Criminology has evolved through three stages from the 18th century to today. The first stage involved the systematic study of crime which distinguished it from sin and allowed for scientific explanations. The second stage in the 19th century applied new scientific concepts to the study of crime. In the late 20th century, criminology emerged as a independent discipline with its own research funding. Major crimes in Nepal include accidents, disappearances, murders, and rape cases which have led to stronger laws being implemented including increased jail times and fines.

1. Evolution of crime with
urbanization

2. Criminology has evolved in three stages:
1st stage – Beginning in the 18th century
2nd stage – Began in the 19th century
3rd stage – Beginning in the second half of the 20th century

3.  Systematic study of criminology came at late 1700s.
 Most explanations of crime equalized it with sin-the violation of a pure/holy
obligation.
 After distinguished crime from sin, scholars made possible explanations of criminal
behavior that were not theological(religious).
 This allowed the scientific study of why crime occurs.
 The development of this study is now known as the era of classical criminology.

4. Classical criminology
 The issues of crime and punishment
have aroused interest and discussion
since ancient times.
 Scriptures dating from the 10th
century BC prohibit certain acts and
provide consequences for those who
disobey these rules.
 In the 5th century BC Greek historian
Thucydides wrote about the
usefulness of the death penalty.

5. Modern criminology
 At the beginning of 19th century, scholars began to
apply the concepts and technologies of the rapidly
developing biological and behavioral science to the
study of crime.

6. Independent criminology
 In the late 1960s and early
1970s criminology began to
emerge from the more
established social sciences
and become a discipline in
its own right.
 Most of this development
was due to availability of
government funding for
criminological research and
statistical analysis.

7. Major shocking crimes

8. Dasdhunga accident

9. DOR BAHADUR BISTA DISSAPERANCE

10. ROYAL MASSACRE

11. RANIBARI MURDER MISTERY

12. NIRMALA PANTA RAPE AND MURDER CASE

13. BHAGARATHI BHATTA MURDER CASE

14. Law against crime

15.  Life imprisonment has been increased from 20 years to 25 years.
 Enforced disappearance will be criminalized
-15 years of jail-term and Rs. 500,000 fine or both.
 Strong privacy laws have been enforced, potentially limiting free press

16. Enforced disappearance
 Anyone convicted of disappearing an individual will face 15 years of jail-term and
Rs. 5,00,000 fine or both.
Rapiest will face longer jail sentences.
 The maximum jail-term for anyone convicted of rape will face 20 years.
Match-fixing in sports
 Those found guilty of match-fixing will face five years in prison and Rs. 50,000 fine
or both

17. The Types of Criminal Punishment
Retribution
Incapacitation
Restoration
Deterrence
Rehabilitation

18. Conclusion
Crimes effect the peace, economy and tourism of
a country. Thought crime rates are increasing day
by day but we can reduce it by implementing
strong rules, parental guidance and moral
education.