Teknologi yang tepat diperlukan untuk memastikan keamanan pangan pada proses panas untuk susu. Faktor kritisnya adalah pengendalian suhu, waktu, dan aliran selama pemanasan serta sterilisasi kemasan untuk mencapai sterilisasi yang diinginkan."
Bab 7 membahas peranan penting etika dalam bisnis. Etika memberikan pedoman untuk menjalankan bisnis secara benar dan bertanggung jawab dengan memperhatikan hak-hak pelanggan, karyawan, dan pemangku kepentingan lainnya. Bisnis yang beretika akan tumbuh secara berkelanjutan dengan reputasi yang baik, sedangkan pelanggaran etika dapat merusak bisnis dan menimbulkan sanksi hukum. Beberapa tips praktis untuk menjalank
Dokumen tersebut merupakan bagian dari bab tentang rencana bisnis dalam buku pelajaran. Dibahas mengenai pengertian business plan, tujuan dan kegunaannya, perbedaan dengan perencanaan bisnis, komponen-komponen penting dalam business plan seperti ide bisnis, analisis pasar dan keuangan, serta tips dalam menyusun business plan.
Kelompok 4 membahas tentang precooling, yaitu pendinginan cepat komoditi setelah panen sebelum disimpan. Tujuannya adalah mempertahankan kualitas, meminimalkan beban pendinginan, dan memungkinkan penyimpanan lebih lama. Metode precooling meliputi pendinginan ruangan, udara dingin, hydrocooling, vacuum cooling, dan kombinasinya. Contoh penerapannya adalah hydrocooling rebung dan vacuum cooling untuk kubis dan mustard.
Analisis karbohidrat penting untuk menentukan komposisi makanan, mendeteksi pengawetan, dan memahami sifat fisikokimia makanan. Metode analisis karbohidrat meliputi kromatografi, titrasi, spektrofotometri, dan enzimatik. Analisis polisakarida seperti pati dan serat melibatkan pemisahan komponen dan hidrolisis menjadi monosakarida.
Bab 7 membahas peranan penting etika dalam bisnis. Etika memberikan pedoman untuk menjalankan bisnis secara benar dan bertanggung jawab dengan memperhatikan hak-hak pelanggan, karyawan, dan pemangku kepentingan lainnya. Bisnis yang beretika akan tumbuh secara berkelanjutan dengan reputasi yang baik, sedangkan pelanggaran etika dapat merusak bisnis dan menimbulkan sanksi hukum. Beberapa tips praktis untuk menjalank
Dokumen tersebut merupakan bagian dari bab tentang rencana bisnis dalam buku pelajaran. Dibahas mengenai pengertian business plan, tujuan dan kegunaannya, perbedaan dengan perencanaan bisnis, komponen-komponen penting dalam business plan seperti ide bisnis, analisis pasar dan keuangan, serta tips dalam menyusun business plan.
Kelompok 4 membahas tentang precooling, yaitu pendinginan cepat komoditi setelah panen sebelum disimpan. Tujuannya adalah mempertahankan kualitas, meminimalkan beban pendinginan, dan memungkinkan penyimpanan lebih lama. Metode precooling meliputi pendinginan ruangan, udara dingin, hydrocooling, vacuum cooling, dan kombinasinya. Contoh penerapannya adalah hydrocooling rebung dan vacuum cooling untuk kubis dan mustard.
Analisis karbohidrat penting untuk menentukan komposisi makanan, mendeteksi pengawetan, dan memahami sifat fisikokimia makanan. Metode analisis karbohidrat meliputi kromatografi, titrasi, spektrofotometri, dan enzimatik. Analisis polisakarida seperti pati dan serat melibatkan pemisahan komponen dan hidrolisis menjadi monosakarida.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Faktor kritis-pada-proses-aseptis-susu-uht
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langsung. Pemanasan demikian, maka kecepatan dan profil laju aliran
mampu membunuh spora bakteri dalam HT perlu diperhitungkan
tahan panas sehingga tercapai kondisi dalam penentuan kecukupan panas.
