This study examined the implementations and challenges of international extradition law in the post Cold War Era p CWE with Africa as a focus. To achieve its specific objectives, historical research design was adopted and four research questions were raised to interrogate the qualitative data obtained in form of supportive literature, gleaned secondary sources such as textbooks, journal articles, newspaper articles, periodicals, internet materials, among others. The analysis of literature is focused on the extent to which the p CWE enhanced increase in extradition agreements in Africa, the role of the p CWE in enhancing the achievement or execution of international extradition laws in Africa, the challenges of implementation of extradition processes in Africa in the p CWE, and suggests ways these challenges confronting extradition processes in Africa in the p CWE could be resolved. Double Criminality theory was adopted as its theoretical framework. Study finds out among others that in spite of the role of p CWE in enhancing extradition processes in Africa, extradition processes is bedevilled by certain problems such as needless and unnecessary granting of asylum to reckless leaders granting of needless and unwarranted presidential pardons to family members and political associates and needless and unnecessary delays of extraditing individuals under the request of the requesting states occasioned by bureaucracy and differences in values and judicial systems. The study therefore recommends among others the need for African states to continue to have extradition agreements in order to check all forms of violations of the international humanitarian laws in Africa. There is also the need for African countries to continue to cooperate with international agencies and institutions such as the UN Security Council UNSC and the International Criminal Court ICC and among themselves in order to dispense speedy justice on cases involving individuals, and regimes officials and leaders who have breached the provisions of the international humanitarian laws. Oluka, N. Lucas | Sanubi, A. Franklins | Orhero, E. Abraham "Examination of the Implementations and Challenges of International Extradition Laws in the Post-Cold War Era: The African Perspective" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd55043.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/management/law-and-management/55043/examination-of-the-implementations-and-challenges-of-international-extradition-laws-in-the-postcold-war-era-the-african-perspective/oluka-n-lucas
The applicability of the Doctrine of Responsibility (R2P) in Syria in perspec...Sabita Amin
This document provides a summary of the legal framework surrounding the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine, humanitarian intervention, and terrorism. It defines R2P and discusses its sources in international law, distinguishing it from humanitarian intervention. It also examines sovereignty and terrorism in international law. The chapter aims to clarify these concepts to analyze their application to the conflict in Syria.
This document discusses several challenges to the advancement of human rights around the world. It examines issues like racism, ethnic cleansing, poor prison conditions, torture, the impacts of war, child soldiers, landmines, and terrorism. For each issue, it provides background on the problem, efforts that have been made to address the problem, and ongoing challenges that remain.
The document summarizes key findings from Freedom House's annual report on political rights and civil liberties in 2015. It saw the largest decline in global freedom in nearly a decade, with 61 countries declining and only 33 improving. Several major countries saw significant setbacks, and authoritarian leaders increasingly rejected democratic values openly. Terrorism also expanded dramatically in many regions due to lack of democratic governance and respect for human rights.
This document discusses several persistent human rights issues including racism and ethnic cleansing, abuse in custody, armed conflicts and violence, and more. It outlines how racism can lead to discrimination or genocide, and how ethnic cleansing involves forced migration, deportation, or extermination of undesirable populations. Prison conditions worldwide often fail to meet standards, and torture continues to be practiced in many nations despite international agreements banning it. Armed conflicts sustain the arms trade but also rely on child soldiers, depriving children of their rights.
The People's Right to Self-Determination - A New Challenge for the ICJDamon72
This document discusses the peoples' right to self-determination and how it presents a challenge for international organizations like the International Commission of Jurists. It notes that nationalism has reemerged in destructive ways recently. The author considers how international law has advanced in establishing frameworks to protect human and peoples' rights, but that new institutions may still be needed. There is no consensus on who constitutes a "people" for purposes of self-determination. The document explores debates on this issue and potential criteria to define peoples' right to self-determination in the modern context.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to :
This document provides background information and an overview of the thesis "By Means of the Gun: African States after Assassination" by Allison Solomon. The thesis examines the political impacts of 27 cases of assassination of African heads of state since the 1950s. It employs comparative case studies of 9 assassinations to illustrate a range of low, moderate, and high political impacts. The cases are also diverse in terms of time period, government structure, economy, and region. The thesis finds that most post-assassination impacts have been low or moderate, suggesting individual leadership is less important than state structures. States with structural dynamism like recent coups or transitions are more likely to experience higher impacts. The document outlines the thesis and methodology
The applicability of the Doctrine of Responsibility (R2P) in Syria in perspec...Sabita Amin
This document provides a summary of the legal framework surrounding the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine, humanitarian intervention, and terrorism. It defines R2P and discusses its sources in international law, distinguishing it from humanitarian intervention. It also examines sovereignty and terrorism in international law. The chapter aims to clarify these concepts to analyze their application to the conflict in Syria.
This document discusses several challenges to the advancement of human rights around the world. It examines issues like racism, ethnic cleansing, poor prison conditions, torture, the impacts of war, child soldiers, landmines, and terrorism. For each issue, it provides background on the problem, efforts that have been made to address the problem, and ongoing challenges that remain.
The document summarizes key findings from Freedom House's annual report on political rights and civil liberties in 2015. It saw the largest decline in global freedom in nearly a decade, with 61 countries declining and only 33 improving. Several major countries saw significant setbacks, and authoritarian leaders increasingly rejected democratic values openly. Terrorism also expanded dramatically in many regions due to lack of democratic governance and respect for human rights.
This document discusses several persistent human rights issues including racism and ethnic cleansing, abuse in custody, armed conflicts and violence, and more. It outlines how racism can lead to discrimination or genocide, and how ethnic cleansing involves forced migration, deportation, or extermination of undesirable populations. Prison conditions worldwide often fail to meet standards, and torture continues to be practiced in many nations despite international agreements banning it. Armed conflicts sustain the arms trade but also rely on child soldiers, depriving children of their rights.
The People's Right to Self-Determination - A New Challenge for the ICJDamon72
This document discusses the peoples' right to self-determination and how it presents a challenge for international organizations like the International Commission of Jurists. It notes that nationalism has reemerged in destructive ways recently. The author considers how international law has advanced in establishing frameworks to protect human and peoples' rights, but that new institutions may still be needed. There is no consensus on who constitutes a "people" for purposes of self-determination. The document explores debates on this issue and potential criteria to define peoples' right to self-determination in the modern context.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to :
This document provides background information and an overview of the thesis "By Means of the Gun: African States after Assassination" by Allison Solomon. The thesis examines the political impacts of 27 cases of assassination of African heads of state since the 1950s. It employs comparative case studies of 9 assassinations to illustrate a range of low, moderate, and high political impacts. The cases are also diverse in terms of time period, government structure, economy, and region. The thesis finds that most post-assassination impacts have been low or moderate, suggesting individual leadership is less important than state structures. States with structural dynamism like recent coups or transitions are more likely to experience higher impacts. The document outlines the thesis and methodology
Deconstructing Global Movements of People: Implication for Collective Securit...AkashSharma618775
This document discusses global immigration, global security, and global borders. It begins by defining immigration and discussing its history and implications. Key challenges to immigration include language barriers, difficulties being absorbed into job markets, adapting to new weather/cultures, and security threats from terrorists. Immigration economically benefits both receiving and sending countries but can also mean loss of skilled workers for poor countries. The document then examines global emigration factors like motives, impacts, and challenges before concluding by linking immigration, security, and borders and arguing they must be analyzed together for global peace and security.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes Chinese and Russian voting behavior on UN Security Council referrals to the International Criminal Court (ICC). It finds that while China and Russia prioritize national sovereignty, they will not oppose ICC referrals when there are reputation costs, threats to strategic interests, no existing alternatives, and regional support for referral. The document reviews literature on how China has become more flexible on sovereignty due to international norms and its desire to project a peaceful image. It also examines how Russian foreign policy has become more nationalist and focused on restoring sovereignty due to domestic politics. The research aims to better understand when China and Russia support or oppose ICC referrals through a qualitative case study analysis.
