This document provides an introduction and overview of a thesis that examines human-tree relationships in the context of the removal of trees along Anzac Parade and Alison Road in Randwick, Sydney to make way for a new light rail project. The thesis will explore how perceptions, sentiments, and values shape the human-tree relationship through themes of love, sadness and home. It will also examine tree activism and protest movements in response to the tree removals. The introduction discusses a tree funeral held in protest and notes how people are expressing their connections to the trees through emails to a grassroots campaign website. It argues that understanding the human-tree relationship is important for reconciling urban tree conflicts that arise between nature and development interests.
A verse by verse commentary on John chapter 3 dealing with Jesus teaching Nicodemus that you must be born again, and the greatest text in the Bible that God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son that any who believe might have eternal life. It goes on to deal with the testimony by John the Baptist concerning Jesus.
Epri iccp protocol - threats to data security and potential solutionsIvan Carmona
This document summarizes a technical report on threats to data security when using the Inter-Control Center Communications Protocol (ICCP) and potential solutions. ICCP is used to exchange operational data between utilities and control centers but provides only basic access control security. The report identifies security threats in ICCP usage, reviews its limited built-in security features, and discusses preliminary security solutions proposed for implementation in the OSI model layers. It also describes a proposed new system, STASE-MMS, that could secure ICCP data communications. EPRI plans to publish a follow-up report with specific ICCP security recommendations.
This document summarizes considerations and recommendations for securely integrating the Inter-control Center Communications Protocol (ICCP). It describes ICCP and how it can be secured using technologies like Secure ICCP and IPsec. It discusses the impact of wide area network design on ICCP data transport and demonstrates how congestion can affect performance. It provides recommendations for implementing Secure ICCP, including negotiating quality of service agreements and using transitional security measures. The primary objectives were to provide insight into Secure ICCP and identify its integration impacts on utility infrastructure control systems.
Este documento discute los beneficios de los árboles y la vegetación en las calles urbanas. Argumenta que los árboles mejoran la habitabilidad y seguridad de las calles al reducir el estrés de los conductores, aumentar las evaluaciones positivas de la comunidad, y potencialmente reducir las tasas de accidentes. También señala que, a pesar de las preocupaciones sobre seguridad, muy pocos accidentes involucran árboles y la investigación más reciente sugiere que los árboles pueden de hecho mejorar la seguridad al
What beauty is there in the body of a woman composed of nerves, bones and joints? She is a mere statue of flesh and a frame of moving machinery with her ribs and limbs.
Sexual desire, like a huntsman, has spread his nets in the form of women for the purpose of ensnaring deluded men like silly birds. A woman is nothing but a form composed of the five elements, so why intelligent men should be fondly attached to her?
Lust for the opposite sex is one of the major hindrances in the Spiritual Journey of the soul back to its Real Home. It has to be given up by both the sexes.
The observations of Rama are some of the suggestions to overcome the inherent attraction for the opposite sex. The key to overcome this temptation is not to pay attention to the attractive features of the opposite sex. And before casting a second glance one should activate these observations in the mind applied vice versa.
Este documento describe un taller práctico sobre 10 claves para la implementación de tendencias y enfoques innovadores en la enseñanza. El taller tiene como objetivo ayudar a los docentes a identificar el cambio necesario para incorporar las TIC en el aula y currículo, y desarrollar las habilidades necesarias para este nuevo paradigma educativo basado en la tecnología. El taller se centra en temas como las nuevas habilidades del siglo 21, políticas de acceso a la tecnología e innovación educativa.
YV BKII CH10 Brahma Propounds the Knowledge of Liberation to VashishthaPardeep Sehgal
Let those who have great minds forsake their worldly desires in order to avoid future births and attend to these lectures with calm contentment.
In our Objective World no one gives us B.A.; M.A. or Ph.D. degrees without going to schools, colleges and universities and seeking help of our teachers.
How can someone guarantee us liberation which is the most difficult task and for which we have made no effort to even know the subject throughout our lifetime, leave aside the company of realized persons?
How the avatars or the Masters of the past can be of any use to us now? Only a living being can guide a living being. Liberation is only possible by following a liberated and not otherwise.
A verse by verse commentary on John chapter 3 dealing with Jesus teaching Nicodemus that you must be born again, and the greatest text in the Bible that God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son that any who believe might have eternal life. It goes on to deal with the testimony by John the Baptist concerning Jesus.
Epri iccp protocol - threats to data security and potential solutionsIvan Carmona
This document summarizes a technical report on threats to data security when using the Inter-Control Center Communications Protocol (ICCP) and potential solutions. ICCP is used to exchange operational data between utilities and control centers but provides only basic access control security. The report identifies security threats in ICCP usage, reviews its limited built-in security features, and discusses preliminary security solutions proposed for implementation in the OSI model layers. It also describes a proposed new system, STASE-MMS, that could secure ICCP data communications. EPRI plans to publish a follow-up report with specific ICCP security recommendations.
This document summarizes considerations and recommendations for securely integrating the Inter-control Center Communications Protocol (ICCP). It describes ICCP and how it can be secured using technologies like Secure ICCP and IPsec. It discusses the impact of wide area network design on ICCP data transport and demonstrates how congestion can affect performance. It provides recommendations for implementing Secure ICCP, including negotiating quality of service agreements and using transitional security measures. The primary objectives were to provide insight into Secure ICCP and identify its integration impacts on utility infrastructure control systems.
Este documento discute los beneficios de los árboles y la vegetación en las calles urbanas. Argumenta que los árboles mejoran la habitabilidad y seguridad de las calles al reducir el estrés de los conductores, aumentar las evaluaciones positivas de la comunidad, y potencialmente reducir las tasas de accidentes. También señala que, a pesar de las preocupaciones sobre seguridad, muy pocos accidentes involucran árboles y la investigación más reciente sugiere que los árboles pueden de hecho mejorar la seguridad al
What beauty is there in the body of a woman composed of nerves, bones and joints? She is a mere statue of flesh and a frame of moving machinery with her ribs and limbs.
Sexual desire, like a huntsman, has spread his nets in the form of women for the purpose of ensnaring deluded men like silly birds. A woman is nothing but a form composed of the five elements, so why intelligent men should be fondly attached to her?
Lust for the opposite sex is one of the major hindrances in the Spiritual Journey of the soul back to its Real Home. It has to be given up by both the sexes.
The observations of Rama are some of the suggestions to overcome the inherent attraction for the opposite sex. The key to overcome this temptation is not to pay attention to the attractive features of the opposite sex. And before casting a second glance one should activate these observations in the mind applied vice versa.
Este documento describe un taller práctico sobre 10 claves para la implementación de tendencias y enfoques innovadores en la enseñanza. El taller tiene como objetivo ayudar a los docentes a identificar el cambio necesario para incorporar las TIC en el aula y currículo, y desarrollar las habilidades necesarias para este nuevo paradigma educativo basado en la tecnología. El taller se centra en temas como las nuevas habilidades del siglo 21, políticas de acceso a la tecnología e innovación educativa.
YV BKII CH10 Brahma Propounds the Knowledge of Liberation to VashishthaPardeep Sehgal
Let those who have great minds forsake their worldly desires in order to avoid future births and attend to these lectures with calm contentment.
In our Objective World no one gives us B.A.; M.A. or Ph.D. degrees without going to schools, colleges and universities and seeking help of our teachers.
How can someone guarantee us liberation which is the most difficult task and for which we have made no effort to even know the subject throughout our lifetime, leave aside the company of realized persons?
How the avatars or the Masters of the past can be of any use to us now? Only a living being can guide a living being. Liberation is only possible by following a liberated and not otherwise.
This document discusses licensing in administrative law. It begins by defining licenses as permits that allow certain regulated activities. It then provides examples of many common licenses issued by the government, from drivers' licenses to broadcast licenses. The main purposes of licensing are to control public resources, allocate limited resources fairly, ensure competence in complex/dangerous fields, and maintain public order. Licensing procedures can vary depending on the license, with denial/revocation typically requiring formal adjudication under the APA. The document concludes by summarizing several relevant court cases related to licensing.
The practice of Dharma can never produce harmful effects; whereas certain formal religious rites may produce no results or wrong results if performed with even the slightest inaccuracy.
Those actions which benefit either the doers or others are included in Dharma, but not if they lead to sufferings. If suffering results from observing Dharma, there is some mistake in understanding it.
A marriage should be on the foundation of Dharma and the other three purposes of Artha, Kama and Moksha should be worked towards having Dharma as the base.
Marriage becomes liberating when both husband and wife have a common objective of going within to realize self, Self and God which is the true Dharma of all mankind.