sterilitas produk yang diinginkan Sebagai ilustrasi; untuk cairan yang
dan sekaligus mampu meminimisasi bersifat Newtonian (Gambar 3A)
tingkat kerusakan mutu (tektur, dan dialirkan secara laminar, dengan
warna, citarasa dan flavor) dan zat gizi bilangan Reynold (Re)2100, maka
Proses Aseptis untuk
susu. akan diperoleh titik tengah sebagai
Secara umum, proses the fastest moving particle; titik
sterilisasi secara lumintu dapat yang paling sedikit menerima panas,
disajikan secara skematis seperti dimana kecepatannya (Vmax) sama
pada Gambar 2; dimana pemanasan dengan 2 x kecepatan rata-rata ( ).
dan pendinginan dilakukan dengan Dalam kondisi laminar ini, karena
Susu UHT
menggunakan alat penukar panas masing-masing posisi di dalam HT
Gambar 1. Prinsip proses aseptis pada produksis susu mempunyai laju aliran yang berbeda,
maka masing-masing bahan pangan
dalam posisi tersebut juga akan
serta (c) kebersihan peralatan di zona (heat exchanger; HX). Beberapa memperoleh jumlah perlakuan panas
aseptis dan proses sterilisasi; serta keuntungan yang bisa diperoleh yang berbeda pula.
(d) kondisi sanitasi seluruh peralatan dengan sistem pemanasan terpisah Itu sebabnya; untuk
yang kontak dengan susu selama ini, antara lain adalah (i) proses dapat memperoleh homogenitas pemanasan
Oleh Prof. Purwiyatno Hariyadi pengolahan. berjalan dengan lumintu, (ii) proses yang lebih baik; maka fluida biasanya
pemanasan dan pendinginan yang dialirkan secara turbulen dengan Re
a. Kualitas susu mentah cepat, karena bahan pengemas tidak > 4000, untuk memberikan profil laju
aliran yang lebih seragam; yang berarti
Dasar pertimbangan utama dari berbagai proses dan proses sterilisasinya menjadi penghalang, (ii) beberapa
pamanasan yang lebih seragam pula
Faktor bahan metah, susu, skema konservasi energi dapat
termal untuk susu adalah pertimbangan keamanan yang bisa mempengaruhi tingkat diaplikasikan pada sistem ini, dan (Gambar 3B). Pengendalian laju aliran
pangan. Proses panas terdiri dari pemanasan susu sterilitas produk susu UHT yang sekaligus (iv) meningkatkan jumlah juga sangat penting kaitannya dengan
penentuan waktu tinggal minimum
cair; lalu susu dipertahankan pada suhu tinggi tertentu dihasilkan terutama adalah jumlah pilihan bahan dan sistem pengemasan.
produk pangan di alat penukar panas.
mikroba awal. Hal ini tentunya
selama waktu tertentu, lalu dilakukan pendinginan. dipengaruhi oleh tingkat sanitasi a.1 Pengendalian Aliran Waktu tinggal minimum inilah yang
Kombinasi suhu (T) dan lama (t) perlakukan pemanasan sapi, kandang; pemerah, peralatan Dari Gambar 2 terlihat bahwa akan digunakan untuk menentukan
kecukupan panas. Semakin tinggi
susu sangat tergantung pada tujuan proses; masa pemerahan susu, wadah susu, tangki proses pemanasan terjadi di HX dan
pengumpul susu, suhu penyimpanan kemudian dipertahankan konstant laju alirannya; maka akan semakin
awet yang diinginkan, serta tujuan-tujuan lain dengan pendek waktu tinggalnya. Mengacu
dan transportasi, serta kebersihan pipa pada holding tube (HT); dan setelah
tetap memastikan bahwa keamanan pangan tetap faktor kritis pada proses panas dan semua alat yang kontak dengan itu didinginkan kembali. Karena paka kasus aliran laminar; dimana titik
terjamin. Proses panas pada susu cair, biasanya bisa adalah “setiap sifat, karakteristik, susu. Karena susu merupakan produk proses ini berjalan secara lumintu, paling cepat mempunyai kecepatan
kondisi, aspek, variasi atau prosedur
dikategorisasikan menjadi 3 kelompok besar; yaitu atau parameter lain yang mungkin
yang mudah rusak; maka faktor-faktor
kritis tersebut perlu dikendalikan
pengolahan pasteurisasi (HTST), Extended Shelf-Life (ESL) mempengaruhi kecukupan panas dengan baik; untuk mendapatkan susu
dan sterilisasi (umumnya HTST atau UHT) Processing. yang diberikan oleh proses standar mentah dengan kualtas yang baik; dan
dan karenanya bisa mempengaruhi konsisten dari waktu ke waktu.
capaian tingkat sterilisasi komersial Selanjutnya; susu steril yang
yang telah ditetapkan” (“any
M
dihasilkan akan sangat dipengaruhi
enurut Badan Pengawas Karena itu; perlu dilakukan property, characteristic, condition, oleh proses sterilisasi yang dilakukan.