This document provides an overview of press censorship in Israel. It discusses the shaky legal status of press freedom in Israel as the country lacks a written constitution. While Israeli courts have traditionally protected freedom of speech and press, Israeli law contains restrictions from the British Mandate era intended to oppress local media. The document traces how freedom of the press was not included in Israel's Declaration of Independence despite a suggestion to do so. It outlines the 1953 Kol Ha'am ruling where the court established balance between national security and press freedom, setting early foundations for these issues in Israeli law and democracy.
Is death penalty Justified in Bangladesh? Azaan Khan
The document provides an overview of the history and use of the death penalty worldwide. It discusses how the death penalty originated in ancient civilizations like China, Babylon, Egypt and was later codified in Roman law. It traces the death penalty through Britain's influence on colonies and details how reforms reduced capital punishment in the 18th-19th centuries. Currently, most European nations have abolished the death penalty while several Asian and North American countries still practice it, though public support varies significantly between countries. The document aims to analyze arguments for and against the death penalty.
Krishna Pahadi, a human rights activist in Nepal who has been detained 28 times, remains optimistic that the regime's crackdowns will only strengthen the human rights movement. The author also remains hopeful despite ongoing human rights abuses, noting some signs of progress including declining conflicts worldwide, UN human rights reforms, and growing rejection of impunity. However, more work is still needed to curb torture in the name of counterterrorism and ensure respect for human rights and the rule of law in the fight against terrorism.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Digest by Ukrainian Helsinki Human rights Union, April 2019DonbassFullAccess
The document summarizes the activities of the USAID Human Rights in Action Program implemented by the Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union in April 2019. It discusses the program's work on human rights monitoring, advocacy, strategic litigation, free legal aid provision, and human rights education. Key events covered include Russia simplifying citizenship for eastern Ukrainians, and the PACE keeping sanctions on Russia in place.
Authoritarianism, Populism, and the GlobalRetreat of Democra.docxjesuslightbody
This document discusses the rise of authoritarianism and decline of liberal democracy around the world in recent decades. It introduces a curated discussion on how management scholarship can contribute to understanding authoritarianism. Contributors discuss how authoritarianism has influenced corporations and how organizational theories can provide insights into authoritarian systems and the role of digital technologies in modern authoritarianism. They call for more research applying management concepts to critically examine authoritarianism and its threats to democracy.
Human rights and international humanitarian lawOnyinye Chime
This document summarizes a scholarly paper on human rights and international humanitarian law as it relates to armed conflicts since 1945. It discusses how the atrocities of World War II led to efforts to establish universal human rights and hold violators accountable. The United Nations played a key role through the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which outlined civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights. However, the declaration is non-binding, which some see as an advantage allowing flexibility, while others view as a shortcoming due to its lack of legal force. Overall, the document examines the development of international law on human rights and its application during armed conflict.
HUMAN RIGHTS AND INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW AS IT AFFECTS ARMED CONFLICTS...Onyinye Chime
The paper argues that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights may not perfectly represent the views of all the people of the world owing to differences in culture, sex, religion, to mention but a few. Thus it is not a binding rule to all the countries of the world. Nevertheless, it has become a point of reference whenever there is violation of human rights in any part of the world despite the culture and tradition of the people concerned. The paper concludes that despite its non-binding status, the admittance of its existence by states and enshrining human rights issues in their constitutions, the universal declaration of human rights does not only exist but in practice, makes humanitarian human rights law superior to national law and even as it affects armed conflict.
This article analyzes Israel's bellicose defense policies through the lens of constructivism. It argues that Israel views threats existentially due to Jewish history, including recent oppression like pogroms and the Holocaust. Several Jewish holidays commemorate violent events of genocide, diaspora, and enslavement, promoting the perception that Jews must take action to defend themselves. This shapes Israel's identity and threat perception, explaining its preemptive strike in the Six-Day War as a defensive measure against what it viewed as existential threats from surrounding Arab states like Egypt closing shipping lanes. The article aims to understand rather than criticize Israeli policy by acknowledging how Jewish history informs Israel's worldview.
The document discusses the politics of the International Criminal Court in Africa. It provides background on the history and establishment of the ICC after World War II. It outlines the roles of the ICC in prosecuting genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. It then discusses criticism of the ICC's focus on African states and cases involving the leaders of Kenya and Sudan.
This research paper is an attempt to investigate the
phenomenon of global terrorism and its threats to the security of the state. The study clarifies the concept of terrorism
and it its definition, then the categories of terrorism. Next,
it shows how terrorism became a global phenomenon
through the historical overview of international terrorism
and the theories explaining it and its current situation. The
causes of international terrorism are economic causes,
social causes, religious causes, political causes, and other
causes.
This document discusses the contributions of African diaspora communities in China and Chinese diaspora communities in Africa to strengthening Africa-China relations. It argues that diaspora groups play important socio-economic, socio-political, and socio-cultural bridging roles between their homelands and host countries. While some members engage in negative activities, many Africans in China contribute through business, investment, remittances, and assisting diplomatic functions. Similarly, Chinese communities in Africa contribute through small businesses and investment. The document advocates recognizing and promoting these positive diaspora contributions to develop people-to-people relations under the Forum on Africa-China Cooperation.
A Level Politics Anarchism example essay | Teaching Resources. Proudhon and His Influence on Anarchy Essay Example | Topics and Well .... Two cheers for anarchy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays .... Anarchism and Other Essays - eBook - Walmart.com - Walmart.com. Anarchism and Other Essays by Emma Goldman. Anarchism | Anarchism | Individualism. Anarchism equals chaos: does it? Essay - writingessay.web.fc2.com. The Problems Of Philosophical Anarchy Essay. Aims and Principles of Anarchism: An essay at defining what the .... Anarchism... a solution to world problems. A presentation of ten essays. Social Anarchism - GCSE Politics - Marked by Teachers.com. Culture and Anarchy: An Essay in Political and Social Criticism by .... Do We Ever Really Get Out of Anarchy - Essay Summary - One Great Work .... Anarchism, and other essays / Emma Goldman | Essay, Library university .... Culture and Anarchy: An Essay in Political and Social Criticism .... bol.com | Anarchism and Other Essays, Emma Goldman | 9781595479716 | Boeken. 'Do Anarchist demand the impossible'. - University Social studies .... (PDF) Chapter Two of "Anarchisms, Post Anarchisms and Ethics .... Anarchism and Other Essays - Alchetron, the free social encyclopedia. Anarchism and Other Essays | Knygos.lt. Anarchy in the International System Essay Example | Topics and Well .... Anarchy is what states make of it Summary & QA Summary of Wendt Anarchy .... Anarchism and other essays published inserve. Anarchism and Other Essays by Emm Goldman. Anarchism and Other Essays (Emma Goldman) - Fiyat & Satın Al | D&R. Do We Ever Really Get Out of Anarchy? - Essay Summary. (PDF) Summary of Wendt’s, “Anarchy is what sates make of it: the social .... Anarchism and other essays: anarchism: what it really. Anarchism and other essays. Anarchism and other essays emedia library download free. Anarchism and Other Essays by Emma Goldman - Free at Loyal Books. Culture and Anarchy Essay by Mathew Arnold - My Exam Solution. Anarchism & Justice | Libertarianism.org. Anarchy essay nozick reading state utopia - argumentativemeaning.x.fc2.com Anarchy Essay Anarchy Essay
Corona virus: Global Implications on the post-Cold War World OrderDr. Dan EKONGWE
This paper examines the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on the post-Cold War world order. It explores how globalization, especially economic and technological globalization, has impacted international politics and relations. The pandemic has affected over 5 million people worldwide, causing nearly 500,000 deaths. The paper studies pandemics throughout history and analyzes the roles of states, transnational organizations, and other global actors in responding to COVID-19. It argues the pandemic has weakened states' control over their citizens and sovereignty, while empowering other non-state actors. The crisis has also exposed weaknesses in public health systems and how information is manipulated for economic interests.