This document provides a summary of Homer Betts' professional experience and qualifications. He has over 20 years of experience in information technology project management, leadership, and the delivery of information systems. Currently, he works as a data governance and risk management consultant for the Internal Revenue Service, where he designs and implements risk management and governance policies. Previously he has held senior project management and consulting roles, managing complex IT projects across both government and commercial sectors. He has expertise in areas such as systems development, data management, enterprise architecture, and information security.
The body with its smiling face appears like a good plant bearing both good and bad fruit, but it has become home for the snake of greed and the crows of anger.
The mind is the architect and master of this bodily dwelling, and our activities are its supports and servants. It is filled with errors and delusions which I do not like.
It is no lovely house where the external organs are playing their parts, while its mistress understanding sits inside with her brood of anxieties.
The body lies like a tortoise in the cave of greed amidst the ocean of the world. It remains there in the mud in a mute and torpid state without any effort for its liberation.
A Otimizy oferece o sistema de gestão ErpSoft para automatizar processos operacionais e disponibilizar ferramentas gerenciais. O ErpSoft é um sistema integrado multi-empresa que auxilia na tomada de decisões rápidas. A Otimizy tem mais de 100 clientes e oferece implantação diferenciada, custo acessível, e suporte para garantir o sucesso da implantação.
The document summarizes the results of global market research conducted to test potential brand extension names for CheckPoint's self-testing blood monitor. 180 individuals across various regions and occupations rated 12 potential names on qualities like pronunciation, meaning, and fit with the product concept. Names like "Veo", "Neo", and "SureTrac" scored highest overall based on linguistic analysis and participant rankings. The research aimed to identify which names best conveyed qualities of accuracy, ease-of-use, and empowering patient freedom to test on their own terms.
Damian o'connell - Transformation of the global clinical trials footprint in ...ipposi
The document summarizes the rationale for transforming a big pharmaceutical company's global clinical trials footprint. It discusses:
1) Increasing drug development costs and the need for more trials and patients to get approvals, driving the need for changes.
2) An analysis of baseline clinical trials data across many countries that found cycle times exceeding benchmarks and inhibiting bringing drugs to market faster.
3) A process for selecting core and non-core countries for clinical trials based on quality, population size, performance metrics, and a quantitative and qualitative analysis.
4) The resulting new clinical trials footprint, designating some European, Asian, and other countries and regions as core, with others as non-core.
Diversity is visible only in space, and this space is in the Self, which in turn projects it at the moment when differentiation starts although it is not then clear. Rama! Look within.
|
• What you perceive as space within is the expanse wherein all creatures exist, and it forms their ‘Self’ or consciousness.
• What they look upon as space is your ‘Self’.
• Thus, the ‘Self’ in one is space in another, and vice versa.
• The same thing cannot differ in its nature.
• Therefore there is no difference between space and ‘Self’ - which is full and perfect Bliss-Consciousness.
The strongest fetter is the certainty that one is bound. It is as false as the fearful hallucinations of a frightened child. Even the best of men cannot find release by any amount of efforts unless his sense of bondage is destroyed.
The enterobacteriaceae basic properties.ppsx xNursing Path
The Enterobacteriaceae are a large family of Gram-negative bacteria that includes, along with many harmless symbionts, many of the more familiar pathogens, such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Yersinia pestis, Klebsiella, and Shigella.
This document discusses the role of play in supporting children's development. It explains that play is crucial for social, emotional, physical, intellectual, communication, and language development. Several examples are provided of how different types of play activities can support these areas of development, including role play, books, songs, and creative activities for language/communication, and puzzles and construction for intellectual development. The document also notes that adults should model positive behaviors and interactions to support children's social and emotional skills during play.
American Academy of Political and Social Science The .docxnettletondevon
American Academy of Political and Social Science
The Place of Nature in the City of Man
Author(s): Ian L. McHarg
Source: The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 352,
Urban Revival: Goals and Standards (Mar., 1964), pp. 1-12
Published by: Sage Publications, Inc. in association with the American Academy of
Political and Social Science
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1035408
Accessed: 29-06-2017 21:16 UTC
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted
digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about
JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
http://about.jstor.org/terms
Sage Publications, Inc., American Academy of Political and Social Science are collaborating
with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Annals of the American Academy of
Political and Social Science
This content downloaded from 137.110.37.132 on Thu, 29 Jun 2017 21:16:15 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
The Place of Nature in the City of Man
By IAN L. MCHARG
ABSTRACT: Unparalleled urban growth is pre-empting a
million acres of rural lands each year and transforming these
into the sad emblems of contemporary urbanism. In that
anarchy which constitutes urban growth, wherein the major
prevailing values are short-term economic determinism, the
image of nature is attributed little or no value. In existing
cities, the instincts of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century city
builders, reflected in the pattern of existing urban open space,
have been superseded by a modern process which disdains
nature and seems motivated by a belief in salvation through
stone alone. Yet there is a need and place for nature in the
city of man. An understanding of natural processes should be
reflected in the attribution of value to the constituents of these
natural processes. Such an understanding, reflected in city
building, will provide a major structure for urban and metro-
politan form, an environment capable of supporting physiolog-
ical man, and the basis for an art of city building which will
enhance life and reflect meaning, order, and purpose.
Ian L. McHarg, M.L.A., M.C.P., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is Chairman of the
Department of Landscape Architecture and Professor of City Planning at the University
of Pennsylvania. He has a private practice in City Planning and Landscape Architecture
in partnership with Dr. David A. Wallace. His interest in the subject of values toward
nature and the physical environments which are their products has been reflected in
many articles, among them "Man and Environment," a chapter in The Urban Condition,
edited by Leonard Duhl, "The Ecology of the Ci.
http://bit.ly/Imprints_2nd_Edition
The collection of essays presented in Landscape Imprints trace their origins to an international gathering of landscape architects and educators hosted by Clemson University’s Department of Landscape Architecture and the Council of Educators in Landscape Architecture in the fall of 2003 at CELA’s annual conference in Charleston, South Carolina.
For the reader, the second edition of twenty-two peer-reviewed essays presents a range of significant topical discourse on the landscape in the first decade of the 21st century by leading authors in the field of landscape architecture and landscape studies. Sustainability, globalization, gendered landscape, landscapes of power and race, technologically-mediated landscape, the geography of terrorism, learning environments, and post-ethnic landscapes offer a brief spectrum of the dialogue that runs through the collection’s five topical sections on culture, history, sustainability, technology, learning and the landscape.
This document summarizes a workshop on applying need-based transfers to large-scale problems like disasters. It discusses Keith Tidball's presentation on trees as symbols of resilience, rebirth and community recovery efforts after Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. Tidball talked about how trees provided ecosystem services before the storm, and after became symbols of regeneration and memorialization, catalyzing community restoration work and virtuous cycles in the social-ecological system.
Interpretive Skill Vision Paper_FINAL-4Lotte I. Lent
The document presents a vision for 21st century interpretive skills for National Park Service interpreters. It discusses trends affecting society like lifelong learning, globalization, and the digital era that present challenges and opportunities for interpretation. The vision calls for interpreters to have mastery in three key areas: audience advocacy, innovative leadership, and disciplinary and technical expertise. It recommends aligning training, recruitment and positions with the needs of developing interpreters with these 21st century competencies. The vision is meant to help the NPS better serve the public and foster lifelong learning.
This magazine issue of the Tempe Normal School Review focuses on the theme of "space" and includes articles about intentional communities in the desert Southwest, development pressures on arts communities in Phoenix, and reflections on different types of spaces from classrooms to astrology. The issue features writings on social, urban, and environmental topics as well as art related to the concept of space. Contributors explore both physical and conceptual spaces and the relationships between people and the areas they occupy.
Expressions of Place: an interdisciplinary and interactive community event se...nacis_slides
NACIS 2016 Presentation
Diana K.B. Hoover, University of Wisconsin - Stevens Point
In the heart of Wisconsin, where the Menomonie people have lived for many thousands of years, in a small city that houses a medium-sized liberal arts university, some generous and visionary individuals, organizations, and corporations join forces to celebrate culture and reinvigorate community. Fueled by entrepreneurial spirit and passion for the arts, many of the creative collaborations bring together individuals representing diverse perspectives. One of these undertakings is the upcoming event series, Expressions of Place sponsored by the College of Fine Arts and Communication at the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point. During this talk I will present the genesis for this project, the variety of arts and geography mash-ups in the program, some obstacles encountered as well as discoveries made while organizing this compendium on mapping, sensing, living and expressing Place.