Obat dan Makanan Republik upaya sistematis untuk (i) membuat, aspect, variation or procedure or Sesuai dengan definisinya; susu UHT
Indonesia (BPOM-RI), susu (ii) memverifikasi, (iii) mengendalikan other parameter, of which affects the ini diproses dengan menggunakan
UHT didefinsikan sebagai susu segar dan (iv) mendokumenkan semua adequacy of the scheduled process and suhu ultra tinggi; umumnya lebih dari
atau susu rekonstitusi atau susu faktor-faktor kritis yang berkaitan the attainment commercial sterility”; 135oC; dan hanya memerlukan waktu
rekombinasi yang disterilkan pada dengan kondisi produk; kondisi FDA (21CFR 113.3(f) and USDA FSIS 9 yang sangat singkat, yaitu sekitar 2
suhu tidak kurang dari 1350C selama peralatan, dan kondisi proses yang CFR 318.303 and 381.303). detik saja. Karena itulah maka proses
2 detik dan dikemas segera dalam digunakan; untuk bisa memastikan Dalam hal susu UHT; konsep UHT ini sering pula disebut sebagai
kemasan yang steril dan secara aseptis. tercapainya tingkat pemanasan yang utamanya adalah pada proses aseptis; proses high temperature short time
Produk susu UHT bisa disebut sebagai konsisten; tanpa mengkompromikan dimana secara skematis disajikan pada (HTST). Untuk bisa melakukan
steril (atau tepatnya steril komersial); keamanan pangan. Gambar 1. Dari skema tersebut; maka proses pemanasan mencapai suhu
sehingga produk susu tersbeut faktor kritis yang bisa mempangaruhi tinggi dalam waktu yang singkat ini
menjadi bebas dari mikroba patogen, Apa saja faktor kritis tercapainya tingkat sterilitas dan maka proses pemanasan dilakukan
pembentuk racun, dan spora tahan pada proses aseptis? keamanan produk susu UHT; adalah secara lumintu (continuous) dengan
panas lainnya; sehingga susu bisa awet Oleh Badan Pengawas (a) kualitas susu mentah dan proses menggunakan alat penukar panas
disimpan pada kondisi normal tanpa Obat dan Makanan di Amerika, sterilisasinya; (b) kualitas bahan atau bahkan dengan pemanasan Gambar 2. Skema proses sterilasi susu secara lumintu
pendinginan. US-FDA; dinyatakan bahwa faktor- pengemas dan proses sterilisasinya, dengan menggunakan alat penukar panas
2. TEKNOLOGI
tercapai, dan bisa
2 , maka titik tercepat itu hanya
dipertahankan
dengan baik selama
berada di HT selama . Jika suhu
proses, sehingga
pada HT adalah Tho; maka jumlah
kombinasi perlakuan
panas yang diterima oleh partikel
suhu (T) dan waktu
tersebut dapat dinyatakan dengan
(t) bisa menjamin
nilai F; sebagai berikut :
tercapainya sterilitas
yang ditargetkan.
Beberapa
hal tentang holding
Dimana, Tho adalah suhu pada HT tube yang perlu
(diukur pada bagian “outlet” atau diperhatikan adalah
hulu dari HT, dan L adalah panjang sebagai berikut:
HT, adalah kecepatan rata-rata. • osisi HT
P
Terlihat bahwa nilai F suatu harus dibuat
proses pemanasan (sterilisasi) sangat miring dengen
diperngaruhi oleh aliran bahan kemiringan
pangan dalam HT; terutama profil cukup; sehingga
dan kecepatan aliran, merupakan hal menghindari
kritis yang perlu dikendalikan dalam terbentuknya
proses sterilisasi ini. Berdasarkan kantong udara
pada itu, berikut adalah beberapa hal pada produk Gambar 3. Profile kecepatan aliran
yang perlu diperhatikan dalam rangka dan untuk pangan cair dalam pipa HT
pengendalian aliran untuk menjamin memastikan
kecukupan dan konsistensi proses terjadinya self proses mendidih atau flashing;
sterilisasi : draining yang lagi-lagi bisa mempengaruhi
• Pompa hendaknya dipasang • T dibuat dari bahan dan disain
H suhu (Tho).