Writing an essay on North Korea is a complex task that requires extensive research and a nuanced approach. It involves understanding the historical context of Korea's division after World War II and the establishment of North Korea. Examining North Korea's contemporary isolationist policies, nuclear ambitions, and strained international relations adds difficulty. Discussing human rights issues within North Korea, like censorship and political repression, also necessitates a sensitive portrayal. Crafting a coherent essay demands navigating a wide range of sources while distinguishing propaganda from reliable information.
This document provides background information on the rise of the Islamic State (IS). It discusses how IS proclaimed itself a caliphate in 2014 and Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi as its caliph. It details IS's extreme interpretation of Islam and crimes against civilians in Iraq and Syria, including genocide against Yazidis. It also examines IS's use of propaganda to recruit foreign fighters and how their territorial control has expanded. In conclusion, the High Commissioner for Human Rights encouraged Iraq to accept ICC jurisdiction over IS crimes.
please see the assignment belowUse the major international poli.docxDIPESH30
please see the assignment below:
Use the major international political event that you selected for Assignment 1 in order to complete this assignment. These are all the instructons below please read and follow very carefully this assignment is worth 210 points.
Use the basic outline below to draft your presentation. Organize your responses to each question under the following section headings:
Part IV:[Name of Select Major International Event] (for Question 1-5)
Introduction (for Question 6a)
Background (for Question 6b)
International Organizations and Actors (for Question 6c)
International Law (for Question 6d)
Global Health (for Question 6e)
A Look at the Future (for Question 6f)
Create a six to eight (6-8) slide presentation in which you separate the content into sections:
Present your findings using the Microsoft PowerPoint software with at least ten (10) topics / slides in your presentation.
Include a title slide and references section (
Note
: These two [2] slides are not part of the ten (10) slide requirement).
Develop a creative, appealing presentation using your chosen tool for a professional audience, using two to three (2-3) colors, two to three (2-3) fonts, and two to three (2-3) other visuals.
Provide coherent, clear, organized, and substantive content that can be easily understood by the audience.
Provide audio narration of the presentation slides as if you were delivering the speech (
Note
: If you do not have access to a microphone, then you should provide detailed speaker notes with your presentation.)
Create a section of the presentation (six [6] slides) in which you:
a. Provide a brief description of your chosen event.
b. Describe the population and its influence on crime, health, and environmental problems.
c. Discuss the influence of all international organizations and transactional actors and its role in peace keeping missions and enforcement.
d. Examine international law, and explain how EUs, IGOs, and/or NGOs have addressed acts of piracy, weapons of mass destruction, and human rights.
e. Identify any disease(s) that may have impacted your event and assess the role of IGOs and NGOs in dealing with global health problems.
f. Examine the likelihood of conflict and cooperation in the future.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
A minimum of ten (10) PowerPoint slides, with one or two (1 or 2) devoted to each of the topics in items 2-4 above. Slides should abbreviate the information in no more than five or six (5 or 6) bullet points each.
Use the major international political event that you selected for Assignment 1 in order to complete this assignment.
In the Notes View of each PowerPoint slide, incorporate the notes you would use when presenting the slides to an audience.
Slide titles should be based on the criteria described above (e.g., “Four Key Attributes,” “Responses to Budget Issues,” etc.)
In addition to the content slides required, include a title slide and a reference slid.
International responses to conflict and complex humanitarian emergencies are diverse and multifaceted. Different actors – among them non-government organisations (NGOs), the United Nations (UN) protection mandated organisations, UN peacekeeping forces, both military and police – all have a role to play to mitigate the impact of armed conflict on civilian populations.
Over the last 13 years a significant amount of work has been done to improve the international community’s response in relation to the protection of civilians (POC). This has been led by different actors – the UN Security Council, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) and the humanitarian community made up of UN humanitarian agencies, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and NGOs – all working in the same complex humanitarian contexts.
Despite the development of POC, there is a perceived ‘disconnect’ between the understanding of different forms of protection, the different disciplines practising or working on the POC, and the different guidance and legal regimes imposing obligations on both state and non-state actors in the area of protection.
This paper is the first contribution to a broader research project that aims to determine whether the perceived disconnect between actors involved in protection work is real or anecdotal. By exploring the evolution of protection language and policy through the UN Security Council, DPKO and the humanitarian community, it is possible to develop an improved understanding of some of the reasons for distinct protection policies and definitions that exist between different actors. Some initial variations in the interpretation of POC are quick to emerge, giving rise to additional questions about how the distinctions can be better understood.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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social causes, religious causes, political causes, and other
causes.
This document discusses the contributions of African diaspora communities in China and Chinese diaspora communities in Africa to strengthening Africa-China relations. It argues that diaspora groups play important socio-economic, socio-political, and socio-cultural bridging roles between their homelands and host countries. While some members engage in negative activities, many Africans in China contribute through business, investment, remittances, and assisting diplomatic functions. Similarly, Chinese communities in Africa contribute through small businesses and investment. The document advocates recognizing and promoting these positive diaspora contributions to develop people-to-people relations under the Forum on Africa-China Cooperation.
A Level Politics Anarchism example essay | Teaching Resources. Proudhon and His Influence on Anarchy Essay Example | Topics and Well .... Two cheers for anarchy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays .... Anarchism and Other Essays - eBook - Walmart.com - Walmart.com. Anarchism and Other Essays by Emma Goldman. Anarchism | Anarchism | Individualism. Anarchism equals chaos: does it? Essay - writingessay.web.fc2.com. The Problems Of Philosophical Anarchy Essay. Aims and Principles of Anarchism: An essay at defining what the .... Anarchism... a solution to world problems. A presentation of ten essays. Social Anarchism - GCSE Politics - Marked by Teachers.com. Culture and Anarchy: An Essay in Political and Social Criticism by .... Do We Ever Really Get Out of Anarchy - Essay Summary - One Great Work .... Anarchism, and other essays / Emma Goldman | Essay, Library university .... Culture and Anarchy: An Essay in Political and Social Criticism .... bol.com | Anarchism and Other Essays, Emma Goldman | 9781595479716 | Boeken. 'Do Anarchist demand the impossible'. - University Social studies .... (PDF) Chapter Two of "Anarchisms, Post Anarchisms and Ethics .... Anarchism and Other Essays - Alchetron, the free social encyclopedia. Anarchism and Other Essays | Knygos.lt. Anarchy in the International System Essay Example | Topics and Well .... Anarchy is what states make of it Summary & QA Summary of Wendt Anarchy .... Anarchism and other essays published inserve. Anarchism and Other Essays by Emm Goldman. Anarchism and Other Essays (Emma Goldman) - Fiyat & Satın Al | D&R. Do We Ever Really Get Out of Anarchy? - Essay Summary. (PDF) Summary of Wendt’s, “Anarchy is what sates make of it: the social .... Anarchism and other essays: anarchism: what it really. Anarchism and other essays. Anarchism and other essays emedia library download free. Anarchism and Other Essays by Emma Goldman - Free at Loyal Books. Culture and Anarchy Essay by Mathew Arnold - My Exam Solution. Anarchism & Justice | Libertarianism.org. Anarchy essay nozick reading state utopia - argumentativemeaning.x.fc2.com Anarchy Essay Anarchy Essay
Corona virus: Global Implications on the post-Cold War World OrderDr. Dan EKONGWE
This paper examines the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on the post-Cold War world order. It explores how globalization, especially economic and technological globalization, has impacted international politics and relations. The pandemic has affected over 5 million people worldwide, causing nearly 500,000 deaths. The paper studies pandemics throughout history and analyzes the roles of states, transnational organizations, and other global actors in responding to COVID-19. It argues the pandemic has weakened states' control over their citizens and sovereignty, while empowering other non-state actors. The crisis has also exposed weaknesses in public health systems and how information is manipulated for economic interests.
