2036.2042 · Source: DOAJ
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Shih Hsin University
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3. Am. J. Applied Sci., 6 (12): 2036-2042, 2009
2037
values[9]
. In order to provide theoretical background for
lifestyle research, development of the FRL instrument
was in strict accordance with a means-end chain
approach. The dimensions to be measured were
formulated in advance base on a sound theory; the
research questionnaire was then developed accordingly.
The means-end chain shows how the product
characteristics are linked to the consequences of food
consumption, the attainment of life values are
connected subsequently. This approach regards lifestyle
as a mental construct that explains, but is not identical
to, actual behavior. Therefore, lifestyle becomes a
concept that transcends individual brands or products,
but may still be specific to a product class[9]
.
Development of the FRL instrument is deductive and
considerably more rigorous than the predominating
inductive approach in related lifestyle research. Further,
items of the FRL questionnaire are tested by
confirmatory factor analysis rather than traditional
exploratory data analysis techniques.
The FRL model introduced by Brunsø et al.[6]
as
shown in Fig. 1 which covers 23 dimensions in five
interrelated domains. Each dimension includes three
questions, so there are 69 questions in total. The five
domains are:
• Way of shopping: This domain reflects consumer
food shopping behaviors. There are six
dimensions, including: The importance of product
information, attitude toward advertising, joy of
shopping, specialty shopping, price criterion and
shopping list
• Quality aspects: This domain refers to what
consumers demand from food consumption. Its 6
dimensions include: Health, price-quality
relationship, novelty, organic products, tastiness
and freshness
• Cooking methods: This domain examines such
aspects as how products purchased are transformed
into meals. The six dimensions of cooking methods
include: Involvement with cooking, looking for
new ways, convenience, family involvement,
spontaneity and woman’s task
• Consumption Situations: This domain concerns the
situations in which consumers eat food. Two
dimensions are included: Snacks versus meals and
social events
• Purchasing motives: This domain examines what
consumers expect from a meal and the importance
of these expectations. Self-fulfillment, security and
social relationships are three dimensions of this
domain
Fig. 1: Cognitive structures model for food-related
lifestyles. Source: Brunsø and Grunert (1998)
The FRL instrument used for the present study is
extensively tested in European nations. Its reliability
and validity are also empirically proven[6,11]
. Empirical
results support that the measurement scale is invariant
across Denmark, France, Germany, England and
Australia. However, research in Singapore suggests that
the dimensions and some items should be modified to
fit Chinese culture[2]
.
The FRL instrument is also wildly applied to
empirical market analysis. For instance, Kesić and Piri-
Rajh[10]
used the FRL instrument to segment Croatian
consumers into five groups: A “relaxed group” of
consumers who are not interested in buying and
preparing foods and reluctant to change eating habits;
“traditionalists” who pay extra attention to foods and
costs and generally are good cooks; a “modern group”
of consumers who dislike spending time buying,
preparing and cooking foods and wish to shorten
shopping and cooking times; a “concerned group” of
consumers prefer organic foods and avoid food
products with additives; and “hedonists” who
emphasize food freshness and enjoy eating, buying and
cooking foods with friends and family.
Bruwer et al.[7]
applied a modified FRL instrument
to segment the Australian wine market into five
different categories, each of which is characterized by
different drinking habits. De Boer et al.[8]
examined
Irish consumers’ purchasing behaviors for convenience
food-related products to discover that fast and instant
food consumers care about social activities most, like to
try new tastes, new recipes and prepare various kinds of
foods. They also hold positive attitudes toward
advertising. Ryan et al.[13]
employed the FRL
instrument to segment Irish consumers into six groups
to discover that the derived food-related lifestyle
segments are similar across several nations. For
instance, conservative and uninvolved consumer
segments are included in all related studies, while
adventurous and astute consumer segments also exist in
many nations.
4. Am. J. Applied Sci., 6 (12): 2036-2042, 2009
2038
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample and sampling method: The FRL instrument
comprises 69 items that measure 23 lifestyle
dimensions within the five domains described above.
All items are rated on a seven-point Likert-type scale,
ranging from: (1) “completely disagree” to (7)
“completely agree.” A sample of 650 Taiwanese
consumers is drawn on a household basis. The number
of questionnaires distributed in each of four major
counties is determined by the population ratio i.e.,
county vs. nation. In each household, the person who is
responsible for food shopping and meal preparation was
interviewed. In total, 565 valid responses are collected,
which amounts to an 87% response rate. As shown in
Table 1. Respondents are mostly female (78%) and
married (71%). The primary age group is 31-44 years
old (41%), followed by 45+ year olds (34%). In terms
of education, subjects with a college degree or above
accounted for the largest group (42%).