This document provides an overview and context for a parks master plan project focused on Downey, CA. It notes that over 80% of Americans now live in urban areas, which cover just 3% of the total land in the US, resulting in a shortage of open space. The document discusses how a lack of parks and green space negatively impacts community and individual health. It also outlines population and development trends that are reducing open space availability. The master plan aims to identify opportunities to adapt existing land in Downey to better meet the recreational and open space needs of the growing population.
The Role of the Humanities in Rural Community DevelopmentSheila Jans
- The document discusses the role of humanities in rural community development, using examples from the St. John Valley region of northern Maine.
- It describes several initiatives in the Valley that illustrate how humanities can help address challenges like population decline, including a museum that hosts cultural events, monthly book discussions facilitated by the Maine Humanities Council, and a National Endowment for the Humanities summer institute about the Acadian experience along the US-Canada border.
- The humanities initiatives explored history, art, culture and traditions to foster understanding, spark new ideas and economic opportunities, and celebrate the region's identity - showing how humanities can play a key role in rural community development.
The document summarizes information about civic places in Silver Spring, Maryland, including descriptions of different parks and public spaces, stakeholders, demographic trends of residents, and opportunities for placemaking. It discusses how placemaking can create destinations and socially inclusive public spaces to foster community participation.
This document summarizes a research paper about the struggle between urban development and preserving pioneer cemeteries in Los Angeles County. It discusses two pioneer cemeteries, Evergreen Cemetery in Boyle Heights and El Monte Cemetery Pioneer Cemetery in Rosemead, that have faced encroachment from development. The document argues that pioneer cemeteries provide important cultural, social, and historic value as repositories of local history. They preserve the stories of ordinary citizens who contributed to the development of Los Angeles but have been excluded from the historical record. The document asserts that urban planning should strive to balance development with preserving these cultural landscapes and the histories they represent.
The document summarizes a presentation on placemaking in Binghampton, Memphis as a tool for social interaction. It discusses challenges like transportation barriers and declining infrastructure, and opportunities like new transportation routes and public art projects. Case studies are presented of various public art installations, murals, and artist-designed structures that have helped connect neighborhoods and foster community identity. Partnerships between public and private groups have been key in developing these placemaking initiatives.
The document provides an overview of the Writers @ The Carr series, a humanities programming residency hosted by the Carr Center in Detroit from 2009-2017. The series brings scholars, authors, and artists to Detroit for public readings, discussions, and workshops focusing on urban environments and underserved youth. It is a collaboration between the Carr Center and Aquarius Press. Past events highlighted Michigan authors and their works about influential Michigan figures in history and highlighted genres like poetry, fiction, jazz, and oral histories. The programming aimed to engage the community through public humanities events.
This document discusses licensing in administrative law. It begins by defining licenses as permits that allow certain regulated activities. It then provides examples of many common licenses issued by the government, from drivers' licenses to broadcast licenses. The main purposes of licensing are to control public resources, allocate limited resources fairly, ensure competence in complex/dangerous fields, and maintain public order. Licensing procedures can vary depending on the license, with denial/revocation typically requiring formal adjudication under the APA. The document concludes by summarizing several relevant court cases related to licensing.
The practice of Dharma can never produce harmful effects; whereas certain formal religious rites may produce no results or wrong results if performed with even the slightest inaccuracy.
Those actions which benefit either the doers or others are included in Dharma, but not if they lead to sufferings. If suffering results from observing Dharma, there is some mistake in understanding it.
A marriage should be on the foundation of Dharma and the other three purposes of Artha, Kama and Moksha should be worked towards having Dharma as the base.
Marriage becomes liberating when both husband and wife have a common objective of going within to realize self, Self and God which is the true Dharma of all mankind.
This document provides a summary of Homer Betts' professional experience and qualifications. He has over 20 years of experience in information technology project management, leadership, and the delivery of information systems. Currently, he works as a data governance and risk management consultant for the Internal Revenue Service, where he designs and implements risk management and governance policies. Previously he has held senior project management and consulting roles, managing complex IT projects across both government and commercial sectors. He has expertise in areas such as systems development, data management, enterprise architecture, and information security.
The body with its smiling face appears like a good plant bearing both good and bad fruit, but it has become home for the snake of greed and the crows of anger.
The mind is the architect and master of this bodily dwelling, and our activities are its supports and servants. It is filled with errors and delusions which I do not like.
It is no lovely house where the external organs are playing their parts, while its mistress understanding sits inside with her brood of anxieties.
The body lies like a tortoise in the cave of greed amidst the ocean of the world. It remains there in the mud in a mute and torpid state without any effort for its liberation.
A Otimizy oferece o sistema de gestão ErpSoft para automatizar processos operacionais e disponibilizar ferramentas gerenciais. O ErpSoft é um sistema integrado multi-empresa que auxilia na tomada de decisões rápidas. A Otimizy tem mais de 100 clientes e oferece implantação diferenciada, custo acessível, e suporte para garantir o sucesso da implantação.
The document summarizes the results of global market research conducted to test potential brand extension names for CheckPoint's self-testing blood monitor. 180 individuals across various regions and occupations rated 12 potential names on qualities like pronunciation, meaning, and fit with the product concept. Names like "Veo", "Neo", and "SureTrac" scored highest overall based on linguistic analysis and participant rankings. The research aimed to identify which names best conveyed qualities of accuracy, ease-of-use, and empowering patient freedom to test on their own terms.
Damian o'connell - Transformation of the global clinical trials footprint in ...ipposi
The document summarizes the rationale for transforming a big pharmaceutical company's global clinical trials footprint. It discusses:
1) Increasing drug development costs and the need for more trials and patients to get approvals, driving the need for changes.
2) An analysis of baseline clinical trials data across many countries that found cycle times exceeding benchmarks and inhibiting bringing drugs to market faster.
3) A process for selecting core and non-core countries for clinical trials based on quality, population size, performance metrics, and a quantitative and qualitative analysis.
4) The resulting new clinical trials footprint, designating some European, Asian, and other countries and regions as core, with others as non-core.
Diversity is visible only in space, and this space is in the Self, which in turn projects it at the moment when differentiation starts although it is not then clear. Rama! Look within.
|
• What you perceive as space within is the expanse wherein all creatures exist, and it forms their ‘Self’ or consciousness.
• What they look upon as space is your ‘Self’.
• Thus, the ‘Self’ in one is space in another, and vice versa.
• The same thing cannot differ in its nature.
• Therefore there is no difference between space and ‘Self’ - which is full and perfect Bliss-Consciousness.
The strongest fetter is the certainty that one is bound. It is as false as the fearful hallucinations of a frightened child. Even the best of men cannot find release by any amount of efforts unless his sense of bondage is destroyed.
The enterobacteriaceae basic properties.ppsx xNursing Path
The Enterobacteriaceae are a large family of Gram-negative bacteria that includes, along with many harmless symbionts, many of the more familiar pathogens, such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Yersinia pestis, Klebsiella, and Shigella.
This document discusses the role of play in supporting children's development. It explains that play is crucial for social, emotional, physical, intellectual, communication, and language development. Several examples are provided of how different types of play activities can support these areas of development, including role play, books, songs, and creative activities for language/communication, and puzzles and construction for intellectual development. The document also notes that adults should model positive behaviors and interactions to support children's social and emotional skills during play.
American Academy of Political and Social Science The .docxnettletondevon
American Academy of Political and Social Science
The Place of Nature in the City of Man
Author(s): Ian L. McHarg
Source: The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 352,
Urban Revival: Goals and Standards (Mar., 1964), pp. 1-12
Published by: Sage Publications, Inc. in association with the American Academy of
Political and Social Science
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1035408
Accessed: 29-06-2017 21:16 UTC
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted
digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about
JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
http://about.jstor.org/terms
Sage Publications, Inc., American Academy of Political and Social Science are collaborating
with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Annals of the American Academy of
Political and Social Science
This content downloaded from 137.110.37.132 on Thu, 29 Jun 2017 21:16:15 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
The Place of Nature in the City of Man
By IAN L. MCHARG
ABSTRACT: Unparalleled urban growth is pre-empting a
million acres of rural lands each year and transforming these
into the sad emblems of contemporary urbanism. In that
anarchy which constitutes urban growth, wherein the major
prevailing values are short-term economic determinism, the
image of nature is attributed little or no value. In existing
cities, the instincts of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century city
builders, reflected in the pattern of existing urban open space,
have been superseded by a modern process which disdains
nature and seems motivated by a belief in salvation through
stone alone. Yet there is a need and place for nature in the
city of man. An understanding of natural processes should be
reflected in the attribution of value to the constituents of these
natural processes. Such an understanding, reflected in city
building, will provide a major structure for urban and metro-
politan form, an environment capable of supporting physiolog-
ical man, and the basis for an art of city building which will
enhance life and reflect meaning, order, and purpose.