Writing an essay on North Korea is a complex task that requires extensive research and a nuanced approach. It involves understanding the historical context of Korea's division after World War II and the establishment of North Korea. Examining North Korea's contemporary isolationist policies, nuclear ambitions, and strained international relations adds difficulty. Discussing human rights issues within North Korea, like censorship and political repression, also necessitates a sensitive portrayal. Crafting a coherent essay demands navigating a wide range of sources while distinguishing propaganda from reliable information.
This document provides background information on the rise of the Islamic State (IS). It discusses how IS proclaimed itself a caliphate in 2014 and Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi as its caliph. It details IS's extreme interpretation of Islam and crimes against civilians in Iraq and Syria, including genocide against Yazidis. It also examines IS's use of propaganda to recruit foreign fighters and how their territorial control has expanded. In conclusion, the High Commissioner for Human Rights encouraged Iraq to accept ICC jurisdiction over IS crimes.
please see the assignment belowUse the major international poli.docxDIPESH30
please see the assignment below:
Use the major international political event that you selected for Assignment 1 in order to complete this assignment. These are all the instructons below please read and follow very carefully this assignment is worth 210 points.
Use the basic outline below to draft your presentation. Organize your responses to each question under the following section headings:
Part IV:[Name of Select Major International Event] (for Question 1-5)
Introduction (for Question 6a)
Background (for Question 6b)
International Organizations and Actors (for Question 6c)
International Law (for Question 6d)
Global Health (for Question 6e)
A Look at the Future (for Question 6f)
Create a six to eight (6-8) slide presentation in which you separate the content into sections:
Present your findings using the Microsoft PowerPoint software with at least ten (10) topics / slides in your presentation.
Include a title slide and references section (
Note
: These two [2] slides are not part of the ten (10) slide requirement).
Develop a creative, appealing presentation using your chosen tool for a professional audience, using two to three (2-3) colors, two to three (2-3) fonts, and two to three (2-3) other visuals.
Provide coherent, clear, organized, and substantive content that can be easily understood by the audience.
Provide audio narration of the presentation slides as if you were delivering the speech (
Note
: If you do not have access to a microphone, then you should provide detailed speaker notes with your presentation.)
Create a section of the presentation (six [6] slides) in which you:
a. Provide a brief description of your chosen event.
b. Describe the population and its influence on crime, health, and environmental problems.
c. Discuss the influence of all international organizations and transactional actors and its role in peace keeping missions and enforcement.
d. Examine international law, and explain how EUs, IGOs, and/or NGOs have addressed acts of piracy, weapons of mass destruction, and human rights.
e. Identify any disease(s) that may have impacted your event and assess the role of IGOs and NGOs in dealing with global health problems.
f. Examine the likelihood of conflict and cooperation in the future.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
A minimum of ten (10) PowerPoint slides, with one or two (1 or 2) devoted to each of the topics in items 2-4 above. Slides should abbreviate the information in no more than five or six (5 or 6) bullet points each.
Use the major international political event that you selected for Assignment 1 in order to complete this assignment.
In the Notes View of each PowerPoint slide, incorporate the notes you would use when presenting the slides to an audience.
Slide titles should be based on the criteria described above (e.g., “Four Key Attributes,” “Responses to Budget Issues,” etc.)
In addition to the content slides required, include a title slide and a reference slid.
International responses to conflict and complex humanitarian emergencies are diverse and multifaceted. Different actors – among them non-government organisations (NGOs), the United Nations (UN) protection mandated organisations, UN peacekeeping forces, both military and police – all have a role to play to mitigate the impact of armed conflict on civilian populations.
Over the last 13 years a significant amount of work has been done to improve the international community’s response in relation to the protection of civilians (POC). This has been led by different actors – the UN Security Council, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) and the humanitarian community made up of UN humanitarian agencies, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and NGOs – all working in the same complex humanitarian contexts.
Despite the development of POC, there is a perceived ‘disconnect’ between the understanding of different forms of protection, the different disciplines practising or working on the POC, and the different guidance and legal regimes imposing obligations on both state and non-state actors in the area of protection.
This paper is the first contribution to a broader research project that aims to determine whether the perceived disconnect between actors involved in protection work is real or anecdotal. By exploring the evolution of protection language and policy through the UN Security Council, DPKO and the humanitarian community, it is possible to develop an improved understanding of some of the reasons for distinct protection policies and definitions that exist between different actors. Some initial variations in the interpretation of POC are quick to emerge, giving rise to additional questions about how the distinctions can be better understood.
Similar to Examination of the Implementations and Challenges of International Extradition Laws in the Post Cold War Era The African Perspective (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
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Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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United States which asserted its hegemonic influence
on the greater part of the international system
resulting in the struggle for relevance and influence
by the two power blocs of the Capitalist West led by
the United State of America (USA) and Socialist East
led by the defunct Soviet Union (Carla, 2010).
In spite of the stiff face up between the defunct Soviet
Union and USA, the latter sustained its preponderant
influence on the entire world system during the
period. It was the bid to rival the domineering power
and influence of the latter by the former, particularly
after the detonation of the atomic bombs in Hiroshima
and Nagasaki, Japan on August 6 and 8, 1945 that
resulted to the propaganda rooted in containment of
Soviet expansionism, and subsequently, the Cold War
realpolitik (Ikenberry, 2005; Scott-Smith, 2009;
Advanced Placement (AP) Central College Board,
2022). Currently, the world has transited from the
short-lived unipolarity to an increasingly multi-polar
order following the emergence of multiple power
blocs such as the resurgence of Russia and stronger
Europe, and the rise of the BRICS nations of Brazil,
Russia, India, China and South Africa. This fledgling
transition to multi-polarity which coincided with the
acceleration of globalisation in which domestic issues
of states are to a large extent shape by external
factors, is one of the leading factors that influenced
the change of perception of what constitutes a crime
and what is not in the global system, and the need for
collective effort to extradite individuals who have
committed offences against humanity (Ball, 2019).
In Africa, crimes committed against the provisions of
the international humanitarian laws during the CWE
by some ignorable individuals, tyrants and dictators,
and initially conceived as local in character, are now
conceived differently under the present international
political system (p-CWE or p-CWP). Because Africa
seems to entertain more of these forms of atrocities
against humanity, several indictments and requests to
extradite individuals, government officials and
leaders were made by the International Criminal
Court (ICC), such as the cases involving Omar
Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir of Sudan; the Africa
Pinochet, the Chadian former President Hissein
Habre; former President Charles Taylor of Liberia;
Jean-Pierre Bemba of the Central Africa Republic;
Laurent Gbagbo of Cote d’Ivoire and despotic others.
It was not until the civil wars in the former
Yugoslavia, Sierra Leone and Liberia, and the
genocide war in Rwanda that the United Nations
Security Council (UNSC) and the ICC moved to end
all forms of atrocities in the international system by
encouraging increase in extradition agreements in
connection with international extradition laws, and
indictments of those who have committed crimes
against humanity (Ezeibe, 2011; Oluka, Ativie &
Okuguni, 2019).
As such the International Criminal Tribunals (ICTs)
such as the International Criminal Tribunal for
Yugoslavia (ICTY) created in 1993; and in Africa,
the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
(ICTR) established in 1994 were created. Also
established was the Special Court for Sierra Leone
(SCSL) in 2002 under the supervision of the ICC in
The Hague, established under the Statute of Rome of
1998 with the mandate to try tyrants, dictators,
government officials, leaders and individuals who
have committed or alleged to have committed crimes
or offences against the provisions of the international
humanitarian laws (Ezeibe, 2011). The unification of
the global system in the p-CWE is the reason for the
increase in extradition agreements and requests made
in recent times for the return of individuals and
regime leaders and officials who have or alleged to
have committed offences against humanity.
Extradition, therefore, is no longer a local or domestic
legal practice but it is now the collective obligation of
national governments to exercise on request.
