ABSTRACT:The freedom of expression and Journalists‟ safety, as well as other media practitioners have
become an issue of debate on press freedom and the working condition of reporters following untoward
development on the media space which has become a preoccupation with journalism professional organizations.
Thus, the study aimed at evaluating the freedom of expression and safety of journalists in Nigeria. In order to
achieve the aim of the study, qualitative research approach was used as the most tenable means of getting
valuable data for this study. Both primary and secondary data were employed. Secondary data came through
documentary evidence and literature review, while primary data came through in-depth Interview and focus
group discussion which were selected as veritable instruments for gathering relevant data. A sample size of 100
respondents in FCT, Abuja was drawn using purposive sampling technique. Descriptive analysis was carried out
with the use of pie chart. The findings of the study revealed that as much as journalists are aware thattheir safety
is the freedom the press has to take into cognizance for them to performtheir professional task without fear or
intimidation, they also perceive that journalists‟ safety is a phenomenon that is not achievable because of
fundamental societal encumbrances. The findings also indicate that a good number of journalists have been
assaulted, arrested, killed, and many have had their rights to freedom of expression violated. The study
concluded that the issue of safety and protection of journalists in Nigeria must be given adequate concern since
the rate at which journalists lose their lives in trying to serve human needs on what is happening in the
societyand which is an alarming proportion. More so, there is need for media houses in Nigeria to have safety
policies that will guarantee the smooth operation and safety of journalists. The study recommended training and
retraining of journalists on safety strategies in order to create awareness on safety tips for journalists. The study
also recommended that media organizations in Nigeria should gear up efforts in protecting the rights and lives of
journalists.
KEYWORDS: Journalist, freedom of expression, safety, Protection, Professional organizations
Conditions for media freedom deteriorated sharply in 2014 to their lowest point in 10 years, as journalists around the world faced mounting restrictions, here is how the situation is in Uganda.
Conditions for media freedom deteriorated sharply in 2014 to their lowest point in 10 years, as journalists around the world faced mounting restrictions, here is how the situation is in Uganda.
Towards Improving Governance in Nigeria through the MediaPremier Publishers
Although the media is popularly regarded as the fourth estate, it has not reached its potential in Nigeria as a driver of democratic principles. This conceptual analysis sort to interrogate the seeming symbiotic relationship which exists between the media and democratic governance in the country. With the aid of the free press theory, the researcher discovered that forming public opinion, media independence and naming and shaming of corrupt public office holders are crucial to enabling the media play its invaluable role as a catalyst for good governance in Nigeria.
Its not easy being a journalist. Especially in my home country, Kenya. There are constant challenges around the profession, which highlights the effects of press freedom around the world.
Demographics, Psychographics and the Uses and Gratifications Theory, Understa...ijtsrd
The issues of how the media affect people and what people do with the media have presented perennial and perplexing questions for communication scholars. Some of the research results in these areas are more controversial than useful. Uses and gratification studies straddle the two domains of media effects and people’s employment of the media. The field of gratification research holds great promise in the continual search for comprehensive knowledge on how and why we use the media. Drawing from a wide range of local and international literature, this paper presents a clear and concise review of the ontological, epistemological and axiological assumptions of the uses and gratifications theory. Paleowei, Zikena Cletus "Demographics, Psychographics and the Uses and Gratifications Theory, Understanding Text and Preferences" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56314.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/56314/demographics-psychographics-and-the-uses-and-gratifications-theory-understanding-text-and-preferences/paleowei-zikena-cletus
The 'journalism club' is one that everyone think they can get in to. From bloggers, to anyone else with an opinion, everyone thinks they are a journalist. This presentation lets you know the difference between the professional and the amateur.
Running head ROLE OF MEDIA IN THE SOCIETYROLE OF MEDIA IN T.docxcharisellington63520
Running head: ROLE OF MEDIA IN THE SOCIETY
ROLE OF MEDIA IN THE SOCIETY 15
Role of Media in the Society
Name:
Institution:
Date:
Media plays a very significant role in the society. In fact, the media is involved in every activity that takes place in the society (Raiz, 2010). Media is a very important aspect of the current society because it is very helpful in strengthening our society. In every activity taking place in the society, media acts as a mirror in that it seeks to reflect on all activities taking place in the society. Mirror can thus be seen as a very important tool that shapes the lives of the members of the society. Generally, the media seeks to inform the members of the public on the currently faced affairs, the new affairs in the society, and even on subjects such as fashion and gossip, as they are important in the entertainment world. Media thus seeks to distribute information to individuals that are located in different places, geographically.
Media is, thus, responsible for several roles, which include promotion of marketing and trading of prejudices and products, since advertisements for most of the products in the market is done through the different media channels. The core governing values of the media are supposed to be equity an rigorousness but this is not reflected in the ways through which media operate since, the current state of the media is characterized by self-aggrandizement and greed, the two values that have played a greater part in the poisoning of equity and righteousness, which were the initial virtues of the media. In the society, the media is responsible for several important activities. These activities include dissipation of the information, provision of entertainment to the public, promotion of correlation of the several parts that constitute our society, education of the public domain, and promotions and advertisements.