Ian L. McHarg, M.L.A., M.C.P., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is Chairman of the
Department of Landscape Architecture and Professor of City Planning at the University
of Pennsylvania. He has a private practice in City Planning and Landscape Architecture
in partnership with Dr. David A. Wallace. His interest in the subject of values toward
nature and the physical environments which are their products has been reflected in
many articles, among them "Man and Environment," a chapter in The Urban Condition,
edited by Leonard Duhl, "The Ecology of the Ci.
http://bit.ly/Imprints_2nd_Edition
The collection of essays presented in Landscape Imprints trace their origins to an international gathering of landscape architects and educators hosted by Clemson University’s Department of Landscape Architecture and the Council of Educators in Landscape Architecture in the fall of 2003 at CELA’s annual conference in Charleston, South Carolina.
For the reader, the second edition of twenty-two peer-reviewed essays presents a range of significant topical discourse on the landscape in the first decade of the 21st century by leading authors in the field of landscape architecture and landscape studies. Sustainability, globalization, gendered landscape, landscapes of power and race, technologically-mediated landscape, the geography of terrorism, learning environments, and post-ethnic landscapes offer a brief spectrum of the dialogue that runs through the collection’s five topical sections on culture, history, sustainability, technology, learning and the landscape.
This document summarizes a workshop on applying need-based transfers to large-scale problems like disasters. It discusses Keith Tidball's presentation on trees as symbols of resilience, rebirth and community recovery efforts after Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. Tidball talked about how trees provided ecosystem services before the storm, and after became symbols of regeneration and memorialization, catalyzing community restoration work and virtuous cycles in the social-ecological system.
Interpretive Skill Vision Paper_FINAL-4Lotte I. Lent
The document presents a vision for 21st century interpretive skills for National Park Service interpreters. It discusses trends affecting society like lifelong learning, globalization, and the digital era that present challenges and opportunities for interpretation. The vision calls for interpreters to have mastery in three key areas: audience advocacy, innovative leadership, and disciplinary and technical expertise. It recommends aligning training, recruitment and positions with the needs of developing interpreters with these 21st century competencies. The vision is meant to help the NPS better serve the public and foster lifelong learning.
This magazine issue of the Tempe Normal School Review focuses on the theme of "space" and includes articles about intentional communities in the desert Southwest, development pressures on arts communities in Phoenix, and reflections on different types of spaces from classrooms to astrology. The issue features writings on social, urban, and environmental topics as well as art related to the concept of space. Contributors explore both physical and conceptual spaces and the relationships between people and the areas they occupy.
Expressions of Place: an interdisciplinary and interactive community event se...nacis_slides
NACIS 2016 Presentation
Diana K.B. Hoover, University of Wisconsin - Stevens Point
In the heart of Wisconsin, where the Menomonie people have lived for many thousands of years, in a small city that houses a medium-sized liberal arts university, some generous and visionary individuals, organizations, and corporations join forces to celebrate culture and reinvigorate community. Fueled by entrepreneurial spirit and passion for the arts, many of the creative collaborations bring together individuals representing diverse perspectives. One of these undertakings is the upcoming event series, Expressions of Place sponsored by the College of Fine Arts and Communication at the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point. During this talk I will present the genesis for this project, the variety of arts and geography mash-ups in the program, some obstacles encountered as well as discoveries made while organizing this compendium on mapping, sensing, living and expressing Place.
This document provides an overview and context for a parks master plan project focused on Downey, CA. It notes that over 80% of Americans now live in urban areas, which cover just 3% of the total land in the US, resulting in a shortage of open space. The document discusses how a lack of parks and green space negatively impacts community and individual health. It also outlines population and development trends that are reducing open space availability. The master plan aims to identify opportunities to adapt existing land in Downey to better meet the recreational and open space needs of the growing population.
The Role of the Humanities in Rural Community DevelopmentSheila Jans
- The document discusses the role of humanities in rural community development, using examples from the St. John Valley region of northern Maine.
- It describes several initiatives in the Valley that illustrate how humanities can help address challenges like population decline, including a museum that hosts cultural events, monthly book discussions facilitated by the Maine Humanities Council, and a National Endowment for the Humanities summer institute about the Acadian experience along the US-Canada border.
- The humanities initiatives explored history, art, culture and traditions to foster understanding, spark new ideas and economic opportunities, and celebrate the region's identity - showing how humanities can play a key role in rural community development.
The document summarizes information about civic places in Silver Spring, Maryland, including descriptions of different parks and public spaces, stakeholders, demographic trends of residents, and opportunities for placemaking. It discusses how placemaking can create destinations and socially inclusive public spaces to foster community participation.
This document summarizes a research paper about the struggle between urban development and preserving pioneer cemeteries in Los Angeles County. It discusses two pioneer cemeteries, Evergreen Cemetery in Boyle Heights and El Monte Cemetery Pioneer Cemetery in Rosemead, that have faced encroachment from development. The document argues that pioneer cemeteries provide important cultural, social, and historic value as repositories of local history. They preserve the stories of ordinary citizens who contributed to the development of Los Angeles but have been excluded from the historical record. The document asserts that urban planning should strive to balance development with preserving these cultural landscapes and the histories they represent.
The document summarizes a presentation on placemaking in Binghampton, Memphis as a tool for social interaction. It discusses challenges like transportation barriers and declining infrastructure, and opportunities like new transportation routes and public art projects. Case studies are presented of various public art installations, murals, and artist-designed structures that have helped connect neighborhoods and foster community identity. Partnerships between public and private groups have been key in developing these placemaking initiatives.
The document provides an overview of the Writers @ The Carr series, a humanities programming residency hosted by the Carr Center in Detroit from 2009-2017. The series brings scholars, authors, and artists to Detroit for public readings, discussions, and workshops focusing on urban environments and underserved youth. It is a collaboration between the Carr Center and Aquarius Press. Past events highlighted Michigan authors and their works about influential Michigan figures in history and highlighted genres like poetry, fiction, jazz, and oral histories. The programming aimed to engage the community through public humanities events.
By Rutherford H. Platt
A Subversive Little Book “This is a book by people who like cities.” Thus began William H. Whyte Jr.’s introduction to a subversive little book with the polemical title The Exploding Metropolis: A Study of the Assault on Urbanism and How Our Cities Can Resist It (Editors of Fortune 1957, hereinafter cited as TEM). Drawing on a roundtable of urban experts convened by two prominent magazines, Fortune and Architectural Forum, the book in six short essays reexamined the nature of cities and city building in the postwar era. The book also defi ned future agendas for “Holly” Whyte (as he was fondly known by his friends) and fellow editor Jane Jacobs.
Scarlet Letter Symbolism Essay. The Scarlet Letter - Symbolism NovelguideClaire Flanagan
On the Symbolism of The Scarlet Letter Free Essay Example. The Scarlet Letter Symbolism (300 Words) - PHDessay.com. The Scarlet Letter in The Scarlet Letter. The Scarlet Letter Symbols Analysis Storyboard. Symbolism in "Scarlet Letter". The Scarlet Letter Summary | Shmoop. The Scarlet Letter - Symbolism by Eve Rosenthal.
Social Justice in Libraries, Archives and Museums Bibliography compiled by Rhiannon Myers for Information Services, Faculty of Information, University of Toronto. All rights reserved by Information Services. For more information, see http://www.ischool.utoronto.ca/collections/book-displays
For the second edition of Allies and Morrison’s autumn 2019 conference, three speakers, Partner Artur Carulla, London Borough of Southwark chief executive Eleanor Kelly and developer Roger Madelin responded to the question while panellists Deyan Sudjic, Director of the Design Museum and Elizabeth Rapoport, Strategic Development Manager at Meridian Water, and curator and writer Jeremy Melvin, later expanded the discussion to interrogate the process of organic change in the city.
The Museum of Impact (MOI) is a proposed social justice museum that will provide interactive exhibits and programming to educate visitors about important social issues and inspire civic engagement. Over five years, MOI plans to host rotating exhibits on topics like civil rights, the environment, disability rights, and more. Exhibits will include interactive elements, multimedia components, and art installations to immerse visitors in each topic. MOI aims to connect people to social causes and foster understanding and positive social change.