1. Nature of the Problem
The p-CWE which is characterised by unaccepted
violations of the provisions of the international
humanitarian laws, and which emphasizes respect for
individuals’ rights following the change of perception
of what constitutes a crime or otherwise against
humanity has its peculiar challenges which includes
interference in states’ sovereignties, abuses of
extradition processes, resistance by national
governments to extradite on requests those who have
contravened the provisions of international
humanitarian laws, especially in Africa (Oluwadare,
2014; Omotuyi, 2019). There are also the
manifestations of challenges such as needless and
unnecessary granting of asylum to reckless leaders,
granting of needless presidential pardon to family
members and political associates, and unnecessary
delay of extraditing individuals under the request of
the requesting states occasioned by bureaucracy and
differences in values and judicial systems that have
negatively affected functional implementation of
international extradition laws, particularly in Africa.
The delocalisation of crimes and the concept of
sovereignty of states have also been limited and
subject to interference by the provisions of the ICC as
in the case concerning Libya. Although, Libya is not
a state party to the Rome Statute but on 26 February
2011, the UN Security Council unanimously through
her Resolution 1970 (2011) referred the situation in
Libya to the ICC to exercise jurisdiction over the
crimes listed in the Rome Statute committed in the
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territory of Libya by any of its nationals from 15
February 2011 onward. This is a true reflection of
delocalisation of crime, and the now near-universal
consensus that fugitive offenders or criminals who
have contravened or alleged to have contravened the
provisions of international humanitarian laws should
be extradited from the requested (or asylum) state to
the requesting state for trial on request (Omotuyi,
2019; International Court of Justice, ICC Timeline,
2020). Apart from weakening the UNSC and creating
porous global community, the rise of arms production
and proliferation dynamics which have direct
connection with the events that evolved during the
period in Africa, the Cold War repercussions and
experiences are numerous to mention. As Clark
(2007) rightly stated:
Africa like any other part of the world system
had its bitter share of the experience regarding
how the rivalries of the balance of power were
played out by the belligerents, with grave
consequences for the people of Africa (Clark,
2007:ix).
The United Nations Disarmament Commission
(UNDC) Report (1995) as cited in Alimba (2017:40)
argued “that of all the factors that were associated
with the Cold War antagonisms, in Africa the most
serious challenge is the easy availability, circulation
and accumulation of small arms and light weapons
(SALW) resulting in several conflict areas in the
continent”. The above is indeed a problem which was
complicated by the easy supplies of weapons by the
Cold War protagonists, and used to prosecute
conflicts and suppression of oppositions by dictators
and tyrants, especially in Africa during the period of
the Cold War, and by extension, in the early period of
the present international political system, i.e., the p-
CWP. The definition and harmonisation of political
offences in international extradition jurisprudence
also impedes functional execution or discharge of
extradition laws in the continent. One would have
hope that the ICC intervention in the indictments and
domestic trials of former regime officials, important
personalities and individuals in Africa would have
impact positively in the respect for individuals’ rights
and dignities as human beings, and much more to
Africans than the global community, unfortunately,
this is hallucination because African leaders saw the
involvement of the ICC in Africa as a deliberate
attempt to disparage African leaders and individuals.
As a consequence, and to a greater extent, this
development sabotaged a number of extradition
requests made against regimes’ leaders and officials
in the continent alleged to have, or have violated the
provisions of international humanitarian laws as
evident in the case of Omar al-Bashir of Sudan,
among others. The Hague is now seen by some
political leaders in Africa as neo-colonial justice
system, perhaps, the limited cooperation from some
of these leaders in compliance with the requests made
by the ICC against Omar Ahmed Al-Bashir of Sudan
and other powerful individuals in the continent is a
problem (Bartlet, 2008:40). Most disturbing is the
occasional involvement of state-actors in the
disregard and abuse of bilateral as well as multilateral
treaties, especially those relating to extradition
reached in the past.
The June 2014 Malabo Conventions held in
Equatorial Guinea to amend the Protocol of the
Statute of African Court of Justice and Human Rights
(ACJHR) by the State parties of the A.U [hereafter:
the Malabo Protocol, 2014] and which called on all
A.U State parties to sign and ratify same is conceived
to have undermined the universality of the Protocol of
the ICC (Malabo Protocol on ACJHR, 2014).
Similarly the granting of ACJHR coordinate
jurisdiction with the ICC over offences such as crimes
against humanity, war crimes, crime of aggression,
unconstitutional change of government, genocide,
piracy, terrorism, mercenaries, corruption, money
laundering, trafficking in persons, trafficking in
hazardous wastes and illicit exploitation of natural
resources, amongst others is indeed a problem. In the
view of some analysts and scholars, this development
will impact negatively on the mandate granted the
ICC to indict, issue warrant of arrest and prosecute
those who have committed offences against humanity
in Africa. It is on these bases that this study examined
the role of the p-CWE in enhancing functional
implementation of international extradition laws in
Africa, and the challenges of discharging total
implementation of international extradition processes
in Africa in the p-CWE.
2. Objectives of the Study
The general objective of this study is to examine the
implementation of international extradition laws in
the post-Cold War Era (p-CWP) with Africa as a
focus. While the specific objectives are to examine:
A. The role of the p-CWE in enhancing the
implementation of international extradition laws
in Africa,
B. The challenges associated with the
implementation of international extradition laws
in Africa in the p-CWE, and
C. Solutions to the challenges of the implementation
of international extradition laws in Africa in the
p-CWE.
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3. Research Questions
This following research questions are raised to
provide direction to this study:
A. In what ways has the p-CWE enhanced
implementation of international extradition laws
in Africa?
B. What are the challenges associated with
implementation of international extradition laws
in Africa in the p-CWE?
C. What are the solutions to the problems associated
with implementation of international extradition
laws in Africa in the p-CWE?
4. Method of the Study
This study adopted historical research design because
of its unity and consistency. Historical or analytical
research can accommodate comprehensive
understanding of current events. Secondary sources of
data in form of supportive literature, gleaned
textbooks, journal articles, newspaper articles,
periodicals, internet materials, among others were
extensively deployed to gather materials for this
study.
II. Review of Related Literature
The Post-Cold War Era (p-CWE): Conceptual
Explanation:
The term “post-Cold War Era or Period” (p-CWE or
p-CWP) has been used interchangeably with the term,
“post-Cold War Political Order (p-CWPO) or simply,
the New World Order (NWO)”, which has been used
to refer to any new event in the history of the world
that reflects a dramatic change or changes in world
politics. The p-CWE attempted to balance the powers
of states in the global system in recent times (Martins,
2003). The phrase new world order (NWO) has also
been used to describe diverse contemporary issues
such as the post-Cold War (p-CW) balance of power,
economic interdependence, fragmentation and the rise
of nationalism, and technological advancement, and
basically on any issue that appears new and distinct.
As diverse as its interpretations may be, the phrase is
primarily associated with the ideological notion of
global governance, and collective efforts to identify,
understand, and to address worldwide problems that
are beyond the capacity of individual nation-states to
resolve (Bart, 1997:1).
The term “New World Order” is said to have been
popularised in its Western usage in Woodrow Wilson
of the United States fourteen points speech before a
joint meeting of the Congress of the League of
Nations (LNs) held on January 8, 1918, during which
he outlined his vision for a stable and long-lasting
peace in Europe, America and the rest of the world.
The term p-CWE is associated with the end of the
antagonisms of the Cold War era (CWE). It has
severally been used to denote the changes that
occurred following the end of the Cold War in the
early 1991 onward. President Mikhail Gorbachev of
the defunct Soviet Union and George W. H. Bush of
United States of America (USA), respectively used
the phrase “New World Order”, that is what is now
generally refers to as the “p-CWE” to define the
nature of the world system after the CWE, and the
spirit of power operation envisaged for the global
system (Gorbachev, 1988; Gorbachev, 1990; Bush,
1990).