Scale modification: According to Askegaard and
Brunsø[2]
, the FRL instrument should be adjusted to fit
into Chinese Collectivism culture. Therefore, after data
were collected, the instrument was further adjusted
using item analysis and exploratory factor analysis.
Analysis was carried out using SPSS 10.0 for
Windows. First, we performed item analysis to
evaluate item-remainder correlation and internal
consistency. Once a satisfactory coefficient alpha was
achieved, exploratory factor analysis was used to
confirm the uni-dimensionality of the construct.
Table 2 demonstrates our modification of the FRL
instrument. According to the results of factor analysis,
the FRL instrument can be divided into 17
dimensions. Some dimensions in the original scale are
combined into one dimension. For instance, “attitude
toward advertising” and “specialty shopping” were
combined into “reliance on experts”; “health” and
“organic products” into “health and organic products”;
“spending time” and “looking for new ways” into
“involvement with cooking”; and “social
relationships” and “self-fulfillment in food” into
“social interaction and self-fulfillment”. In the “ways
of shopping” domain, the “shopping list” dimension is
renamed “unscheduled shopping” because making a
shopping list before purchasing food products is rare
in Taiwan. In the “cooking methods” domain, the
dimension of “spontaneity” was found to be
insignificant and deleted from the scale.
Table 1: Respondents’ demographic profiles
Description Frequency Percentage
Gender
Male 126 22.30
Female 439 77.70
Marital status
Married 401 70.97
Single 164 29.03
Age group
Under 30 141 24.96
31-44 234 41.42
Over 45 190 33.63
Educational background
Less than high school 182 32.21
Junior college 147 26.02
Higher than college 236 41.77
Monthly household income (NTD)
Less than $40,000 96 16.99
$40,001-60,000 119 21.06
$60,001-80,000 125 22.12
$80,001-100,000 91 16.11
Above $100,001 134 23.72
Table 2: Modification of the FRL
Domains/dimensions Item Cronbach’s alpha
Ways of shopping
Importance of product information 4 0.71
Reliance on experts 4 0.67
Price criterion 3 0.71
Unscheduled shopping 2 0.72
Joy of shopping 2 0.72
Quality aspects
Health and organic products 5 0.82
Novelty 5 0.78
Price-quality relationship 6 0.78
Freshness 2 0.64
Cooking methods
Involvement with cooking 6 0.77
Convenience 3 0.71
Assistance from family 2 0.66
Woman’s task 2 0.50
Consumption situations
Snacks versus meals 3 0.55
Social event 3 0.60
Purchasing motives
Social interaction and self-fulfillment 6 0.71
Security 3 0.68
RESULTS
Food-related lifestyle segments: To determine the
optimal number of food-related lifestyle segments, a
two-step cluster analysis was adopted. First,
hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to calculate
the Cubic Clustering Criterion (CCC) and the
maximum value was selected as the relative optimal
number of cluster. The K-means method was introduced
with the optimal number, the final segments were
obtained. This method can be used to avoid subjective
explanation of cluster analysis and the instability of
hierarchical clustering caused by data-sorting problems.