The Museum of Impact will be an interactive social justice museum featuring rotating exhibits on themes of social responsibility, human rights, civic engagement, and more. Its goal is to facilitate experiences and foster discussions that inspire positive social change. Exhibits in the first two years will focus on topics like wisdom and leadership, environmental activism, criminal justice reform, and the experiences of marginalized groups. The museum aims to provide an immersive aesthetic experience through large-scale art, murals, and natural elements while also offering interactive digital content and programming to engage visitors of all ages.
The document discusses an interactive art installation called "Spectacles of the Mind" created by University of Michigan faculty to explore concepts related to perception, the mind, and human experience. The installation used mirrors, projectors, cameras and participants' movement to create distorted and multiplying projections of streetscape images representing neural networks in the brain. It aimed to translate frameworks of spatial understanding like egocentric and allocentric perspectives from neuroscience into an immersive experience for viewers. The collaboration between an architect and artist used the installation as a metaphor to connect ideas of memory, storytelling, and how humans understand space.
1. DNA has a double helix structure resembling a spiral staircase.
2. It is composed of two polynucleotide strands coiled around each other.
3. Each strand contains alternating sugar and phosphate groups.
4. The bases on each strand bond with each other via hydrogen bonds - adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine. This holds the two strands together in the double helix formation.
Similar to Excerpt of Thesis - Understanding Human-Tree Relationships (20)
Excerpt of Thesis - Understanding Human-Tree Relationships
1. UNDERSTANDING HUMAN-TREE RELATIONSHIPS:
A Case Study of CBD and South East Light Rail Project
Amy Mei-Lyn Ow
Submitted to the School of the Humanities and Languages,
University of New South Wales,
in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Honours in Environmental Humanities
November 2016
2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements iv
Abstract viii
Prologue ix
Note to the reader x
Abbreviations list xi
CHAPTER 1: Introduction
Funerals and e-mails 1
The Research Question 3
Thesis Aim 3
Defining Perception, Sentiment & Values 5
Methodology 6
Background Information 8
Literature Review 12
Chapter Outline 16
CHAPTER 2: Environmental History: A Tree Has a Past and a Reason
Valuing Antiquity: The Historical Value of Tree Planting 17
Identity
Blossom, Legacy and Memory on Randwick Road 18
Seeing Sacrifice and Humanity in the Trees on Anzac Parade 21
Alison Road – A vision of Beautification, Bequeathing and Botany 22
Conflict
Planting, Uprooting, Deciding the Town: Human-Tree Conflict since the 1900s 24
CHAPTER 3: Understanding Human-Tree Relationships
I. LOVE
High Cross Park: 31 August 2016 29
The Significant Tree 31
3. On Largeness and Tallness and Quietness 34
Street Trees that Adorn the Road: Love Abounds from Your Umbrageous Offerings 37
II. SADNESS
Melancholic Mind: The Complexity in the Human-Tree Affinity 39
Elegiac Thought, Slow-Growing Tree, Requiem about Emptiness. 21st Century’s
Vogue in Sleek, Red Carriages 42
III. HOME
Losing the Familiar, Not Wanting Change: The Great, Green Curtain of Randwick 44
Green Ethereal Salvation in Figment and Matter 46
CHAPTER 4: Activism, Protest and Education: Tree Witnesses and Warriors
Moore Park West – Mega May Day Tree Rally 49
Atonement of the Tree 50
Love in Victory, Orange and Online Sentiment 51
Like Summer Tempests Their Tears Came 56
Home after the Battle: All the Voices About Shaping the Land 58
CHAPTER 5: Conclusion 63
Bibliography 65
4. ABSTRACT
Human-tree relationships in 21st century urban Randwick reveal the intricacy of
identity and dissent that characterises this landscape and its actors. It is crucial to understand
how the human-tree relationship manifests intangibly and in transcendence of the observable,
physiological interactions between human and tree. In this thesis, I explore the role of
perception, sentiment, and values in emanating the human-tree relationship – focussing on the
site of Anzac Parade and Alison Road where trees are being removed for a new light rail path.
The significance of the human-tree relationship will be scrutinised in the context of the CBD
and South East Light Rail project – a transport implementation in construction from Sydney
city to the eastern suburbs (Randwick and Kingsford). Urban tree conflict arises due to
differing approaches to engagement with arboreal character in the Australian urban
environment. This thesis first reviews the historical context of the removed trees which were
planted since the 1860s. Then, human attachments to trees – or “socio-nature enchantment” –
is investigated through the themes of Love, Sadness and Home. Finally, this thesis examines
the tree as a stakeholder in the conundrum of urban tree conflict that has inspired local
activist, protest and education movements in reaction to Government planning procedure and
management of urban space. These efforts have utilised sentiments of love, sadness and home
to empower and raise community awareness about the importance of retaining valuable urban
trees. In particular, grassroots organisations such as Keeping Randwick’s Trees and Saving
Sydneys Trees have effected their presence through social media campaigns, rallies, events
and vigils. Literature analysis, eight participant interviews and site observation are utilised in
this thesis to explore the dynamic of human-tree relationship and how the Tree is an agent of
socio-nature enchantment. The key is to acknowledge that there exist differences in
stakeholder attitudes towards being with urban trees and to understand how love, sadness and
home works in reconciling urban tree conflict.
5. CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
“Trees do not talk. But when they are gone, one will realize
their voice. This is the silence of the tree”.1
Melvin Jabar
Funerals and e-mails
On 16th January 2016, a histrionic funeral was held in Centennial Park for trees
removed on Sydney’s Anzac Parade and Alison Road – trees which would give place to a new
light rail. This sombre observance marked the deference of local community members and
protesting citizens to trees that once stood beside and near the park in the suburb of
Randwick.2 This collection of trees began to be removed a month before from the site’s urban
greenspace3. The commemorated trees represented unforgettable symbols of beauty, heritage,
meaning and life.4 A message of saving humanity by protecting trees was the proclamation of
the event and act of the funeral participants.4 Little coverage seemed to be given to this
juncture of tribute to trees in the local landscape. Nevertheless, a recognition of loss and
erasure of significant heritage trees does not come to pass without a lingering sense of
penetrating sadness and consternation.5 As one protester reflected:
“It was like any memorial – it’s the “Lest We Forget” thing”.6
1 C Mauch & K Ritson, ‘Introduction’, in Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring:Encounters and Legacies, C Mauch &
K Ritson (eds), RCC Perspectives,Munich, 2012, p. 9.
2 N White & N Hansen, ‘Protesters return to Moore Park to ‘mourn’ more figs facing the chop for $2.1b light
rail’, Newscorp, January 2016, viewed on 18 July 2016, <http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/city-
east/protesters-return-to-moore-park-to-mourn-more-figs-facing-the-chop-for-21b-light-rail/news-
story/dc78c495347a277956d59fa9b45e9c9f>.
3 ‘Fig trees, aged more than 130 years old, along Sydney’s Anzac Parade earmarked for felling in light rail
project’, ABC News, 28 January 2016, viewed on 7 September 2016, <http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-01-
27/100-yr-old-sydney-trees-to-be-felled-to-commemorate-anzacs/7116608>.
4 N English & L Marks, ‘Protesters hold ‘funeral’ for heritage trees felled to make way for Sydney’s light-rail
project’, ABC News, January 2016, viewed on 18 July 2016, <http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-01-
16/protesters-hold-funeral-for-heritage-trees-felled-in-sydney/7093076>.
5 ‘NSW: Outrage over felling heritage Sydney trees’, AAP General News Wire, 28 December 2015,
Proquest,viewed on 19 July 2016,
<http://search.proquest.com.wwwproxy0.library.unsw.edu.au/docview/1751950231?accountid=12763&rfr_id=in
fo%3Axri%2Fsid%3Aprimo>.
6 Interview with Tree educator,22 August 2016.
6. Aside from the funeral procession, people are relating to the same trees through the
digital interface. E-mails to Randwick’s trees collect on the website of a grassroots
community campaign. Most messages contain an expression of disquiet about impending
alteration to the local natural environment; descriptions of angst and disconcerting about
specific trees identified for removal from their locations on Anzac Parade and Alison Road –
because of an intended light rail. Other letters effuse individual encouragements of jubilance,
hope and appreciation for sylvan life within this site – optimistic notes celebrating
relationships, adoration and love. As campaign member stated:
“You just never know which tree it is, which tree that they’ve built that
relationship with somehow…Everyone would have their own special
tree”.7
If death and removal causes great suffering and emotional reverberation, then how
does an understanding of human-tree relationships cast clarity and solace upon this
disposition? Illuminated in the context of local urban development where utility encounters
nature, this situation of destruction and morbidity reflects an intricate, multi-faceted
relationship between the human and the tree.8 Urban tree conflict, therefore, as manifesting in
the contemporary, local Randwick environment is a palpably complex and inextricable
interaction based on perception, sentiment, and value. Should memorialisation of and
correspondence with trees occur because humans are concerned and impelled by societal fate
and local environmental welfare, then this suggests an association between the individual and
nature that observes a deep, inseparable reverence and dependence.9 Currently, these
dedicatory and ritualistic activities in response to demise of particular urban trees occur amid
Sydney’s increasingly urbanising and populated city centre and surrounding suburbs.10
Bureaucratic intent to plan for the future and enable a people moving across the city and
adjoining locales, via initiation of a novel transport scheme, represents a utilitarian motivation
which has clashed with prerogatives of valuing nature. Now, in Randwick, trees are a memory
and the light rail is a dream for the imminent as we talk in past tense of the trees that were
there, while we talk in future tense of a light rail to be, on Anzac Parade and Alison Road.