di bagian hulu dari sistem dengan standar dan prinsip- • uhu HT (Tho) perlu dicatat dan
S
pemanasan prinsip disain saniter (sanitary dikendalikan baik pada inlet atau
• ompa yang digunakan adalah
P design); antara lain dengan pun outlet, tetapi pengukuran
positive displacement pump; pemukaan pipa yang halus, suhu (Tho) dilakukan pada outlet
pompa ini tidak sensitif terhadap komponen mudah diurai dan HT (lihat Gambar 2).
perubahan tekanan dirakit kembali, mempmyai fail-
• ntuk memberikan kepastian
U safe system; terutama berkaitan b. Kondisi kemasan
bahwa partikel yang bergerak dengan perubahan panjang dan proses sterilisasinya
paling cepat (fastest moving atau diameter. Salah satu hal Faktor kritis kedua dalam
particle) menerima panas yang penting dalam prinsip disain menjamin proses pengolahan aseptis
ditargetkan; maka perlu dilakukan saniter ini adalah perlunya yang berhasil adalah mutu dan
perhitungan kecukupan panas kualitas pengelasan (welding) kebersihan kemasan serta proses
• ntuk memberikan kepastian
U yang baik; sehingga permukaan sterilisasi kemasan. Mutu dan
bahwa lama pemanasan tidak pipa bisa halus sehingga tidak tingkat sanitasi bahan pengemas jelas
berubah; maka bisa digunakan mempengaruhi proses pindah harus dikendalikan dengan baik.
pompa dengan laju yang tetap panas dan mempermudah proses Pananganan bahan pengemas selama
(fixed rate). Jika digunakan pembersihan; terutama untuk dalam transportasi, penyimpanan dan
pompa dengan variable speed, pembersihan dengan sistem instalasinya pada mesin pengemas
perlu dipastikan bahwa clean-in-place (CIP). Untuk lebih jelas akan berpengaruh pada tingkat
perubahan kecepatan hanya detailnya; lihat faktor kritis ke- sterilitas produk yang dikemas.
bisa dilakukan oleh authorized empat; CIP. Karena itulah maka; pengendalian
personel yang sudah ditunjuk dan • T dikonstruksi pada area yang
H mutu bahan pengemas merupakan
diberikan training memadai. kering dan tidak lembab; sehingga salah satu faktor kritis yang harus
tidak memungkinkan terjadinya dikendalikan dengan baik.
a.2 Hodling Tube (HT) proses penetesan cairan atau pun Berbagai teknik telah
Holding Tube (lihat kondensasi pada permukaan HT dikembangkan untuk bisa melakukan
Gambar 2) merupakan jantung dari yang akan bisa mempengaruhi proses sterilisasi kemasan secara
keseluruhan proses pemanasan suhu (Tho). kering. Salah satu yang populer
untuk menjamin tercapainya sterilitas • ekanan di dalam HT perlu
T dan terbukti efektif adalah sterilisasi
yang diinginkan. Karena itu; selain dipertahankan tinggi; jauh lebih menggunakan cairan dan/atau uap
pengendalian kecepatan pompa, tinggi daripada tekanan uap air H2O2, seperti yang dilakukan oleh
perlu dilakukan pemastian bahwa pada Tho. Hal ini diperlukan sistem pengemasan aseptis TetraPak.
suhu proses yang diinginkan telah untuk menghindari terjadinya Karena H2O2 mempunyai sifat
3. TEKNOLOGI TEKNOLOGI
racun, maka sisa-sisa peroksida yang dengan susu yang disterilisasikan. sehingga mudah dibersihkan.
mungkin tertinggal pada karton Karena itulah maka prosedur Disamping itu; prinsip orbitas welding
harus dihilangkan. Untuk tujuan pembersihan perlu diverifikasi dengan yang baik akan meminimisasi oksidasi;
Detergen Tepat
tersebut, biasanya dilakukan dua baik; untuk memastikan bahwa proses sehingga akan mempertahankan
hal sekaligus, yaitu (i) pengepresan/ pembersihan telah berhasil mencapai kaulitas stainless steel yang dipakai.