5. Am. J. Applied Sci., 6 (12): 2036-2042, 2009
2039
Table 3: Results of cluster analysis
Domain/dimensions F ratio p- value Cluster 1 (23.54%) Cluster 2 (27.61%) Cluster 3 (24.07%) Cluster 4(24.78%)
Ways of shopping
Importance of product information 55.66 0.00 0.39a
(0.87)b
0.18 (0.68) -0.84 (1.04) 0.24 (0.92)
Reliance on experts 54.83 0.00 -0.09 (1.11) 0.74 (0.76) -0.27 (0.79) -0.47 (0.84)
Price criterion 36.82 0.00 -0.50 (1.11) 0.22 (0.77) -0.31 (0.88) 0.53 (0.90)
Unscheduled shopping 23.52 0.00 0.46 (0.90) -0.29 (1.09) -0.34 (0.76) 0.21 (0.97)
Joy of shopping 21.50 0.00 -0.03 (1.10) 0.16 (0.82) -0.52 (0.97) 0.35 (0.91)
Quality aspects
Health and organic products 38.81 0.00 0.19 (1.00) 0.55 (0.68) -0.43 (0.79) -0.37 (1.13)
Novelty 113.5 0.00 -0.90 (1.01) 0.63 (0.61) -0.31 (0.76) 0.46 (0.77)
Price-quality relation 92.56 0.00 0.43 (0.80) 0.03 (0.69) -0.97 (1.00) 0.50 (0.78)
Freshness 25.86 0.00 0.33 (0.88) 0.31 (0.86) -0.51 (0.91) -0.16 (1.10)
Cooking methods
Involvement with cooking 42.42 0.00 -0.41 (0.96) 0.45 (0.77) -0.49 (0.92) 0.37 (0.98)
Convenience 49.04 0.00 -0.62 (0.83) 0.37 (1.06) 0.49 (0.78) -0.30 (0.85)
Assistance from family 13.73 0.00 0.02 (0.95) 0.33 (0.95) -0.40 (0.92) -0.01 (1.04)
Woman’s task 41.07 0.00 0.27 (0.88) 0.43 (0.98) -0.08 (0.82) -0.66 (0.94)
Consumption situations
Snacks versus meals 58.92 0.00 -0.33 (0.77) 0.63 (0.98) 0.23 (0.89) -0.61 (0.83)
Social event 41.27 0.00 -0.73 (1.07) 0.34 (0.85) 0.01 (0.88) 0.31 (0.83)
Purchasing motives
Social interaction and 101.8 0.00 -0.50 (0.86) 0.57 (0.69) -0.73 (0.92) 0.55 (0.76)
self-fulfillment
Security 65.18 0.00 -0.05 (0.94) 0.59 (0.88) 0.18 (0.75) -0.78 (0.88)
The analyzed results allow us to distinguish four
different segments of food-related lifestyles of
Taiwanese families. Table 3 shows these four segments
and the result of ANOVA on the 17 dimensions. Post
hoc Scheffe’s test confirmed that the differences
between groups were significant. Thus, it can be
inferred that the segmentation of the sample data into
four clusters is appropriate. We further calculated the
means and standard deviations of each dimension.
Groups are labeled according to the segment’s primary
characteristics and based on similar food-related
clusters identified by earlier studies. The following four
clusters are named and explained as follows:
Segment 1: Traditional food consumers: A total of
133 participants (23.54%) are included in this segment.
Consumers in this segment are quite traditional in their
shopping and cooking behaviors; they tend to pay extra
attention to product labels before purchases, but are
also involved in many impulsive purchases. In fact,
their price consciousness is the lowest of all segments.
That doesn’t mean that they care less about how much
they pay for food products, they simply don’t buy the
cheapest products but pay extra attention to the
price/quality relationship.
In terms of quality aspects, traditional food
consumers appreciate the freshness of foods. However,
they are far less interested in novelty products; these
individuals avoid trying foods which they are not
familiar with. As to cooking methods, traditional food
consumers are more conservative and dislike changing
their ways of cooking. They don’t like to use instant-
food or ready-to-eat foods. Moreover, consumers in this
segment seldom dine out with friends and do not think
that they can obtain self-fulfillment and achievement
from cooking.
Segment 2: Adventurous food consumers: The
adventurous food consumers segment of the individuals
under study comprises 156 people (27.61%) of the
sample. Consumers in this segment prefer advertised
food products and like to buy foods in specialty shops
with the assistance of a salesperson. In general, these
consumers are interested in all food-related activities;
they are price consciences to certain degrees, they
usually do research before making purchase decisions.
In terms of quality, they have strong preferences for
organic and healthy foods; however, they also like to
taste various exotic cuisines and emphasize the
importance of food tastes.
In terms of cooking methods, compared to other
segments, adventurous food consumers are most keen
on cooking and open to creativities and challenges in
cooking. However, most of them conceived that the
whole cooking process to be the woman’s job. In fact,
these individuals consider the kitchen a woman’s
domain. Food and food products are very important
parts of their lives; they enjoy eating out with friends
and snack regularly. With respect to motives, this group
considers dining with friends or family an important
social activity and is proud if complimented on their
food.