7 Interview with Tree campaigner, 29 July 2016.
8 J. Vining, M. Merrick & E. Price, ‘The distinction between humans and nature: human perceptions of
connectednessto nature and elements of the natural and unnatural’, Human Ecology Review, vol. 15, no. 1, 2008,
p. 9.
9 P Margry & C Sánchez-Carretero, ‘Introduction - Rethinking memorialization: the concept of grassroots
memorials’, in Grassroots Memorials: The Politics of Memorializing Traumatic Death, P Margry & C Sánchez-
Carretero (eds), Berghahn Books, United States,2011, p. ix.
10 C. Forster, ‘The challenge of change: Australian cities and urban planning in the new millennium’,
Geographical Research, vol. 44, no. 2, June 2006, p. 173.
7. The Research Question
Environmental Humanities inquiry into 21st century urban tree conflict affirms the
importance of understanding how social entanglements with trees can inform local urban
development milieus. This important socio-environment orientation demands recognition of
the role of intangible anthropogenic relationship with arboreal-life, so as to escape traditional,
mechanistic ways of thinking about and seeing nature. The pace of post-industrialisation in
Sydney’s CBD and neighbouring eastern suburbs reflects a nexus of values, ideas and
priorities emanating from diverse stakeholder interests with regard to planning and managing
of this place and greenspace. This metropolis functions as a progressive and dynamic
economic, infrastructural and social system, assisted with a public transport network that
enables this functionality.11 Street trees manifest an intrinsic part of the local Sydney
metropolitan environment and are an actor in this urbanscape as much as society, economy
and transport are.12 A “sustainable” future local urban metropolis involves consideration and
practising of the trifold economic, societal and physical environment aspects of the city as an
unsegregated domain.13 Therefore, understanding how the human-tree relationship in the
urban milieu is socially constructed offers a way to destabilise existing mentality that
“human”, “nature” and “economy” are removed from each other.
In light of the preceding discussion about importance of investigating the meaning and
significance of socio-environment relationship in an urbanising local context, this thesis
proposes the following question:
What role does human perception, sentiment, and values possess in emanating
human-tree relationships in the 21st century, thus conveying the Tree as an
agent of socio-nature enchantment?
~
11 M Lennon, ‘The revival of metropolitan planning’, in The Australian Metropolis:A Planning History, S
Hamnett & R Freestone (eds), Allen & Unwin, Australia, 2000, p.154; P Spearritt, Sydney’s Century: A History,
University of New South Wales Press, Sydney,2000, p. 131.
12 J. Frawley, ‘Campaigning for street trees, Sydney Botanic Gardens, 1890s-1920s’, Environment and History,
vol. 15, no. 3, 2009, p. 304; R. Mattocks, ‘Street trees: their selection, planting and after-care’, The Town
Planning Review, vol. 10, no. 4, Feb 1924, p. 253.
13 N. Klocker, S. Toole, A. Tindale & S. Kerr, ‘Ethnically diverse transport behaviours:an Australian
perspective’, Geographical Research, vol. 53, no. 4, 2015, p. 393; G Connolly, ‘Urban Landscapes in Sydney’,
in Case Studiesin Australasian Geography, R Coggins (ed), Longman Australia, Victoria, 1971, p. 18.
8. CHAPTER 2
ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY: A Tree Has a Past and a Reason
“Trees are the best monuments that a man can erect to his own memory”.14
Lord Orrery, 1749
Valuing Antiquity: The Historical Value of Tree Planting
The meanings people ascribe to trees are linked to the history of the trees’ emanation,
existence and agency in the environment. Therefore, an environmental history of urban trees
is an important aspect of comprehending local urban tree conflict through interpretation of
past evidence of human-tree encounters. Discerning the environmental historical premise
shaping human-tree relationships reveals much about the role of perception, sentiment, and
values in drawing the person and the tree into an inextricable, non-corporeal interaction.
Bergthaller et al. claim: “The humanities insist that we need to understand not only what and
where we are, and how we got here, but also that humans have never been without answers to
these questions – so that in order to answer them for the present, we must attend to how they
were answered in the past”.15 For this reason, it is important to etch the history of the Anzac-
Alison trees. Primary historical records and interview insight reflect a perception and
sentiment of profound human attachment to the historical value of the Anzac-Alison trees in
Randwick. This affinity encompasses significant themes linking to the history of the area –
such as recognition of World War I legacy, preserving tradition of bequeathed land, and
sustaining inter-generational equity.16 The environmental history of the Anzac-Alison trees
can be described through two ideas: “identity” and “ongoing conflict”.
Identity and conflict establish a specific historical context to urban tree dispute
occurring since the 1800s in Randwick. These ideas point at a relationship between human
and tree stakeholder that transcends seeing “the environment” as something “exclusively material”.17
14
A Belcon ‘The memory of trees: A history of the relationship between Mount Holyoke College and her Trees’,
in Mount Holyoke Historical Atlas, 2003, viewed on 7 July 2016,
<https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hatlas/trees/index.htm>.
15 Bergthaller et al., op. cit., p. 265.
16 Interview with Federal Member of Parliament, op. cit.
17 Bergthaller et. al, op. cit., p. 267.
9. According to Worster, environmental history involves three criteria: comprehension of “nature itself”,
appreciation of the “socio-economic realm” that interrelates with nature, a nd consideration of the
“values, laws and myths” that imbue these interfaces.18
Worster indicates these three parameters are
not detached from each other, but rather enable a unified “single dynamic inquiry” into the dynamics
of socio-environment relations.5
Thus, tracing the historical testimony of the trees on Anzac Parade
and Alison Road capitulated for the CSELR – through conceptualisation of identity and conflict –
enables a fathoming of how perception, sentiment, and values concomitantly shape socio-nature
enchantment.
Identity
Blossom, Legacy and Memory on Randwick Road
Historical records since the 1860s convey the significance of Anzac Parade, previously known
as Randwick Road prior to 1917, in terms of mayoral vision and bestowing of trees.19
This
introduction of arboreal life to the boulevard is recounted by newspaper reports written through the
1800s and 1900s. An article published by Sydney Mail on 12th
September 1868 titled “Opening of
Moore’s Stairs. – Planting of Trees at Moore’s Park” chronicles the meeting and action of Sydney city
Mayor Charles Moore, prominent local council members and citizens in inauguration of Moore Park.20
This park was to be inaugurated by an “extensive planting of trees” by the Mayor, council aldermen
and ex-Mayors.7
At the time, 148 years ago, Moore Park was perceived as a park “in a transition state,
passing rapidly from existence as a dreary waste composed of hills of white sand to a wide plain of
valuable land overspread with grass”.21
Newly planted trees would be “an obvious improvement” and
a source of delight to the people of the area.7
Transforming the landscape of Moore Park was a priority
of the Municipal Council of Sydney in the 1860s.22
It was a strong council and community tradition to
plant trees in opening and celebration of various locations and amenity in and near the city.7
Majority
sentiment at the inauguration was that new planted trees were more important than the shifting of
existing sand hills needed to rejuvenate the area.7
~
18 D Worster, cited by S Dovers (ed), ‘Australian environmental history: introduction, review and principles’,
Australian Environmental History: Essays and Cases, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1994, p. 3.
19 ‘Opening of Moore’s Stairs. – Planting of Trees at Moore’s Park’, Sydney Mail, 12 September 1868, p. 9;
Randwick City Council, ‘Historic street & place names: Street names A-F’, n.d., viewed on 17 August 2016,
<http://www.randwick.nsw.gov.au/about-council/history/historic-places/historic-street-and-place-names/street-
names-a-f>.
20 Sydney Mail, op. cit.
21 Sydney Mail, op. cit. Emphasis added.
22 ‘Municipal Council of Sydney’ was the 1860s reference for Sydney City Council.
