Family history research is a complex process that uses historical records and sometimes genetic testing to establish family connections. It involves gathering documents and stories, researching historical records for evidence about ancestors, and using tools like family trees to organize information. Genealogists typically work backwards in time from the present. DNA testing can also be used to find relatives through direct maternal or paternal lines. Volunteer genealogists participate in online forums and projects to index records, transcribe documents, and provide lookups to assist other researchers. Genealogical societies offer structured volunteer opportunities focused on particular groups.
Presented at GaCOMO15 by Tamika Strong and Michael Strong.
Genealogy is one of the fastest growing hobbies in the United States and many of those new enthusiasts are coming into public libraries for assistance. This presentation provides the
a list of resources on helping library patrons with their genealogy related questions.
Presented at GaCOMO15 by Tamika Strong and Michael Strong.
Genealogy is one of the fastest growing hobbies in the United States and many of those new enthusiasts are coming into public libraries for assistance. This presentation provides the
a list of resources on helping library patrons with their genealogy related questions.
This presentation focuses both on subscription databases and U.S. government information resources available for students enrolled in the POL 211 class.
Introduction to Online Resources at the NARAJonathan Bacon
Presentation given by Jessica Edgar from the NARA at Johnson County Community College on September 8, 2010. Ever look at the National Archives and Records Administration website and become overwhelmed by the options? Join National Archives staff as we explore genealogy resources found on the National Archives website. Learn about how to navigate through the different pages and locate essential information to assist you with your genealogy inquiries.
January 2014 Journal of Petroleum Technology Article: Electrical Submersible ...Baker Hughes
Read Chris Carpenter's, JPT Technology Editor, article on our new ProductionWave solution that provides flexible production alternatives for unconventional oil plays.
This presentation focuses both on subscription databases and U.S. government information resources available for students enrolled in the POL 211 class.
Introduction to Online Resources at the NARAJonathan Bacon
Presentation given by Jessica Edgar from the NARA at Johnson County Community College on September 8, 2010. Ever look at the National Archives and Records Administration website and become overwhelmed by the options? Join National Archives staff as we explore genealogy resources found on the National Archives website. Learn about how to navigate through the different pages and locate essential information to assist you with your genealogy inquiries.
January 2014 Journal of Petroleum Technology Article: Electrical Submersible ...Baker Hughes
Read Chris Carpenter's, JPT Technology Editor, article on our new ProductionWave solution that provides flexible production alternatives for unconventional oil plays.
Sibling DNA testing is an indirect way to determine paternity when the alleged father is not available. Sibling test compares each person to the other to determine if they share enough paternity genetic material from the father to be either a full sibling or a half sibling.
Do We Overemphasize the Role of Culture in the Behavior ofRa.docxpetehbailey729071
Do We Overemphasize the Role of Culture in the Behavior of
Racial/Ethnic Minorities? Evidence of a Cultural (Mis)Attribution Bias in
American Psychology
José M. Causadias
Arizona State University
Joseph A. Vitriol
Lehigh University
Annabelle L. Atkin
Arizona State University
Although culture influences all human beings, there is an assumption in American psychol-
ogy that culture matters more for members of certain groups. This article identifies and
provides evidence of the cultural (mis)attribution bias: a tendency to overemphasize the role
of culture in the behavior of racial/ethnic minorities, and to underemphasize it in the behavior of
Whites. Two studies investigated the presence of this bias with an examination of a decade of
peer reviewed research conducted in the United States (N � 434 articles), and an experiment
and a survey with psychology professors in the United States (N � 361 psychologists).
Archival analyses revealed differences in the composition of samples used in studies exam-
ining cultural or noncultural psychological phenomena. We also find evidence to suggest that
psychologists in the United States favor cultural explanations over psychological explana-
tions when considering the behavior and cognition of racial/ethnic minorities, whereas the
opposite pattern emerged in reference to Whites. The scientific ramifications of this phe-
nomenon, as well as alternatives to overcome it, are discussed in detail.
Keywords: bias, culture, ethnicity, race, cultural (mis)attribution bias
Supplemental materials: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000099.supp
The crucial role of culture in shaping human behavior and
cognition has received increased attention in the last decade
(A. B. Cohen, 2009; Kitayama & Uskul, 2011). However,
despite widespread agreement about the psychological sig-
nificance of culture, several authors have argued that Amer-
ican psychology1 frequently associates culture with racial/
ethnic minorities more than Whites (Betancourt & López,
1993). This claim, to our knowledge, has yet to be tested
through an examination of the research literature or an
assessment of the opinion and assumptions of research
psychologists. In this article, we provide evidence of a
cultural (mis)attribution bias in American psychology: the
tendency to see racial/ethnic minorities as members of a
group whose traits, beliefs, and behaviors are shaped pri-
marily by culture, and to perceive the White racial/ethnic
majority as autonomous and independent actors who are
instead largely influenced by psychological processes. Be-
cause this bias rests on assumptions about human behavior
that are not supported by evidence and may lead to differ-
ential treatment of members of specific social groups, it
constrains psychologists’ explanations of behavior and cog-
nition. In two studies, we investigated the presence of this
bias in psychological research in the United States using
archival, experimental, and correlational methods.