6. Am. J. Applied Sci., 6 (12): 2036-2042, 2009
2040
Table 4: Demographic characteristics of consumers in identified segments
Consumers Traditional Adventurous Uninvolved Astute All
Gender
Male 18 (13.53) 34 (21.79) 47 (34.56) 27 (19.29) 126 (22.30)
Female 115 (86.47) 122 (78.21) 89 (65.44) 113 (80.71) 439 (77.70)
Marital status
Married 114 (85.71) 114 (73.08) 86 (63.24) 87 (62.14) 401 (70.97)
Single 19 (14.29) 42 (26.92) 50 (36.76) 53 (37.86) 164 (29.03)
Age
Under 30 10 (7.52) 32 (20.51) 54 (39.71) 45 (32.14) 141 (24.96)
31-44 years old 45 (33.83) 76 (48.72) 59 (43.38) 54 (38.57) 234 (41.42)
Over 45 years old 78 (58.65) 48 (30.77) 23 (16.91) 41 (29.29) 190 (33.63)
Occupation
Governmental employee and military 36 (27.07) 39 (25.00) 32 (23.53) 44 (31.43) 151 (26.73)
Worker 19 (14.29) 26 (16.67) 25 (18.38) 16 (11.43) 86 (15.22)
Household person 42 (31.58) 26 (16.67) 20 (14.71) 30 (21.43) 118 (20.88)
Private company employee 24 (18.05) 38 (24.36) 32 (23.53) 32 (22.86) 126 (22.30)
Other 12 (9.02) 27 (17.31) 27 (19.85) 18 (12.86) 84 (14.87)
Education background
Less than high school 62 (46.62) 58 (37.18) 34 (25.00) 28 (20.00) 182 (32.21)
Junior college 35 (26.32) 48 (30.77) 29 (21.32) 35 (25.00) 147 (26.02)
Higher than college 36 (27.07) 50 (32.05) 73 (53.68) 77 (55.00) 236 (41.77)
Household structure
No children 10 (7.52) 31 (19.87) 43 (31.62) 35 (25.00) 119 (21.06)
Youngest child under 5 years old 16 (12.03) 27 (17.31) 23 (16.91) 19 (13.57) 85 (15.04)
Youngest child between 6-18 years old 50 (37.59) 50 (32.05) 30 (22.06) 40 (28.57) 170 (30.09)
Youngest child over 18, living with parents 49 (36.84) 40 (25.64) 31 (22.79) 39 (27.86) 159 (28.14)
No children at home 8 (6.02) 8 (5.13) 9 (6.62) 7 (5.00) 32 (5.66)
Segment 3: Uninvolved food consumers: Based on
the sample, a total of 136 consumers (24.07%) are in
this segment. On the whole, these consumers are less
interested in any food-related activities. They show
little interest in any kind of food-related information
and are insensitive to price fluctuations. In fact, they do
not like shopping. Consumers in this segment care
much less about taste, healthiness, freshness or the
price/quality relationship of food, than other consumers.
Not surprisingly, this group doesn’t want to waste much
time on cooking and are the ones most interested in
quick and easy cooking methods. Thus, uninvolved
food consumers typically purchase instant or frozen
foods and also prefer ready-to-eat products. They
sometimes eat snacks to cover regular meals and
seldom change their dietary habits.
Segment 4: Astute food consumers: This segment
comprises 140 individuals of the sample (24.78%).
These consumers enjoy shopping, care about product
information, but are not affected by advertisements.
Compared to other consumers, these individuals score
high on price consciousness and are very sensitive to
price fluctuations. They don’t buy food simply based on
word-of-mouth referrals. With regard to quality aspects,
the most important factor to these individuals is the
price/quality relationship; they are not interested in
healthy, fresh, natural and ecological products, whereas
taste is very important to them. These consumers also
enjoy cooking and love to try new recipes. They do not
think that cooking should be quick and easy. Moreover,
astute food consumers are strongly against the idea that
cooking is solely a woman’s task. This group has the
lowest tendency to snack, but they like to eat out with
friends. Self-fulfillment and social relationship are
important purchasing motives.
Demographic analysis of food-related lifestyle
segments: The food-related lifestyle segments derived
from the modified FRL instrument show significant
differences with respect to demographic variables. As
shown in Table 4, in the traditional consumer segment,
the ratio of female consumers is approximately 10%
more than the average; with regard to uninvolved food
consumers, male consumers comprise 12% more than
the average. In terms of marital status, uninvolved and
astute food consumers comprise higher proportions of
unmarried consumers, while traditional consumers have
a higher proportion of married consumers. With respect
to age and occupation, traditional food consumer
segment comprises mainly female consumers over 45
years old (58.65%), who are older than the average age
of all segments. Most of them are housewives.