10. CHAPTER 3
UNDERSTANDING HUMAN-TREE RELATIONSHIPS
“The tree which moves some to tears of joy is in the eyes of others only a
green thing that stands in the way. Some see Nature all ridicule and
deformity, and some scarce see Nature at all. But to the eyes of the man of
imagination, Nature is Imagination itself”.23
William Blake, 1799, The Letters
High Cross Park: 31 August 2016
On a very cold winter morning, I was called to High Cross Park.24 The event was to
gather in fellowship, creativity and respect for the trees in Randwick – trees threatened and
touched by light rail proposal. I sat freezing on a bench, then a picnic rug on the ground,
above the earthy soil and grass of the triangular park. There were many tree beings around me
– of motley heights, differing widths, graduating shades of brown and green – all whispering
secretly against a cloudy urban Australian sky. It was cold, but I was warmed by a search to
understand the circumstance, story and fate of the trees on Anzac Parade and Alison Road
moved aside and elsewhere for an ingenious new light rail. I was also warmed by the people I
met there in the park that day – charming people who practice and speak of compassion for
the tree. I was hugged and watched brilliant crayon paintings of trees come to life. I was
informed of personal adoration for the environment, but feeling a powerlessness to help.
There was acquainting, conversation and listening to thought and sentiment about the Anzac-
Alison activity since the first trees were approached with cutting equipment and machinery –
revealings of personal processes gone through in reaction to CSELR-tree encounter: shocked
surprise turned to disbelief, which became a pervasive grief, that then tried to accept. Now, it
is about a revival and renewal of spirit; a determination of the human character to go on. You
learn a lot about the character of human and earth just being in a park with trees. “Spread the
love”, was the final message passed to me as I walked out of the park and into the momentum
of onward-moving life.
Spread the love.
23 W Blake, ‘[To] Revd Dr Trusler, Englefield Green, Egham, Surrey’, in The Complete Poetry and Prose of
William Blake, D Erdman (ed), University of California Press, Berkeley, 1982, p. 702.
24 Site observation at High Cross Park tree gathering. Event organised by Keeping Randwick’s Trees.
11. The human-tree relationship is an intimate, intricate and more-than-physical affair. A
social fixation upon and enchantment with the tree is just as significant as the tangible
symbiosis existing between these two actors. A solicitous deliberation on the way a person
perceives, expresses feeling for, and values the Tree offers a conciliatory and sui generis way
of understanding human-tree relationships. The mind has a beautiful capacity for cogitation,
empathy and evaluation; the cells of brain and tree deciphering each other casts a propinquity
that endears, suffers, and triumphs.25 It is argued here that the human-tree relationship, on
Anzac Parade and Alison Road, can be understood through Love, Sadness and Home – three
themes that conceptualise the role of perception, sentiment, and values in emanating this
relationship in the 21st century. The Anzac-Alison trees in Randwick were agents of socio-
nature enchantment through their embodiment and sustaining of kinship, community
solidarity, fragility and inward fulfilment26. This chapter explores how the Anzac-Alison trees
approached by CSELR enterprise affect perception, sentiment, and values thereby
constructing the intangible, enchanting human-tree relationship.
Figure 5: Construction work for CSELR in Randwick. Source: Photo taken by author, 2016.
25 M Minsky, ‘The Mind and the Brain’, The Society of Mind, Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, New York, 1985,
p. 19.
26 By “inward fulfilment” I mean a satisfying of the mental, emotional or “inner” capacities of the human.
R Harrison, Forests: The Shadow of Civilization, The University of Chicago Press, London, 1992, p.2.
12. I. LOVE
The Significant Tree
A love for trees can be detected through expression of thought, articulation about
feeling, and an explanation of the values a person holds important. People talk about an
enamouring for arboreal life – a response to these beings’ beauty, the embracing succour they
provide, their overwhelming calming influence, or a loving energy that fills the heart.27 Love
is a perception, sentiment, and value of indiscriminate embrace and acceptance of tree-life – a
state of compassion influenced by empathy for the tree. Moreover, this self-effacing condition
is a virtue that remembers the former and yearns to ensure socio-nature equity. Love was an
element and identity reflected through literature, interview and site observation. Of the trees
on Anzac Parade and Alison Road, a salient aspect of the human-tree relationship revolving
around “love” is endearment effused for the Significant Tree. The Significant Tree is
classified as a tree possessing historic, botanic, social, or aesthetic value.28 Many of the trees
removed and affected along Anzac Parade and Alison Road were and are Significant Trees.29
In the liminal space between human and tree, socio-nature enchantment occurs through
admiration of greatness, beauty formed by wood and leaf, community unity created, and
captivating propensity to save through refuge.
In September 2005, a brief was prepared by Randwick City Council for preparation of
a Significant Tree Register. It was stated in the brief that:
“Randwick City Council has an important resource in its trees but recent
history has shown that these valuable assets need to be protected from an
increasing number of threats such as unsympathetic property development
and indiscriminate tree felling. There are many individual trees and groups
of trees within the City of Randwick that are considered to be of
27 Interview with Tree campaigner, op. cit.; Interview with Greens candidate, op. cit.; Interview with Federal
Member of Parliament, op. cit.; Interview with Artist, op. cit.
28 Randwick City Council, ‘Significant Tree Register: Protecting significant trees in Randwick’, in Randwick
City Council, n.d., viewed on 29 September 2016, <http://www.randwick.nsw.gov.au/environment-and-
sustainability/trees/significant-tree-register>.
According to Randwick City Council’s Significant Tree Register (2007) – a Significant Tree retains:
(i) historic and/or natural value (i.e. indigenous/cultivated origin)
(ii) botanic/scientific value
(iii) social, cultural and commemorative value
(iv) visual and aesthetic value
29 Randwick City Council, ‘Light rail trees: Trees along the light rail route’, in Randwick City Council, n.d.,
viewed 29 September 2016, <http://www.randwick.nsw.gov.au/about-council/maps/map-gallery/light-rail-
trees>; Interview with Tree campaigner, op. cit.
13. significance. It is important that these trees are recognised, documented
and provided appropriate protection to ensure their retention and
longevity”.30
A subjective understanding of the Significant Tree is important. The concept of
significance when denoting arboreal life elicits certain values and attributes of great meaning
held by the tree that may also enhance social wellbeing and identity. Therefore, the
Significant Tree nurtures socio-nature salubriousness and affinity. Local councils and
arboricultural organisations refer to Significant Tree indexes to describe and classify the
historic, botanic, social and aesthetic importance of trees – this is much an adulation about
specific arboreal properties that contribute to idiosyncrasy of place, culture and community in
the urban area.6 Intrinsically, the argument of these indexes suggests a perception and
sentiment of love for the heritage, persona and story of Randwick. Hence, historic, botanic,
social and aesthetic criteria – or values – used to signify the Significant Tree substantially
represent qualitative, socially-constructed priorities. In Randwick, Significant Trees residing,
or that resided, on Anzac Parade and Alison Road relate of the “people, the places and events”
that shaped the suburb since the mid-19th century.31 Safeguarding, remembering and revelling
in history is thus a value people hold about the Significant Tree. Randwick City Council states
that “Significant trees are dynamic, ever-changing and potent symbols within the landscape” –
unique beings to the location that “tell the stories of early plant collectors, botanists,
nurserymen, horticulturists, landscape designers and garden makers”.7 Observing and
documenting the Significant Tree in its Randwick milieu is a social attempt to care for,
protect and conserve a connection that sustains life – a procedure to ascertain love.
Further to the technical interpretation of the Significant Tree, there is a personal
meaning to this tree. To the person, love for the Significant Tree is more profound than
formally descriptive, document-derived definitions of “significance”. This love values the
valour of past sacrifice in the faith, form and memory of the tree. Sentiment involving awe
and admiration is also disclosed by the human when contemplating the presence and essence
of the Significant Tree – a relation that observes the meaningfulness and value of history,
identity of particular place, and community-esteem.32 Pollan demonstrates that in the
30
Randwick City Council, ‘Register of Significant Trees (Volume 1 of 4): Significant Trees in Public Parks and
Reserves’, Landarc Pty Limited, 28 August 2007, p. 11. Appraisal of the Significant Tree tends to be more a
local and state government valuing, not a federal focus. For example, the NSW Office of Environment &
Heritage doesn’t have a formal definition of “Significant Tree”.
31 Randwick City Council, ‘Register of Significant Trees (Volume 1 of 4): Significant Trees in Public Parks and
Reserves’, op. cit., p. 21.
