The document discusses Factory Acts passed in Britain between 1802-1867 to improve conditions for workers, especially children. It provides details on key provisions and impacts of the Acts of 1802, 1833, 1844, 1867. The Acts progressively reduced working hours for children and young persons, improved health standards, and expanded the types of factories covered under regulations. An inspector of factories, R.W. Cooke-Taylor, explained the Acts in his book on the factory system.

1. History Department Starter – Label what/ who each picture is, and what is their connection?

2. History Department

3. History Department Ali , Kasim , Tahir , Bibi http://www.teachnet.com/powertools/neattools/timer/timer.html

4. History Department Viqas, Fraser, Liam, Zishan http://www.teachnet.com/powertools/neattools/timer/timer.html

5. History Department We need to get our folders in order….. Starters glued in the back Any sheets glued in front Underline our work! http://www.teachnet.com/powertools/neattools/timer/timer.html

6. History Department What did we do last lesson?

7. History Department EXPERT GROUPS!

8. History Department EXPERT GROUPS! You need to be able to explain your Factory Act to another group Everyone in the group must contribute / work – as they’ll be on their OWN in a new group soon

9. History Department EXPERT GROUPS!

10. Our objective :- By the end of the lesson…. Be able to explain what legislation was passed to improve conditions in factories

11. Our objective :- By the end of the lesson…. Compare the differences in legislation that were passed to improve conditions in factories

12. How are we going learn? History Sat – Nav lesson journey planner We’re going to watch something to help “jog” our memory!

14. 1867 1844 1833 1802 Main points How did it improve life for children / young people? Was it better than previous law? Who was it aimed at? Factory Act

15. History Department The Factory Act 1802 Applied in cotton and woollen mills All rooms to be lime-washed twice a year Every child to be given 2 sets of uniform Must not work longer than 12 hours a day Must not start before 6am, finish after 9pm Male / Female separate bedrooms Not more than 2 in one bed Will be taught in maths, reading and writing

16. History Department EXPERT GROUPS!

17. History Department EXPERT GROUPS! You need to be able to explain your Factory Act to another group Everyone in the group must contribute / work – as they’ll be on their OWN in a new group soon

18. History Department EXPERT GROUPS! Up to you how you record the information in your blue books Could be a mind map of main points Bullet points A drawing etc

19. History Department EXPERT GROUPS!

20. History Department EXPERT GROUPS 10 minutes in your groups to research about your chosen area of legislation…….

21. History Department Factory Act 1833 Attempt to establish a normal working day in all industries Working day to start at 0530 – finish at 2030 hrs A young person (13-18) must not work longer than 12 hrs But allowed One and a half hours for breaks Children (9-13) must not work longer than 9 hrs No one allowed to work night shifts from 2030 – 0530

22. History Department Factory Act 1844 Extremely important act of legislation Children (8-13) now work only 6 ½ hours per day Either in the morning of the afternoon Not allowed to do both Young persons and women (included for first time) were not allowed to work more than 12 hrs per day Drs to grant age certificates for children to prove how old they were Factory to be washed with lime every 14 months A register of children who worked at factory to be kept

23. History Department Factory Act 1867 Extended the number of factories that could be inspected Covered nearly every single field of work a child could do Restricted the hours that children, young persons, and women could work in a factory that employed over 50 people

24. History Department R. W. Cooke-Taylor, the author of The Factory System was also an Inspector of Factories. In his book he explained the 1802 Factory Act. The first Factory Act ever passed by the British Parliament was called "The Factory Health and Morals Act, 1802" and applied principally, though not exclusively, to apprentices in cotton and woollen mills. The preamble runs as follows: "Whereas it hath of late become a practice in cotton and woollen mills, and in cotton and woollen factories, to employ a great number of male and female apprentices, and other persons, in the same building, in consequence of which certain regulations are now necessary to preserve the health and morals of such apprentices." The regulations, briefly stated, were the following: (1) The master or mistress of the factory must observe the law. (2) All rooms in a factory are to be lime-washed twice a year and duly ventilated. (3) Every apprentice is to be supplied with two complete suits of clothing with suitable linen, stockings, hats and shoes. (4) The hours of work of apprentices are not to exceed twelve a day, nor commence before six in the morning, nor conclude before nine at night. (5) They are to be instructed every working day during the first four years of apprenticeship in reading, writing and arithmetic. (6) Male and female apprentices are to be provided with separate sleeping apartments, and not more than two to sleep in one bed. (7) On Sunday they are to be instructed in the principles of the Christian religion.

25. History Department R. W. Cooke-Taylor, the author of The Factory System was also an Inspector of Factories. In his book he explained the 1833 Factory Act. The Factory Act, 1833 was an attempt to establish a normal working day in a single department of industry, textile manufacture. The way in which it proposed to do this was the following: The working day was to start at 5.30 a.m. and cease at 8.30 p.m. A young person (aged thirteen to eighteen) might not be employed beyond any period of twelve hours, less one and a half for meals; and a child (aged nine to thirteen) beyond any period of nine hours. From 8.30 p.m. to 5.30 a.m.; that is during the night; the employment of such persons was altogether prohibited.