The English Oxford living Dictionaries (2018)
defined the term as “a new or alternative model of
social organisation, interaction, or control; a new
balance of power among nations, and it is also
sometime refers to as a situation that manifested to
preserve political stability, global politics and global
economy following the end of the CWE”. Gaddis
(1991), a Cold War historian defined the NWO or p-
CWP as, “a period characterised by unchallenged
American primacy, increasing integration, resurgent
nationalism and religiosity, a diffusion of security
threats and collective security”. It also involves
changes in communications, the international
economic system, the nature of security threats, and
the rapid spread of new ideas that would prevent
international isolationism” (Gaddis, 1991). It is also a
period in contemporary history that permits
cooperation in the management and control of crime
through implementation of international extradition
laws. It is also a period that has liberalised the
international system for better (Ezeibe, 2011). For the
purpose of this study the term “p-CWE or p-CWP”
defines a new world political system which has
limited levels of the atrocities associated with the
CWE, and which is free from the ideological
antagonism that characterised the CWE.
It defines a new era of global perception of what
constitutes a crime and what is not, and management
of all kinds of crimes. It is a period that defines global
reciprocity in socio-political and economic front, and
in crimes control and global collective security
through the agencies of the United Nations, and the
ICC located in The Hague. The term also defines the
era of global cooperation in economic, social, cultural
and political fronts. It is defines the era of collective
responsible of national governments in crime
management and control, and in combating terrorism
and other forms of threats such as climate or
environmental threats, financial crimes, among
others. It is an era that is free from the ideological
antagonism associated with the politics of the CWE
dominated by a bipolar global structure with the
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United States on one end, and the defunct USSR on
the other end.
The Concept of Extradition and Extradition Laws:
Extradition is one of the earliest forms of interstate
relations in which reciprocity was accorded greater
recognition. Its origin is traced to ancient
civilisations, notablythe Egyptian, Chinese, Chaldean
and the Assyro-Babylonian civilisations. The earliest
political document, “the peace treaty between Ramses
II, Pharaoh of Egypt and the Hittite King, Hattulisis
III in 1280 B.C contained extradition provision. This
is an indication that extradition is an ancient activity
in which the surrender of a fugitive was seen as an
unusual remedy. Most people sees it as ‘extra-
tradition’ while other believed it is derived from a
Latin world ‘Extradere’ which means forceful return
of an individual from a state of asylum to his
sovereign state for trial for offence or crime
committed against the individual state or the
individuals” (Bassiouni, 2001:31). William (2012)
sees extradition “as one of tools used in pursuing the
interest of state which is prosecuting a fugitive
offender or a criminal who have committed a crime or
suspected to have committed a crime in either the
requesting or requested states”. Under such condition,
states conclude extradition treaties in order to
promote corporation in penal matters and to ensure
the enforcement of domestic criminal law (William,
2012:843). It means that states under such
arrangement comply with their extradition
arrangements or obligations out of respect for the
comity and equality of states.
The United States (U.S) Statute defines international
extradition, “as the surrender of one state to another
of an individual accused or already convicted of an
offense outside of its own territory, and within the
territorial jurisdiction of the other that is competent to
try and punish the offender and demands his
surrender (U.S.C 18 3181).Thatcher (1998) defines it
as “the relationship between surrendering country and
the requesting country, while the surrendering
country has jurisdiction over the accused, the
requesting country is the state in which the alleged
criminal or criminal committed the offence”.
Thatcher’s definition emphasized the action of the
requesting country over an accused offender in
regards to the provision of international extradition
laws. Other extant extradition literature at least
observed minimal consensus in line with the U.S
Statutory definition of extradition (McHam, 1998).
Bassiouni (1971), a well-defines extradition as “the
delivery of an individual, usually a fugitive offender
or alleged criminal or a criminal, for justice by one
state usually known as the requested or the asylum
state to another usually known as the requesting
state”. Similarly, Bassiouni (1996) defines extradition
treaties as “that which is conceived to resolve crimes
committed by an individual or group of individuals in
one of the countries and have taken refuge in
another”. In other words, international law requires an
offense to be extraditable if and only when the crime
committed or alleged to be committed is regarded as
crime under the national laws of the contracting
countries- the requested countries.
There are two forms of extradition treaties, bilateral
treaty which involve two parties only, and
multilateral extradition treaty which involve multiple
parties. There are also two features that distinguished
modern forms of extradition treaties from the ancient
forms. These include: the Conscious Purpose which
openly and regularly restores an offender to an
authority competent to exercise jurisdiction over him
or her; and the Observance of a body of Rules
imposed by international and domestic laws
governing the requisite for, and the consequences of
extradition. Extradition treaty is also classified as
having Enumerative and Eliminative or No List
methods. While the enumerative method list and
define the crime for which extradition will be granted,
the eliminative method defines extradition offences in
terms of their punish ability according to the laws of
the contracting State parties, and with a minimum
standard of severity. The eliminative method appears
to be more popular of the two methods in recent
times. Though, both methods observe the rule of
‘Double Criminality’ that requires an act not
extraditable unless it constitutes a crime according to
the national laws of both the requesting and the
requested states (Shearer, 1971:311).
As cited Robert (2009), Shearer (1971) defines
extradition as the formal surrender, based upon
reciprocating arrangements by one nation-state to
another of an individual accused or convicted of an
offence outside its own territory and within the
jurisdiction of the other which is competent to tryand
punish, and demands the surrender of the accused or
convicted individual. The general accepted principle
thus established that without formal authority either
by treaty or statute, an offender or criminal would not
be extradited or his surrender requested by the
requesting or extradition seeking state. But in the
absence of treaty of extradition, the principle of
reciprocity becomes the alternative means to extradite
an offender or criminal (Ezeibe, 2011). The
Extradition Act (2003) provides for domestic legal
basis for extradition to and from the member states of
the European Union (EU) including the state of
Gibraltar. Under the European Arrest Warrant (EAW)
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and Norway/Iceland Surrender Agreement (SAW)
extradition to and from Norway and Iceland is
defined. There is also the provision for domestic legal
basis for all extradition requests received by the
United Kingdom (UK) from other countries including
non-European countries (Crown Prosecution Service,
CPS, 2020).
Sunnil (2000) defines extradition “as the formal
process by which an individual known as the
“extraditee” is surrendered from the state of asylum
(i.e. requested state) where he is located to the
requesting (i.e. claimant state) in order to face
prosecution, or if already convicted to serve a
sentence”. Ladapo and Okebukola (2016:3)
interrogating the nitty-gritty of the concept defined it
as “an alternative process by which a person accused
or convicted of a crime is officially (or legally)
transferred to a state where he/she is either wanted for
trial or to serve a sentence after being duly convicted
by a court of law”. It means that the returning of
someone to face charges or trial for an offence
alleged to have been committed or committed by a
different jurisdiction can only be done by request.
According to Ayodele (2021:2) extradition has in
several instances regarded as the only legal means to
resolve cases involving wanted individuals and
criminals who have contravened the laws of another
country and flew to another to avoid trial.
Jonathan (2020) describes extradition as “a treaty
arrangement which helps national governments to
bring criminals who have fled their countries to
justice”. In a more elaborate manner, he defined
extradition as “the formal or legal process one state
surrenders a person to another for prosecution or
punishment for a crime committed in the requesting
state’s jurisdiction”. It implies that extradition treaty
is the only legal instrument in which extradition can
be demanded (Jonathan, 2020:2). Sadoff (2016)
defines extradition as “the act by one jurisdiction of
delivering a person who has been accused of
committing a crime in another jurisdiction or has been
convicted of a crime in the other jurisdiction into the
custody of a law enforcement agency of that other
jurisdiction”. Furthermore, he defines extradition as,
“a cooperative law enforcement process between the
two extraditing parties or jurisdictions, and that which
depends on the agreements reached by the two
parties”. He concluded that, besides the legal aspects
of the process, extradition also involves the physical
transfer of custody of the person being extradited by
the asylum state to the legal authority of the
requesting state (Sadoff, 2016:12 -24). When there is
no applicable extradition agreement in place, a
sovereign may still request for expulsion or lawful
return of the accused pursuant to the requested states
domestic law and can be accomplish through the
immigration laws of the requested state or other facets
of the asylum state’s domestic law, since the penal
codes of any of the states in the international system
contains provisions that allows extradition to take
place in the absence of any extradition treaty (Stigall,
2013:50).