pemerasan dan (ii) penyemprotan tingkat sanitas yang diinginkan. Pada
udara panas. Pengepresan dilakukan umumnya; effectivitas proses CIP
dengan melalukan karton diantara sangat ditentukan oleh empat (4) T;
untuk CIP
dua silinder yang berputar dan saling yaitu :
menggencet sisa-sisa peroksida i. Time; waktu atau lama
sehingga terperas keluar. pembersihan yang tepat; yaitu
Selanjutnya, karton tersebut lama kontak antara permukaan
disemprot dengan menggunakan dengan larutan pembersih; Summary: The main objective Dalam perjalanan
udara panas untuk menguapkan sisa- ii. emperature; suhu yang tepat
T
sisanya. untuk larutan pembersih dan
of thermal processing of milk Dunia Cleaning dan
sanitaiser;
is for better assurance of food Sanitasi, pada awalnya
c. Sterilisasi zona aseptis iii. urbulence, aliran larutan
T safety. Principally; thermal hampir selalu dilakukan
Kondisi zona aseptis; yaitu pembersih yang tepat; sehingga processing of liquid milk is secara manual dalam
area atau ruangan steril dimana proses bisa memberikan larutan turbulen done by heating the milk up to
pengisian produk steril ke dalam yang tepat untuk memberikan arti proses pembersihan
the processing temperature;
kemasan steril akan dilakukan; jelas efek pembersihan yang tepat pula; hanya menggunakan
akan mempengaruhi keberhasilan iv. itration; titrasi yang
T holding it at that temperature Oleh tangan dan alat bantu.
proses sterilisasi secara keseluruhan. menunjukkan konsentrasi for a certain period of time
Pada dasarnya keseluruhan area larutan pembersih; sehingga bisa to assure the adequacy of
atau zona aseptis perlu disterilikan; memberikan effek sanitasi yang thermal processing; and then
dengan menggunakan sterilan yang tepat. bidang yang berbentuk Parabola atau
cooling it to appropriate filling Simetris (Symmetry).
aman dan efektif. Sterilan yang sering
digunakan adalah uap panas dan/ Di samping faktor 4T pada temperature. Combination Daniel A Budiman, MSc A. Sukianto Atmaja Dalam memilih produk
atau H2O2 yang disemprotkan secara proses pembersihan; efektivitas of temperature (T) and time PT Kevin Chemindo Anugerah PT Kevin Chemindo Anugerah untuk CIP hendaklah kita bijak
homogen ke seluruh permukaan di pembersihan juga sangat ditentukan (t) of thermal processing untuk menentukan jenis dari pada
T
zona aseptis. Sebelum dilakukan dengan kondisi dan kualitas is dependent on the main bahan pembersih itu sendiri.
penyemprotan uap peroksida, seluruh permukaan peralatan; khususnya ujuan dari pada cleaning dan dari pada Equipment dengan cara : Adalah produk pilihan
ruangan permukaan pengisian harus permukaan dalam berbagai pipa. objective of the processing; sanitasi yakni dicapainya Menyemprotkan dengan spray ke yang kami produksi bernama MT
dipanaskan lebih dahulu. Hal ini Karena alasan itulah maka; Badan especially to achieve its suatu kondisi yang bersih, permukaan wadah atau tangki, dan CIP 110 yang berbasis alkali yang di
bertujuan untuk mencegah terjadinya Pengawas Obat dan makanan USA specified shelf life, quality; and nyaman serta bebas dari bakteri Recirculation melalui pipa-pipa dalamnya mengandung Surfactant
proses pengembunan uap peroksida di (US-FDA) mensyaratkan bahwa food safety objective. Industrial atau kuman dalam ambang batas dan peralatan yang dilalui chemical (Non Ionic), Chelating Agent, Water
permukaan. peralatan yang digunakan untuk tertentu terhadap suatu bidang solution Conditioner, Anti redeposition.