People in the adventurous consumer segment are
concentrated in the 31-44 years old age group. They are
typically career women who devote themselves to their
families and jobs. Consumers in the uninvolved and
astute consumer segments are slightly younger than
7. Am. J. Applied Sci., 6 (12): 2036-2042, 2009
2041
other consumers. In terms of education, traditional food
consumer segment has a lower level of education, on
average, whereas the uninvolved consumer segment
and astute consumer segment comprise a high
proportion of individuals who holds a degree above the
college education level. In terms of family composition,
most traditional consumers have family members aged
6-18 years in their households. Uninvolved consumers
significantly include individuals with no children.
DISCUSSION
This study modified the FRL instrument into 17
food-related dimensions of five domains. Based on a
modified-FRL instrument, food-related lifestyle
segments in Taiwan are empirically explored. Using a
two-step cluster analysis, we identify four distinctive
food-related lifestyle segments, which include: (1)
traditional consumer segment (23.54%); (2)
adventurous consumer segment (27.61%); (3)
uninvolved consumer segment (24.07%) and (4) astute
consumer segment (24.78%). The number of
adventurous consumers in the study group slightly
outnumbers those in other segments; however, the
difference is not significant.
The uninvolved and adventurous consumer
segments are of two extreme lifestyles. Uninvolved
food consumers pay little attention to food-related
consumption; their primary concern is convenience. By
contrast, adventurous consumers pay careful attention
to each food-related dimension; they prefer healthy and
organic food products, but also like to taste different
kinds of food. Adventurous consumers even used
instant food or ready-to-eat foods from time to time. In
addition, these individuals carefully read the
information on product labels (second only to
traditional consumers) but still are easily affected by
advertisements and the recommendations of
salespersons. In sum, adventurous consumers hold open
attitudes toward any kind of food-related activities.
Traditional food consumers less frequently dine out
and dislike trying novel or exotic foods. They are also
not sensitive to price fluctuations and care most about
food freshness. Astute food consumers also value product
information, but show little trust of the advertisements or
recommendations from the salesperson. Having the
highest level of price awareness, they are likely to
accurately estimate whether or not every penny spent is
worthwhile and effective. In addition, as a group, they
show the most interest in food shopping.
The study also provides demographic profiles for
each segment, the results of which can serve as a
reference for companies to use when developing
marketing strategies and planning for market
campaigns. For instance, the uninvolved consumer
segment comprising mostly male bachelors, it may not
be necessary to stress on advertising. Instead, food
companies should focus on product designs to provide
easy-to-use food products. For traditional consumers,
food companies should pay attention to the design of
product labels since consumers in this group are reliant
on product labels and they usually have unplanned
purchase behaviors. The study found that adventurous
consumers are enthusiastic for almost all part of food-
related activities. They not only like to try new products
but also enjoy sharing their food with friends. Thus,
they play an important role in diffusion of product
information.
The FRL instrument used in the present study is
extensively applied by extant literature in the analysis
of consumer segments in European nations. In these
regions, there are typically 4-6 segments developed.
This study adopts Cubic Clustering Criterion (CCC) to
determine the relatively optimal number of clusters. Such
an approach allows the avoidance of criticism over
subjective clustering. However, the segments derived in
this study share several similarities with those obtained
in other studies. For example, Brunsø et al.[6]
performed
analysis of cross-cultural segmentation in Denmark,
France, Germany and England to discover that, except
for France, all other nations studies have identified
“exploratory” and “uninvolved” consumers. The
characteristics of these two segments are similar to
those of the “adventurous” and “uninvolved” segments
identified in this study. Moreover, the “rational”
consumer segment exists in all four nations. This
segment resembles the “astute” consumer segment in
this study; the only difference lies in the quality aspects.
Rational consumers care about healthy and organic
foods while astute consumers pay careful attention to
novelty and tastes. The “conservative” consumer
segment also is frequently observed in many nations.
This segment is related to the traditional consumer
segment from this study. The notable differences are:
the conservative consumers tend to pay more attention
to low price and be more sensitive to price fluctuation.
They like to cook and obtain self-fulfillment from
preparing food for their family. However, in this study,
traditional consumers are least price sensitive and do
not expect to obtain satisfaction from cooking. They do
not like to change their diet or pursue new tastes.
CONCLUSION
This study has important implications for
researchers and practitioners alike. First of all, the
8. Am. J. Applied Sci., 6 (12): 2036-2042, 2009
2042
similar results found in this study again confirmed the
cross-cultural validity of the FRL instrument. For an
international food company, FRL instrument serve as a
useful tool to target their products in global market.
Secondly, this study compared results from different
cultural settings. We suggested that the FRL instrument
could be further simplified into a smaller scale which is
easier to apply and still provides enough information
for companies to develop marketing strategies.
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