For the purpose of this study extradition is defined as
the mechanism in which national governments adopt
in the request for the return of an individual alleged to
have or who have committed a crime from one state
(usually the asylum or requested state) to another
(usually the claimant or requesting state) to face trial
or if already convicted to serve the sentence for the
offence committed. It is also the request for the
surrender and delivery by one state (the extraditing
state) to another (requesting state), of an individual,
either accused or already convicted of a crime in the
requested state’s jurisdiction for the purpose of
allowing the accused person to stand for trial or serve
his or her sentence. It is also a legal process by which
an individual suspected or already convicted of a
crime is transferred from one country (the requested
or asylum country) to another (the requesting or
claimant country) for the purpose of prosecution, or
to serve a sentence already imposed on him or her.
III. Theoretical Framework
The theory chosen for this study is Double/Dual
Criminality theory which its relevance is in its effort
to establish the condition for extradition of
individuals, leaders and government officials who
have committed offences against humanity in one
jurisdiction but seek asylum in another and wanted by
the state in which the offence was committed for trial.
The theory states that unless the offence alleged to
have been committed or committed constitutes an
offence in both the extradition seeking state and the
asylum state, the alleged offender or convict should
not be extradited (Abegunde, 2014:114). The Double
Criminality theory is said to be popularised by
Jonathan in 1992. In his opinion, double criminality is
traditionally bound with institutions of international
laws of extradition. For extradition to be demanded
there must be a range of double conditions. It means
that extradition would not be granted to the seeking
state unless the offence committed by the offender is
contained in the municipal laws of both the
extradition seeking state and the asylum state. The
standardisation of the theory began with the British
Statute but today, it is a requirement in the extradition
law of several countries in the international system
(Jonathan, 1992).
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The United States jurisprudence 1997-2016 requires a
suspect to be extradited from one country to stand
trial for breaking a second country’s law only when a
similar law exist in the extraditing country. For
instance, if country “X” has no law against
blasphemy and country “Y” has, double criminality
could prevent a suspect being extradited from country
“X” to country “Y” (U.S Legal Definition Copyright,
1997-2016). The rule of double criminality is one of
the most significant ingredients in the proceedings for
extradition of offenders who have taken refuge in the
territory of the requested state and apprehended
therein. It is the most essential principle of extradition
which concerns itself with the conditions for
extradition of offenders (Shaw, 1997:60). In the
absence of extradition treaty between the two parties
involved in extradition case, the “Principle of
Specialty or Reciprocity” is required. It means that in
the absence of extradition treaty the only medium in
which extradition is considered is through mere
courtesy (Shaw, 1997; Abegunde, 2014).
Muther (1995:5) and Muther (2020:223) stated that in
the last decade of the 21st
century the legal framework
defining extradition became more of a burden,
leaving individual countries with the task of finding
ways around the treaties that were once so important
to resolve issues relating to extradition of fugitive
offenders. This form of practice has been in
tremendous increase in the p-CWE which presented
the preservation for human rights and guided by
bilateral agreements or treaty laws. As Gerhard Von
Glahn puts it: “a request for the surrender of an
accused person must be presented to the foreign
country through the diplomatic agent of the
extradition seeking country, and when such request is
received, the foreign government may or must
constitute through its judicial body an investigation to
determine whether there is sufficient evidence, in
accordance with the municipal or national law, to
permit an arrest of the alleged offender or not”
(Glahn, 1970:252).
The double criminality theory therefore states that
extradition shall not be granted if in the view of the
competent authority of the country adopting the law,
there are substantial grounds to believe that the
request for extradition has been made for the purpose
of prosecuting or punishing the person sought on
account of his race, colour, religion, nationality,
ethnic origin, political opinion, sex or status, or if his
position may be prejudiced for any of these reasons”.
Section 6 of UN Model on Extradition (2004)
specifically states that, “extradition shall not be
granted if the view of the competent authority of state
adopting the law, the person sought has been or
would be subjected to torture or cruel, inhuman or
degrading treatment or punishment in the requesting
country. This theory is adopted as the most
appropriate theory because of its effort in explaining
the condition on upon which extradition could be
made.
IV. Presentation and Analysis of Data
1. Implementation of International Extradition
Laws in the Post-Cold War Period
The end of the CWE in 1991, inarguably, ushered in
tremendous changes in the present world system
which came particularly with a new form of
international political system now commonly refers to
as the post-Cold War Era or period (p-CPE/p-CWP).
While the old order or system was characterised by
intra-state identity based conflicts in which ethnic
cleansing and genocides were committed within the
state and perpetrated predominantly by state and non-
state actors in Africa, the p-CWE is characterised by
limited forms of these conflicts. The p-CWE also
changed the perception of what constitutes an
international crime, particularly in Africa in which
these forms of atrocities were conspicuous. It also
encouraged the United Nations Security Council
(UNSC) that is no longer paralysed by the activities
of the Cold War protagonist (USA and USSR) to
establish the ICC which has the mandate of
investigate and prosecute individual who have
contravened the provisions of international
humanitarian laws. Offences or crimes such murder,
attempted murder, conspiracy to murder,
manslaughter, rape, sexual slavery and sexual
violence, the use of infant soldiers for war, genocide,
amongst others are now treated more seriously as
crimes against humanity with the establishment of the
ICC.
As Anno (2014) rightly stated “the decades before the
end of the Cold War, Africa welcomed egregious
violations of human rights committed by despotic
regimes leaders and officials across the continent
such as Idi Amin Dada of Uganda, and Jean-Bedel
Bokassa of Central African Republic, a self-styled
emperor, etc. Notably, the increasing and promising
extradition arrangements in Africa in the p-CWE
resulted in the indictments and requests for the
extradition of some individuals, including regime
leaders and officials who have contravened the
provisions of international humanitarian laws
exemplified by the war crime charge and issuance of
warrant of arrest against Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir of
Sudan and his National Congress Party (NCP)
associates, Ahmad and Hussein. There was also the
disappointing cases involving Jean-Pierre Bemba of
the Central African Republic (CAR) and Laurent
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Gbagbo of Cote d’Ivoire, both of which are regarded
as the two profile trials in Africa in recent time.
Although, both cases ended disappointing for
thousands of their victims but their indictment by the
prosecutors of the ICC shows that no individual,
irrespective of his international status is free from the
arms of the international criminal justice system
(Patryk, 2019).
Essentially also, the new environment created by the
p-CWE also made it possible for important
personalities, including Abdullah al-Senussi, Saif Al-
Islam Gaddafi and Muammar Mohammed Abuminyar
Gaddafi, former President Charles Taylor of Liberia,
President Uhuru Kenyatta and his Deputy, William
Ruto of Kenya; Muammar Gaddafi of Libya; and
Yorodia Ndombasi of Democratic Republic of Congo
(DRC) to be indicted for various crimes against
humanity (Prevent Genocide, 2001; Onyekpe, 2002;
Ezeibe, 2011; Roth, 2014; Motsok, 2015;
International Court of Justice, ICC Timeline, 2020).
These indictments and extradition requests were made
possible by the change of perception of what
constitutes a crime and what is not a crime. Notably
also the p-CW politics promoted increase in
extradition treaties and strengthening the existing
ones, particularly in Africa. For instance, on 30
November 2002, the Federal Government of Nigeria
(FGN) ratified the already existing extradition
arrangement it has with the Republic of South Africa
(RSA).