practices currently categorized
Akhirnya, untuk mengusir memproses susu (termasuk susu permukaan atau permukaan suatu Otomatis dalam proses Kami memproduksi pula
uap peroksida maka dilakukan UHT) harus didesain, dikonstruski thermally processed liquid alat / equipment. CIP ini dalam melakukan kegiatan produk CIP yang berbasis Asam
penyemprotan udara kering panas. dan divalidasi dengan menggunakan milk product into three (3) big Pada suatu kegiatan CIP Cleaning & Sanitasi terhadap yang bernama MT CID 350 & MT
Sering sterilan H2O2 juga dibantu prinsip-prinsip desain saniter; categories; i.e. (i) pasteurized, (Cleaning in Place) pun pada permukaan peralatan tanpa CID 330 yang tentunya produk ini
dengan uap panas; untuk memastikan termasuk untuk sistem pemipaan, mulanya menggunakan cara manual, mencopot/melepas bagian-bagiannya
(ii) extended shelf-life (ESL) pula diperkaya oleh kandungan
tingkat sterilitas yang diinginkan. Telah sejak lama industri susu akan tetapi pada akhirnya bidang- juga tidak adanya campur tangan
and (iii) sterilized liquid milk. seperti Suractant, Chelating agent,
Hal penting lain dalam kaitannya menyadari pentingnya pengelasan; bidang yang hendak dicuci sulit secara manual terhadap Lines,
Sterilized milk products are dan lain-lainnya sama seperti pada
dengan zona aseptis ini adalah bahwa untuk memastikan “cleanability” untuk dijangkau seperti tangki yang Vessels, PHE, Filters, Centrifuges.
kondisi steril ini harus dipastikan dari sistem pemipaannya. Sebagai produk MT CIP 110.
generally processed using high cukup besar, pipa yang panjang Ada 4 (empat) faktor
terpelihara dengan baik selama proses contoh; di Amerika dikenal adanya Inovasi terbaru kami
temperature short time (HTST) serta cukup banyak yang berliku- penting yang mutlak menghendaki memunculkan produk CIP yang
berlangsung. Karena itulah ruang ini “3-A Sanitary Standards”; dimana
and/or ultra high-temperature liku terlebih scope dari benda- perhatian yang ekstra pada program berbasis Oksigen yang bernama
sering pula disebut sebagai “sterile pengelasan harus dilakukan secara
(UHT) technique of thermal benda tersebut menjadi luas atau CIP ini, yakni Time, Temperature, MT Duraklin, produk ini sangat
house”; karena ruangan ini harus penetrasi penuh mencapai semua
multiple, maka CIP unit dalam arti Chemical concentration, Mechanical baik untuk mebersihkan noda-noda
selalu tertutup, sehingga kondisi internal diameter untuk mencegah processing. This article will
aseptis tetap terjamin. terjadinya celah-celah yang bisa yang sesungguhnya tercipta dimana Action yang diakibatkan panas dari faktor
discussed critical factors that proses pencucian memang tidak Pada desain suatu CIP unit
memerangkap kotoran yang sulit kontaminannya seperti lemak/
need to be identified and menggunakan tangan. sudah pasti semaksimal mungkin
d. Kondisi sanitasi seluruh dibersihkan; sehingga bisa menjadi fat, karbohidrat dan lainnya yang
peralatan – Pentingnya sumber kontaminasi. Golden standard controlled during processing to CIP adalah cleaning pada menghindarkan yang namanya bersifat organic soil dan tentunya
desain saniter (sanitary design). untuk teknik pengelasan yang assure that thermal processing area pabrik pangan, yang mana : bidang permukaan yang sulit atau produk ini akan bahu membahu
Keberhasilan proses aseptis; memenuhi standar permukaan untuk is meeting with the stated (1) Tanpa menanggalkan/melepas agak sulit untuk dilalui “Flow of dengan produk MT CIP 110 atau
selain ditentukan oleh 3 faktor produk susu adalah teknik orbital objectives; especially the food equipment dan pipa-pipa, (2) Tanpa Solution” yang dinamakann Dead sebagai bahan tambahan Caustic
tersebut; juga sangat ditentukan oleh welding. Kualitas permukaan dari merubah konfigurasi dari proses lock atau Dead End. Praktis pada Soda (NaOH).
safety objective.. produksi, (3) Cleaning solution CIP unit yang baik akan banyak
faktor sanitasi peralatan; terutama orbitas welding akan mempunyai
sanitasi permukaan yang kontak kualitas yang jauh lebih halus; kontak dengan seluruh permukaan ditemukan garis lengkung/lekuk