32 Interviews with all eight candidates, op. cit.
14. coevolution of non-human and human actors over tens of thousands of years, the more-than-
human has “mastered…our needs and desires, our emotions and values” into its genes to elicit
the strategy of survival.33 Taylor notes that the human has a primal ache, an “unspoken
hunger”, for a “communion with the land” involving an interchange of “giving and
receiving”.34 This social need to be satiated by a relationship with nature through mutual
affectation suggests that the physiological, functional encounter between human and tree
needs to be transcended – thus, the perception, emotion, and value of love in bringing both
arboreal figure and the human entity intangibly close enough to enable living and proceeding.
Significant trees, with the concern and misperception that surrounds them, have
become central actors in the conflict over the CSELR. At a CSELR Community Forum in
August 2016, upon discussion about the significance of the trees on Anzac Parade and Alison
Road – in terms of historical value – TfNSW affirmed “a lot of trees still remain on Anzac
Parade and Alison Road” and a key part of the CSELR project is “preserving as many trees as
we can”.35 One interview participant responded to this issue by noting that heritage is
irreplaceable and that Significant Trees on Anzac-Alison must be preserved and protected for
the legacy, bequeathing and covenant instilled in the planting of such trees.36 The Significant
Tree, therefore, evokes nuanced meaning, interpretation and reaction from the human
counterpart – a regard based on value. This is explained by Watkins, who states that the same
trees are conceived extremely differently by various groups of people at the same time – “a
love of trees could be a moral test failed by those who disliked them”.37 A consciousness of
socio-nature intricacy and interdependence can be realised in a practising and observing of
love among humanity and arboreal life in Randwick. Love, in its compassionate
incorporeality, is a sentiment that enables co-relation and empathy among human and tree
existence.
~
33 M Pollan, The Botany of Desire: A plant’s-eye view of the world, Bloomsbury, Great Britain, 2003, p. xv.
34 Taylor, op. cit., p. 40. In this article, Taylor refers to novelist Terry Tempest William’s work about human love
affairs with the landscape.
35 TfNSW representative,pers. comm., CSELR Community Forum – Main Common Room, New College
UNSW, 11 August 2016. This event was part of site observation methodology.
36 Interview with Federal Member of Parliament, op. cit.
37 Watkins, op. cit., p. 1.
15. CHAPTER 4
ACTIVISM, PROTEST AND EDUCATION: Tree Witnesses and Warriors
“Right to the end we said we would never leave”.38
Roger McDonald
Moore Park West – Mega May Day Tree Rally
A crowd of 300 people attended the Mega Tree Rally on 1st May 2016 - impassioned
community members, Indigenous elders, families with children and interested individuals.
They stood and sat with signs and posters in Moore Park West, listening to a line-up of
speakers: Sydney City council, tree activist, media, Indigenous heritage, journalism and
parliament stakeholders.39 Banners read Save Our ANZAC TREES, Do Not Destroy Our Living
Heritage and Trees & Light Rail Can Co-Exist. Gentle music played from stereo speakers and
people were encouraged to pick up even more posters from desks. It was a peaceful protest on
an overcast day. Attendees gathered in respect and support for rational urban and democratic
planning objectives that do not sacrifice environmental, cultural and heritage values. It was a
protest in address to the Government – a demonstration of human sentiment for precious urban
trees and the rich social identity brought by greenspace in metropolitan areas. On that day, in
Moore Park West, a collective ambience and agreement of love for urban arboreal life drifted
between event speakers and crowd. The tree was the item of concern. Behind the crowd were
several police officers. Further beyond, on the park’s perimeter, was a line of posters from
TfNSW: “Building Tomorrow’s Sydney”, “Connecting Communities”, “A Better Journey to
Work and Play”, “Enjoy A Day Out At The Park”. Protest-goers voiced concern about
destruction of the urban environment and the need to resist change – “A war…it’s a war”
exclaimed one speaker. The peaceful protest revealed a tumultuous conflict unfolding in urban
Randwick. Destruction of trees is an ostensibly poignant issue: love for trees and land becomes
sadness when trees are taken away, because home is meaningful. The Mega Tree Rally was a
show of adamant adoration for the city of Sydney. It was a reflection of unrelenting community
involvement and spirit in determination to protect entrenched values. The rally was organised
by Saving Sydneys Trees.
38 R McDonald, ‘Where the fire has been’, The Tree in Changing Light, Knopf, Australia, 2001, p. 9.
39 Mega Tree Rally on 1 May 2016 – site observation. Parliament stakeholders involved Labor and Greens party
interests.
16. ~
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
Human-tree relationships are emanated through perception, sentiment, and values
which convey the Tree as an agent of socio-nature enchantment through their intangible and
abstract manner of operation. In the 21st century, transformative transport artifice – exampled
in the CSELR – envisions future and progress in the urban locale. Nevertheless, perceptions,
sentiments, and values exist in Randwick which observe inviolable social bond and affiliation
with tree-life. Thus, encroachment upon Anzac-Alison treespace and affecting of the arboreal
character of this unique site is understandably retorted and decried by interests who perceive,
feel, and value the significance of this urban-tree niche. The tree is a symbolic actor in the
urban environment – eliciting through its presence, purpose and existence – an enchanting
engagement between human and arboreal life. These encounters – be it through musing about,
painting, advocating for, touching, climbing, cutting, affecting, or removing the tree – reflect
the subtlety, sensitivity and agency of human-tree interaction.
Understanding the human-tree relationship involves appreciating how history has
moulded this socio-nature confluence. As Chapter 2: Environmental Humanities described,
planting of arboreal presence in the Randwick urbanscape was a value for reasons of enriching
culture, aesthetic and environmental function in the area. The Anzac-Alison trees were
introduced to this area over two hundred years ago to beautify the landscape and its
community. Currently, the CSELR is an endeavour to contribute to the succeeding
modernisation of urban Sydney. However, as occurred through the past, contentious debates
have risen regarding reconciling utility incentive with the existence of greenspace. Identity and
conflict continues to be reshaped on the Anzac-Alison site through accolade for tree-life and
experimentation with ingenuity. In the context of history, human-tree relationships in
Randwick convey sentiment of proud belonging to urban space, observance of the significance
of World War I ANZAC legacy, and recognition of a prudent bestowing of green-life to the
area. Thus, maintaining the human-tree relationship implicates understanding how the moral
premise surrounding planting of trees in a landscape can be conserved and protected.
As Chapter 3: Understanding Human-Tree Relationships illustrated, the human-tree
relationship in the 21st century can be understood through perceptions of love, sentiment of
17. sadness, and value of home. The urban arboreal landscape, and interactions with it, has the
capacity to affect the emotion. Love is an indescribable and unquantifiable state of affection
that bonds human with tree. Nonetheless, love for nature and humanity is difficult to attain and
self-realise considering the many competing values, temptations and priorities of 21st century
predisposition. A profound sentiment of sadness is perceived upon empty space and
deracination left when urban tree-life is dislocated. This suggests that humans are connected to
trees in ways more profound than physiological interchange. Certain perception connects the
presence of the Anzac-Alison trees with the idea of home. In the case of CSELR, urban tree
conflict occurs because stakeholders uphold different values regarding construct of the Anzac-
Alison site as home. For example, the sentiment that each urban tree is significant and must be
left in its place is palpably inconsistent with administrator sentiment that urban trees are
quantifiable and appropriately compensated through offsetting and replanting measures.
As an avatar in the urban environment, the street tree is a symbol and test of humanity’s
ability to relate, resolve and remain resilient. As Chapter 4: Activism, Protest and Education
conveyed, love, sadness and home have been elements utilised in local activist, protest and
education movements to create solidarity for the Anzac-Alison trees. Campaigns to save and
protect the Anzac-Alison trees is a passionate striving to safeguard socio-nature enchantment
through retainment of heritage, culture and identity associated with the site’s arboreal life. In
the case of CSELR, activist demonstration articulates sentiments of oppression, powerlessness
and voicelessness in response and critique of Government planning and management of urban
space in Randwick. This malaise can potentially be overcome through an understanding of how
love, sadness and home contributes to identity, moral character and human connection to the
environment.
The human-tree relationship involves fathoming of socio-nature affinity, reverence for
the consequence of destruction, and affiliation with the place of home. This relationship can be
understood through humanities insight which draws attention to the operation of intangible
dynamics in this socio-nature interaction – the capacity to adore, lament and belong. Looking
after socio-nature enchantment in Randwick implicates appreciation of how perception,
sentiment, and values emanate across human-tree orientation. This thesis has demonstrated that
human-tree relationship in the 21st century is an intricate and emotive interaction that requires a
conveyance of empathy, overarching respect and communication among the actors of this
engagement.