26. History Department R. W. Cooke-Taylor, the author of The Factory System was also an Inspector of Factories. In his book he explained the 1867 Factory Act. The Second Children's Employment Commission unanimously recommended the extension of the system of factory inspection to a number of occupations previously regarded as quite outside its sphere, and its modified application in others, hereafter to be dealt with; which seemed practically to exhaust the whole field of material labour. The Factory Extension Act, 1867 provision was made to restrict the hours during which children, young persons and women are permitted to labour in any manufacturing process conducted in an establishment where fifty or more persons are employed.

27. History Department R. W. Cooke-Taylor, the author of The Factory System was also an Inspector of Factories. In his book he explained the 1844 Factory Act. The Factory Act of 1844 is an extremely important one in the history of family legislation. The Act reduced the hours of work for children between eight and thirteen to six and a half a day, either in the morning or afternoon, no child being allowed to work in both on the same day, except on alternate days, and then only for ten hours. Young persons and women (now included for the first time) were to have the same hours, i.e. not more than twelve for the first five days of the week (with one and a half out for meals), and nine on Saturday. Certificates of age were to be granted in future only by surgeons appointed for the purpose. Accidents causing death or bodily injury were to be reported to these surgeons, who were to investigate their cause and report the result to the inspector. The factory was to be thoroughly washed with lime every fourteen months. A Register was likewise to be kept; in which were to be entered the names of all children and young persons employed, the dates of the lime-washing, and some other particulars. Certificates of school attendance were to be obtained in the case of children.

28. History Department R. W. Cooke-Taylor, the author of The Factory System was also an Inspector of Factories. In his book he explained the 1850 Factory Act. The 1844 Act contained a fatal defect. It did not provide exactly when the hardly-won ten hours were to be worked; between 5.30 a.m. and 8.30 p.m.; so that apparently they might be taken any time between those limits. The result was the immediate reintroduction of the discredited Relay System, with all its opportunities for trickery and evasion, and renewed discontent among the operatives. Early in the session of 1850 Lord Ashley brought this matter forward for debate. He was met in a conciliatory spirit by Sir George Grey, then Home Secretary, who proposed as a compromise to fix the period of employment for protected persons from six in the morning till six in the evening in summer, and from seven in the morning till seven in the evening in winter (with one and a half hours out for meals) and that all work should cease at two o'clock on Saturday: the effect of which would be to slightly increase the weekly working hours from fifty-eight to sixty, while rendering the enforcement of the definite working day practically secure.

29. History Department R. W. Cooke-Taylor, the author of The Factory System was also an Inspector of Factories. In his book he explained the 1847 Factory Act. After the 1844 Factory Act the agitation for a Ten Hour Bill continued. Early in 1846 Lord Ashley again brought forward a measure cast in this mould, which, on his defeat at the General Election that year, was taken up by John Fielden, and ultimately pressed to a division, when the Government escaped defeat by the narrow majority of ten. The next year the Whigs were in office, and Lord John Russell, Prime Minister. John Fielden reintroduced the Bill, and its progress through Parliament was one continued triumph. With the enactment of the law the long struggle for a Ten Hours Bill is generally held to have come to a close. It limited the hours of labour to sixty-three per week from the 1st of July 1847, and to fifty-eight per week, from the 1st of May 1848, which with the stoppage on Saturday afternoon was the equivalent of ten hours work per day.

30. History Department R. W. Cooke-Taylor, the author of The Factory System was also an Inspector of Factories. In his book he explained the 1874 Factory Act. The textile operatives, besides being the first to benefit by factory laws, had by this time become a well-organised body outside their sphere, they had evolved a powerful and well disciplined trade union to represent their interests. The success of the agitation was shown by the passing of the Factory Act 1874 which took half-an-hour a day off textile factories alone, leaving all others still subject to the settlement of 1850.

31. History Department R. W. Cooke-Taylor, the author of The Factory System was also an Inspector of Factories. In his book he explained the 1891 Factory Act. The Factory Act, 1891 made the requirements for fencing machinery more stringent. Under the heading Conditions of Employment two considerable additions to previous legislation. The first is the prohibition on employers to employ women within four weeks after confinement; the second the raising the minimum age at which a child can be set to work from ten to eleven.

32. History Department CROSS – OVER TIME

33. History Department Politicians needed to pass the Factory Act because I think the most important Factory Act was the one passed in I think this for several reasons, firstly

34. History Department Despite all the improvements , conditions were still bad for some children. If I’d been in Parliament I would have suggested It is important we learn about the improvements in legislation today because it shows us that

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