Both nations also ratified what they referred to as
“Ratification and Enforcement Act of 2005” to
guarantee both nations the obligation to extradite
individuals and regime officials who have
contravened the provisions of international
humanitarian laws. In 2012, Federal Government of
Nigeria strengthened her domestic legal framework
on issues that concerns extradition. The government
also established what is today known as the Centre
Authority Unit (CAU) to coordinate extradition cases
and provide mutual legal assistance on issues that
concerns extradition in the country (UN Office on
Drug and Crime, UNODC, 2016).
Under the Extradition Act (Modification) Order 2014,
the government of Nigeria amended the Extradition
Act of 1966. There was also the Issuance of the
Extradition Act (Proceedings) Rules 2015 by the
Chief Judge of the Federal High Court in Nigeria
which permits the Court to ratify extradition
processes on request. In 2014, the government of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain, Northern Ireland
and Federal Republic of Nigeria signed an agreement
for the purpose of transferring suspects to face trial,
and already convicted to serve punishment on request.
This treaty came into force on 29 September, 2014. In
2016, the government of Nigeria and the United Arab
Emirate (UAE) signed extradition agreement
(UNODC, 2016; Oluka, Ativie & Okuguni, 2019). In
2003, South Africa acceded to the multilateral
European Convention on Extradition of 1957 which
made South Africa a party to the extradition
agreement which have over 50 member states.
In recent years, South Africa established extradition
agreements with some countries in Africa and beyond
including Algeria, Egypt, Lesotho, Malawi, Nigeria,
Namibia, Botswana, Swaziland, Australia, Canada,
China, India, United Arab Emirate (UAE), United
States (U.S), Argentina, Hong Kong, Mexico,
Namibia, South Korea and Taiwan (Moolla, 2019).
After the Malabo Protocol of 2014 was negotiated
and adopted by A.U member countries, a number of
African countries negotiated and signed extradition
treaties between and within themselves in order to
effectively implement extradition processes in the
continent, although request must be made before
extradition could be considered, and possibly made.
This is not without challenges which have in one way
or the other affected the achievement of extradition
on request in a number of cases in the continent.
2. Challenges of Implementations of Extradition
Laws in Africa in the Post-Cold War Period
There are several attempts by African leaders to
undermine extradition requests made by the
prosecutors of the ICC against their indicted fellow
African leaders through granting of needless and
unnecessary asylum; granting of presidential pardons
to political associates and unnecessary delays
occasioned by bureaucracy, among others. Issues
concerning human rights emphasized in the Charter
of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights
(UDHR) and the Charter of A.U on Human Rights
(AU-HRs) were occasionally disregarded by African
leaders. This form of behaviour becomes a serious
challenge to the functional implementation of
extradition processes in Africa during the period in
spite of the fact that ICC enjoyed inestimable support
from the A.U at the earlier stage (Martin, 2012; Mills,
2020).
The allegation against the prosecutors of the ICC of
targeting only African leaders and regime officials
and some powerful individuals also constitutes a
serious challenge to extradition processes in Africa.
The ICC indictments and requests for extradition of
regime leaders in Africa are conceived as ambience of
biases by African leaders under Africa Union (A.U).
As Ben Kioko, the Legal Counsel of the A.U
Commission on behalf of the A.U Commission
Review Conference of the Rome Statute of the ICC as
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cited in Mills (2020) stated that the position of the
A.U concerning the indictment of Omar al-Bashir of
Sudan was an aberration, especially from a moral
standard that was already established in the
provisions of international extradition laws and other
provisions of international law such as the UDHR of
1948. As Patryk (2019), the BBC News (2019) and
Mill (2020) stated, “on 16 April 1999 and at the first
Ministerial Conference on Human Rights in Africa,
the Assembly of the Head of State and Government
of the A.U passed what some analysts described as
unwarranted resolution urging all African states to
consider ratification of the Statute of Rome of the
ICC”. This has also caused serious challenges to
extradition processes in Africa because it jeopardised
the provisions of international laws on extradition of
wanted individuals and regime officials who have
contravened the provisions of international human
rights.
Article 46A of the Malabo Protocol specifically
provided that “no charges shall be commenced or
continued before the Court against any serving A.U.
Head of State or Government, or anybody acting or
entitled to act in such a capacity, or other senior state
officials based on their functions, during their tenure
in office (Malabo Protocol on ACJHR, 2014). This is
a clear indication that regimes officials and leaders in
Africa under the Malabo Protocol, in disguise are
shading their kinds from prosecution by the ICC.
Whether the efforts to institute respect of human
rights and other provisions of international
humanitarian laws in Africa is targeted against
African leaders or not, they are expected to respect
the provisions of the Charter of the A.U. on Human
Rights, domestic laws on human rights, and the
UDHR because majority of African countries are
parties to these provisions. One would also hope that
the Court (ICC) should recognise that domestic trial
of former African regime officials and leaders would
have an impact in the respect for individual’s rights
and dignities as human beings, and much more to
African than the international community.
V. Conclusion
Before the manifestation of the p-CWE which
succeeds the CWE that was characterised by the
ideological antagonisms raised by its protagonists-
USA and USSR, there were few cases of extradition
involving individuals and leaders in Africa. There
were also few extradition arrangements negotiated in
Africa by African countries. With the end of the Cold
War in 1991, there was a tremendous change in the
behaviours of states, especially in Africa. With the
manifestation of the p-CWE, most of the atrocities
committed by some African leaders such as Idi Amin
Dada of Uganda, Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir of
Sudan, Hussein Habre of Chad Republic, among
others, that were initially regarded as local in
character and not treated as international crimes, are
now treated as serious crimes against humanity. The
p-CWE has however changed the notions of
international legal morality. In addition, it has
significantly changed the perception of crime for
good in the absence of the ideological division
experienced during period of the Cold War era.
VI. Recommendations
Base on the findings of this study, the following
recommendations are made:
A. As the p-CWE contributed tremendously in
enhancing the implementation of international
extradition laws in Africa, it has also becomes
imperative for the nations of Africa to maintain
their bilateral as well as multilateral extradition
arrangements negotiated in the past and present to
sustain the achievements made in the p-CWE.
This no doubt will encourage formal and legal
right to hand over to the ICC those indicted and
extradition requests made in Africa. Again, Africa
will not serve as safe haven for fugitive criminals
or those who have committed crimes against
humanity during wars, or involvement in
insurgencies and terrorist activities.
B. African leader should stop to grant needless and
unwarranted asylum to regimes officials and
individuals who have committed offences or
crimes against humanity. Granting of needless
and unwarranted presidential pardons to family
members and political associates, and needless
and unnecessary delays of extradition should be
discouraged in Africa. If this is done, there would
be limited crimes against the provisions of
international humanitarian laws in Africa.
C. There is also the need for African countries to
continue to have extradition agreements or
treaties in order to check all forms of offences or
crimes against the provisions of international
humanitarian laws. If proliferation of extradition
treaties within the territories of Africa continues
without sabotage, there will be limited forms of
crimes against humanities. In other words, the
Malabo Protocol should not hinder extradition
processes in Africa in spite of its coordinate
jurisdiction with the provisions of the ICC.
D. Again, there is the need for state parties of the
A.U to continue to cooperate with the UN
Security Council and the ICC to dispense speedy
justice on cases involving powerful individuals,
government officials and leaders in Africa who
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have breached the provisions of international
humanitarian laws despite the establishment of
ACJHR born under the Malabo Convention of
June 2014 held in Equatorial Guinea by the
representatives of the A.U which provided the
ACJHR coordinate jurisdiction with the ICC
Protocol to indict, issue warrant of arrest and
prosecute those who have committed offences in
Africa.
E. The prosecutors of the ICC alleged to have
targeted only African leaders should disengaged
from such activities and continue to perform their
obligations in line with the provisions of the ICC
Protocol. This will not only ameliorate or
minimize suspicions that the prosecutors of the
ICC are targeting African leaders but encourage
A.U leaders to continue to cooperate with the
prosecutors of the ICC. It will also promote
respects for the provisions of the international
extradition laws, particularly in Africa.
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