Karol Borsuk was a prominent Polish topologist who created the theories of retracts and shape. He was a professor at the University of Warsaw and helped reactivate the mathematical center there after World War II. Borsuk introduced important concepts in algebraic topology like cohomotopy groups. He authored around 200 scientific publications. Stefan Banach was one of the most outstanding Polish mathematicians, known for his self-study and work establishing modern functional analysis. He made seminal contributions to the theories of topological vector spaces and real numbers. Banach's most important work was the Theory of Linear Operations. Alfred Tarski was a Polish-American logician considered one of the greatest of all time.