Explain the concepts of net present value and internal rate of return.docx

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Explain the concepts of net present value and internal rate of return analysis. What do the results of net present value and internal rate of return analysis tell senior managers of an organization? Would sensitivity analysis be a useful tool for assessing this capital projectâ€™s risk and return? Solution The net present value of a project is equal to the sum of the present values of all the cash flows after teh appropriate discount rate (to reflect the risk) is employed to the expected future cash flows.The net present value represents the net benefit over and above the compensation for time and risk. It tells the senior managers that if the NPV is positive, accept the project and reject if NPV is negative. The internal rate of return (IRR) of a project is the discount rate which makes its net present value equal to zero. In IRR calculation, we set the net present value equal to zero and determine the discount rate which satisfies this condition. It tells the senior managers that higher the IRR, better the project and is acceptable. Sensitivity analysis helps to assess a capital project\'s risk and return through providing a business estimates what will happen to the project if the assumptions and estimates turn out to be unreliable. Sensitivity analysis involves changing the assumptions or estimates in a calculation to see the impact on the project\'s finances. In this way, it prepares the business\'s managers in case the project doesn\'t generate the expected results, so they can better analyze the project before making an investment. .

Explain the concepts of net present value and internal rate of return analysis. What do the results
of net present value and internal rate of return analysis tell senior managers of an organization?
Would sensitivity analysis be a useful tool for assessing this capital projectâ€™s risk and return?
Solution
The net present value of a project is equal to the sum of the present values of all the cash flows
after teh appropriate discount rate (to reflect the risk) is employed to the expected future cash
flows.The net present value represents the net benefit over and above the compensation for time
and risk. It tells the senior managers that if the NPV is positive, accept the project and reject if
NPV is negative.
The internal rate of return (IRR) of a project is the discount rate which makes its net present
value equal to zero. In IRR calculation, we set the net present value equal to zero and determine
the discount rate which satisfies this condition. It tells the senior managers that higher the IRR,
better the project and is acceptable.
Sensitivity analysis helps to assess a capital project's risk and return through providing a
business estimates what will happen to the project if the assumptions and estimates turn out to be
unreliable. Sensitivity analysis involves changing the assumptions or estimates in a calculation to
see the impact on the project's finances. In this way, it prepares the business's managers in case
the project doesn't generate the expected results, so they can better analyze the project before
making an investment.

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Explain two Principle of locality used in Memory Hierarchy. Solution Hierarchical memory is a hardware optimization that takes the benefits of spatial and temporal locality and can be used on several levels of the memory hierarchy. Paging obviously benefits from temporal and spatial locality. A cache is a simple example of exploiting temporal locality, because it is a specially designed, faster but smaller memory area, generally used to keep recently referenced data and data near recently referenced data, which can lead to potential performance increases. Principle of Locality: Memory Hierarchies :- Temporal locality- Recently accessed items will be accessed in the near future. Temporal locality is found in instruction loops, data stacks and variable accesses. If at one point a particular memory location is referenced, then it is likely that the same location will be referenced again in the near future. There is a temporal proximity between the adjacent references to the same memory location. In this case it is common to make efforts to store a copy of the referenced data in special memory storage, which can be accessed faster. Temporal locality is a special case of spatial locality, namely when the prospective location is identical to the present location. Spatial locality - Items at addresses close to the addresses of recently accessed items will be accessed in the near future. Spatial locality describes the characteristic that programs access a number of distinct regions. If a particular storage location is referenced at a particular time, then it is likely that nearby memory locations will be referenced in the near future. In this case it is common to attempt to guess the size and shape of the area around the current reference for which it is worthwhile to prepare faster access .

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Explain the use of “directives” in configuration files. Provide an example of two directives found in an Apache configuration file and detail what each accomplishes. Solution The configuration files contain directives that can be applied to the entire server, or they may be restricted to apply only to particular directories, files, hosts, or URLs. HTTP Server of Apache is configured by putting or placing directives in plain text configuration files. Configuration file httpd.conf is called main configuration file. During compile time its location is set, but command line flag -f is used if it\'s need to be overridden ever.Directive \"Include\" is used to add other configuration files ,likewise wildcards can also be used to add many configuration files.Any of these configuration files can be used to place any of the directives,httpd is used to recognised if any of the changes is made in main configuration file when it is started or restarted. The <If Define>directive encloses directives that will only be applied if an appropriate parameter is defined on the httpdcommand line. The < IfModule>directive is very similar, except it encloses directives that will only be applied if a particular module is available in the server. The module must either be statically compiled in the server, or it must be dynamically compiled and its LoadModule line must be earlier in the configuration file. This directive should only be used if you need your configuration file to work whether or not certain modules are installed. It should not be used to enclose directives that you want to work all the time, because it can suppress useful error messages about missing modules. .

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Explain the steps needed to configure RIPng and explain the advantages and disadvantages of using link-state routing protocols. Solution Explain the steps needed to configure RIPng and explain the advantages and disadvantages of using link-state routing protocols. steps: 1) enable : in this it will ask you for your password 2) configur terminal: it will give access in internation configure mode 3) ROUTING : IT ENABLE ROUTING OF THE SPECIFIC DEVICE 4) vrf definition: it configures the routing and get into vrf configure mode 5) address :enter vrf address 6) exit :it will exit exit from vrf address 7) exit: it exit from vrf configure mode 8) mode enable: it give access to vrf 9) rip process: creates the routing process 10) EXIT: exit from rtr mode and get into gobal configure mode 11 )interface: here we will specify the interface type 12) vrf forwarding : it combine to specific interface routing object 13) enable : it will enable routing process 14) enable : it will start enabling routing process on interface 15) end: here it will exit form interface advantages: 1.it uses the updated information for best posiible routing 2.the size of the database can be minimized 3.there will clear vision for for evry router 4.about the network so its difficult to routing loops disadvantages: 1.there is a need of perfect netwrok design 2.there is aneed of higher memory 3.setup of link state protocol is expensive .

Explain the steps needed to configure RIPng and explain the advantages.docx

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Explain the motivation behind using a header file for a C program. Solution Motivation behind using header file in c Programming: Header files contain definitions of functions and variables which can be included into any c program by using #include. Compilation speed up and optimization :During compilation of some parts of the code it may be sufficient to load API interfaces from header files to check correctness of the code used while defining them. -2. The motivation for the introduction of header files is type safety. C allows function calls without forward declaration. Logically speaking using functions without forward declaration is as harmful as using Macros as compilers has no proper mechanism to validate the type of the arguments with the parameters. So chances of unresolved linkage errors and runtime failure is more prominent. 3. Header files are more like data abstraction, you just see the important components and you don\'t need to know the background process. 4. To reduce overhead of RAM....the functions or classes defined in these header files are already compiled so they can be directly used . 5.Including a header allows your code to call functions or methods which are written elsewhere and which may or may not be a part of your software project/build, but which can be found by the \'linker\' when you are building the software. 6. Header files are mainly used to declare and include the signatures (i.e. function name, return value and arguments) of your functions in other files. The compiler needs to know these signatures when compiling and linking your files together. .

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