1 By Amer.
Nature-Nurture (Heredity vs environment) Backgro.docxdohertyjoetta
Nature-Nurture
(Heredity vs environment)
Background
It has long been known that certain physical characteristics are biologically determined by
genetic inheritance. Colour of eyes, straight or curly hair, pigmentation of the skin and certain
diseases (such as Huntingdon’s chorea) are all a function of the genes we inherit. Other physical
characteristics, if not determined, appear to be at least strongly influenced by the genetic make-
up of our biological parents. Height, weight, hair loss (in men), life expectancy and vulnerability
to specific illnesses (e.g. breast cancer in women) are positively correlated between biologically
related individuals. These facts have led many to speculate as to whether psychological
characteristics such as behavioural tendencies, personality attributes and mental abilities are also
“wired in” before we are even born.
Those who adopt an extreme heredity position are known as nativists. Their basic assumption is
that the characteristics of the human species as a whole are a product of evolution and that
individual differences are due to each person’s unique genetic code. Characteristics and
differences that are not observable at birth, but which emerge later in life, are regarded as the
product of maturation. That is to say we all have an inner “biological clock” which switches on
(or off) types of behaviour in a pre programmed way. The classic example of the way this affects
our physical development is the bodily changes that occur in early adolescence at puberty.
However nativists also argue that maturation governs the emergence of attachment in infancy,
language acquisition and even cognitive development as a whole.
At the other end of the spectrum are the environmentalists – also known as empiricists (not to be
confused with the other empirical / scientific approach). Their basic assumption is that at birth
the human mind is a tabula rasa (a blank slate) and that this is gradually “filled” as a result of
experience (e.g. behaviourism). From this point of view psychological characteristics and
behavioural differences that emerge through infancy and childhood are the result of learning. It is
how you are brought up (nurture) that governs the psychologically significant aspects of child
development and the concept of maturation applies only to the biological. So, when an infant
forms an attachment it is responding to the love and attention it has received, language comes
from imitating the speech of others and cognitive development depends on the degree of
stimulation in the environment and, more broadly, on the civilisation within which the child is
reared.
In practice hardly anyone today accepts either of the extreme positions. There are simply too
many “facts” on both sides of the argument which are inconsistent with an “all or nothing” view.
So instead of asking whether child development is down to nature or nurture the question has
been reformulated as .
1. Family history
Genealogical investigation is a complicated process that makes use of historical records and
at times genetic examination to show kinship. Reputable conclusions are dependent on the
quality of resources, preferably first documents, the data inside individuals sources, ideally
principal or firsthand details, and the proof that can be drawn, directly or indirectly, from that
info. In numerous situations, genealogists should skillfully assemble indirect or circumstantial
evidence to create a case for identification and kinship. All proof and conclusions, jointly with
the documentation that supports them, is then assembled to create a cohesive genealogy or
family members background.
Genealogists begin their analysis by accumulating household paperwork and stories. This
creates a basis for documentary research, which involves analyzing and analyzing historical
records for evidence about ancestors and other relatives, their kinship ties, and the functions
that transpired in their life. As a rule, genealogists get started with the present and operate
backward in time. Historical, social, and family members context is essential to achieving
appropriate identification of individuals and relationships. Source citation is also crucial when
conducting genealogical analysis. To retain track of gathered content, loved ones team
sheets and pedigree charts are used. Formerly handwritten, these can now be created by
genealogical computer software.
Due to the fact a person's DNA consists of information that has been passed down
comparatively unchanged from early ancestors, investigation of DNA is occasionally utilised
for genealogical investigation. Three DNA varieties are of specific fascination: mitochondrial
DNA that we all have and that is passed down with only slight mutations by means of the
matrilineal (direct female) line the Y-chromosome, existing only in douleur, which is passed
down with only minor mutations through the patrilineal (immediate douleur) line and the
Autosomal DNA, which is located in the 22 non-gender certain chromosomes (autosomes)
inherited from equally mothers and fathers, which can uncover relatives from any department
of the family members.
A genealogical DNA examination makes it possible for two people to locate the likelihood that
they are, or are not, relevant inside an believed number of generations. Individual genetic
examination benefits are collected in databases to match folks descended from a relatively
latest common ancestor. See, for instance, the Molecular Genealogy Investigation Venture.
These assessments are constrained to possibly the patrilineal or the matrilineal line.
Volunteerism
On the casual facet are the several common and useful communication boards such as
Rootschat and mailing lists on specific surnames, locations, and other matters. These
message boards can be used to try out to discover relatives, request document lookups,
receive research guidance, and much far more.
2. Several genealogists take part in loosely arranged assignments, each on the internet and off.
These collaborations get numerous kinds. Some assignments get ready title indexes for data,
this sort of as probate cases, and publish the indexes, both online or off. These indexes can
be used as obtaining aids to track down first documents. Other assignments transcribe or
abstract documents. Offering document lookups for certain geographic locations is an
additional common service. Volunteers, this kind of as people concerned in
GenerousGenealogists, a comply with-on group equivalent to Random Functions of
Genealogical Kindness (now defunct), do document lookups or get photographs in their
property regions for researchers who are unable to travel.
These looking for a structured volunteer atmosphere can sign up for one particular of
thousands of genealogical societies globally. Most societies have a distinctive spot of target,
such as a specific surname, ethnicity, geographic area, or descendancy from participants in a
provided historical function. Genealogical societies are nearly exclusively staffed by
volunteers and may possibly offer you a wide range of companies, such as keeping libraries
for members' use, publishing newsletters, supplying investigation support to the manifeste,
giving classes or seminars, and arranging file preservation or transcription jobs.
Family Genealogy, De Clare