Media thus, plays a great part in influencing of the society in multiple ways. For instance, media for masses enables the members of the society to create their opinions on certain matters of public concern ad also in making judgments regarding such matters (Khondker, 2011). Furthermore, it is through the media that members of the society gain information concerning things that are taking place, both at their location and other geographical locations that are beyond the reach of the people in a given geographical area. Media thus, plays a significant role in ensuring that people get the information on matters happening in their surroundings and also the matters being experienced around the world. Despite the good attributes of media in the society, the media has been pointed out to cause some negative impacts on the youth members of the society. This is based on the proven fact that the content of the media has brought disorientation on the personalities and dreams of many youths. Following wh.
Ethnic Identity and Media Perception:A Study of Gujjar Community in Kashmirpaperpublications3
Abstract: The interplay between media and its audiences creates a wide spectrum of inferences and perceptions in order to understand the self and the world at large from an entirely new perceptive. The use of media is influenced by a number of factors including social, cultural and economic backgrounds. Thus different forms of media may be available to different audiences with varying levels of usage. People who are socio-culturally or economically developed have different media needs than of those who are marginalized. This requires constant effort through research to study the audience’s negotiations with mass media.
This research paper explores the media usage and its negotiation in the lives of a marginalized group. The group which forms the basis of study is constituted of a tribal community popularly known as Gujjars, located among the hilly terrain areas on the out skirts of Srinagar city and present a perfect universe for study. The study infers how population of Gujjar Community read; respond to the various means and modes of information and communication.
Bureaucracy and Citizen Journalism Issues and Challenges Imperative for Media...ijtsrd
Using the in depth interview research method, this study examines bureaucracy and citizen journalism by giving a cursory attention to the issues and challenges of the practice in Nigeria. A sample of 30 respondents who cut across the six geo political zones of the country was interviewed via online medium to give answers to the research objectives. Among the questions posed was to ascertain the influence of citizen journalism on professional media practice. Findings showed that bureaucracy is a constraint to efficient administration in media practice as well as altering the news content which has a damning effect on public interest. The study also discovered that adherence to bureaucracy in media practice can save the hot and exuberant reporter. Citizen journalism was also found to be unprocessed material, hence, unfit for public consumption. The study recommended the use of gate keeping in the practice of citizen journalism as well as adherence to rules and regulations. Raphael Abumchukwu Ekwunife | Helen Ijeoma Nwachukwu | Ikechukwu Ogeze Ukeje "Bureaucracy and Citizen Journalism: Issues and Challenges Imperative for Media Practice in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46317.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/journalism/46317/bureaucracy-and-citizen-journalism-issues-and-challenges-imperative-for-media-practice-in-nigeria/raphael-abumchukwu-ekwunife
Freedom of Expression in Social Media: Implications on Democracyashimasahni3
Sir Edward Coke’s Institutes of the Laws of England has first time used the phrase ‘freedom of speech.’
The freedom of speech is of recent origin in America. In the early decades of the 20th century the famous cases Schenck v. United States and Abram’s v. United States (1919)
But identical ideas of freedom of speech prevailed during ancient Greek (Athenian) Socrates : freedom of thought implies the freedom to teach. He also justified this claim both as a duty that he owed the Gods and a benefit that he conferred upon the state. In ancient Greek Athenian literature the term parrhêsia was used in the context of today’s freedom of expression
The Significant doctrine of freedom of expression is also vividly portrayed in theories of social contract.
Thomas Hobbes, in his classic work Leviathan (1651)
John Locke’s second book titled Treaties on Government (1681)
Jean-Jacques RousseauMontesquieu in his work The Spirit of the Laws (1748) laid down the notion of separation of power.
William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England viewed a man can speak as per his free will using reason and law of nature is the legitimate restriction up on it.
John Stuart Mill, an icon of advocacy of liberty,
Thomas Paine ; Paine while arguing in favour of liberty (freedom of speech) has gone to such an extent that he considers it is our duty to protect this right of our enemy also.
Karl Marx has praised importance of freedom of press . He points that the free press (form of expression) has been recognized as vigilant eye of a people’s soul.Thomas Jefferson, who was statesman, diplomat, Lawyer & who served as third president of United States from 1801 to 1809 said “The press is the only tiscon of a nation. When it is completely silenced, all means of general efforts are taken away Professor Thomas Emerson views freedom of expression is essential as a means of assuring individual self-fulfilment.
The First Amendment with regard to right to freedom of expression is a defining feature of American society, In shaping the free speech jurisprudence ,Americans took the help :-
English background
Theory of natural rights
social contract
common law Ancient Classical Literature:
The Vedas i.e. Shrut means to hear and Smriti means to memorize.
Atharva Veda [Book VIII hymn X] refers the evolution of democracy during Vedic period.
