This document discusses the impacts of fast charging on electric vehicle batteries. Fast charging can negatively impact battery life by causing elevated temperatures inside the battery. Standards are needed for safety, communication protocols, and connector requirements for electric vehicle charging. Certification of early charging stations revealed issues like a lack of communication between vehicle and charger manufacturers. Overall, fast charging presents opportunities but also risks that require reducing through safety standards, innovation, and cooperation across industries.

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31. EV Li-ion Battery
Fast charging impacts on battery
performance and the business
case
Craig Savy, Director New Energy Technologies Environment Impact
2 September 2009
Experience you can trust.
The chain of services
From the generator to the consumer – one company serving the
diverse needs of the energy marketplace
September 2, 2009 EV Li-ion Battery 2

32. Content
% Charging, the options
% Fast charging, impact on battery life
% Standardization requirements
% Product Liability Issues
% Assuring Product Quality, QA/QC
% Lessons learned/Lessons Noted
– Project/case description of certification of charging
station
September 2, 2009 EV Li-ion Battery 3
Electric Vehicles: Why?
% Environment
– CO2 emission reduction
– No local emissions
Other drivers:
% Government invest
% Lower prices
% Image
Opel Ampera (2011 ?)
Mitsubishi iMiEV (2010)
September 2, 2009 EV Li-ion Battery 4

33. Alternatives for Electric Transportation?
% Natural gas
% Hydrogen
% Bio fuels (biodiesel, bioethanol)
% Hybrid-electric
September 2, 2009 EV Li-ion Battery 5
Different options, different battery
requirements
% Full Electric
% Plug in hybrides
% Hybride
Charging options
% 8-12 hours 1-3 kW
% 1-3 hours 5-20 kW
% 30 min 50-100 kW
% 1-5 min 250 kW
September 2, 2009 EV Li-ion Battery 6

34. Fast charging, impact on battery life
% Lithium intercallation
% Rapid expansion of molecular grid
% Thermal management issues, due to charging
efficiency
Result after
Exposure to elevated
temperatures
% End-of-Charge? SoC 80-100%
September 2, 2009 EV Li-ion Battery 7
Consequences of EV-charging
% Shift in market and new market entries (old fields green
fields)
% Extra electricity demand
about 5 - 10 kWh per car per day
about 1 – 2 million cars in 2025 ???
This means for the present grid:
- Per household a doubling of the electricity consumption
- High peaks during vehicle charging
- Many grid expansions needed (x2, x3)
- Very high grid investment costs
September 2, 2009 EV Li-ion Battery 8

35. Solutions?
% Manage the electricity demand of the cars
useful for peak shaving, control power,
match supply (wind, sun) and demand
G2V and possibly V2G
% Second life
Innovation: smart charging is needed
for large-scale introduction of electric vehicles
September 2, 2009 EV Li-ion Battery 9
Standardisation requirements
% Safety issues (shock, fire, heat related, explosion, risk
assesments, etc.)
% Communication protocol (e.g. standard for adressing charging
type)
% Connector Requirements from the IEC 62196-1
– Current: 16A – 32A AC
– Voltage: 230V single-phase
– 400V three-phase
– Communication: necessary from vehicle to chargestation
– Plug in cycles: 10.000 times
– Approvals: tested and approved regarding IEC 62196-1
September 2, 2009 EV Li-ion Battery 10

36. Lessons learned/Lessons Noted (1)
Case of certification of normal charging station for
use in public places:
Certification issues:
Lack of readily available standards and available
standards are not sufficient
Our solution:
- Combination of available standards
- Formulation of KEMA KEUR standard based on
available standards (IEC 61851, 60950, etc.)
September 2, 2009 EV Li-ion Battery 11
Lessons learned/Lessons Noted (2)
Case of certification of normal charging station for
use in public places:
Design
Certification
Initial scan adaptation
KEMA Customer KEMA
Product Issues:
- Cabling and plug not suitable
- No communication between producer of charging
station and battery producer
- Little to no attention for communication protocol
September 2, 2009 EV Li-ion Battery 12

37. Summary of conclusion
% There are several business opportunities for “Li-ion”
batteries
% Reduce risks
% Safety first
% Innovating together important to enable smart “fast”
charging
September 2, 2009 EV Li-ion Battery 13