According to Shankaracharya the Bhagvad Gita that one can enrich his own wisdom (Jnana) through freedom of speech and expression.
Nyâya Sûtra, propounded by philosopher Gotama, provides us science of logic to deduce the principles through discussion. He employed the logic to discover the knowledge of truth. The concepts “Tarka-vidyâ” the science of reasoning and “Vâdârth” the science of discussion must be needed to be looked into.
The effect of Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth and Profitability on Tax ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to test, analyze and obtain empirical evidence about the influence of
institutional ownership, sales growth and profitability on tax avoidance. The object of this research is
manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI)
in 2018-2022. This research used quantitative research methods and causal research design. The sampling
technique in this research used non-probability sampling with purposive sampling as the basis for determining
the sample so that a sample of 55 samples was obtained. The data used is secondary data obtained from the
official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. The data analysis method
used was multiple linear regression analysis with several tests such as descriptive statistical tests, classical
assumption tests, and hypothesis testing using SPSS version 26 statistical software. The results showed that the
institutional ownership variable has no effect on tax avoidance, while the sales growth and profitability has a
negative and significant effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS: Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth, Profitability, Tax Avoidance
MGA ESTRATEHIYA SA PAGTUTURO KAUGNAY SA PASALITANG PARTISIPASYON NG MGA MAG-A...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ay mahalagang kasangkapan sa paghahatid ng mabisang
pagtuturo sa loob ng silid. Tinukoy sa pag-aaral na ito ang antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa pagsasadula,
pangkatang talakayan at paggawa ng mga koneksyon sa tunay na karanasan sa buhay bilang mga estratehiya sa
pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino at pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral sa Baitang 7 ng Misamis
University Junior High School, Ozamiz City. Ang ginamit na disenyo sa pananaliksik na ito ay deskriptivcorrelational. Ang mga datos sa pag-aaral ay nagmula sa kabuuang populasyon na 120 na mag-aaral at tatlong
mga guro na tagamasid sa pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral. Ang Talatanungan sa Kagamitan sa
Pagtuturo ng Panitikan at Checklist batay sa Obserbasyon sa Pasalita na Partisipasyon ay ang instrumentong
ginamit sa pagkalap ng datos. Mean, standard deviation, Analysis of Variance at Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient ang mga ginamit na estatistiko na sangkap. Inihayag sa naging resulta na ang tatlong piling
estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino ay may pinakamataas na antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral.
Ang antas ng pakilahok ng mga mag-aaral sa paggamit ng tatlong estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan ay
pinakamataas na nagpapahiwatig na aktibong nakilahok ang mga mag-aaral sa mga gawain. Inihayag din na
walang makabuluhang kaibahan sa antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng
panitikan sa Filipino. Ito ay nangahulugan na gustong-gusto ng mga mag-aaral ang pagkakaroon ng mga
estratehiya sa pagtuturo. Walang makabuluhang kaugnayan ang kagustuhan sa mga estratehiya at antas ng
pakikilahok ng mga mag-aaral. Hindi nakaapekto sa kanilang pakikilahok ang anumang estratehiyang ginamit ng
guro.
KEYWORDS : estratehiya, karanasan, pagsasadula, pagtuturo, pangkatang talakayan
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Towards Improving Governance in Nigeria through the MediaPremier Publishers
Although the media is popularly regarded as the fourth estate, it has not reached its potential in Nigeria as a driver of democratic principles. This conceptual analysis sort to interrogate the seeming symbiotic relationship which exists between the media and democratic governance in the country. With the aid of the free press theory, the researcher discovered that forming public opinion, media independence and naming and shaming of corrupt public office holders are crucial to enabling the media play its invaluable role as a catalyst for good governance in Nigeria.
Its not easy being a journalist. Especially in my home country, Kenya. There are constant challenges around the profession, which highlights the effects of press freedom around the world.
Demographics, Psychographics and the Uses and Gratifications Theory, Understa...ijtsrd
The issues of how the media affect people and what people do with the media have presented perennial and perplexing questions for communication scholars. Some of the research results in these areas are more controversial than useful. Uses and gratification studies straddle the two domains of media effects and people’s employment of the media. The field of gratification research holds great promise in the continual search for comprehensive knowledge on how and why we use the media. Drawing from a wide range of local and international literature, this paper presents a clear and concise review of the ontological, epistemological and axiological assumptions of the uses and gratifications theory. Paleowei, Zikena Cletus "Demographics, Psychographics and the Uses and Gratifications Theory, Understanding Text and Preferences" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56314.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/56314/demographics-psychographics-and-the-uses-and-gratifications-theory-understanding-text-and-preferences/paleowei-zikena-cletus
The 'journalism club' is one that everyone think they can get in to. From bloggers, to anyone else with an opinion, everyone thinks they are a journalist. This presentation lets you know the difference between the professional and the amateur.
Running head ROLE OF MEDIA IN THE SOCIETYROLE OF MEDIA IN T.docxcharisellington63520
Running head: ROLE OF MEDIA IN THE SOCIETY
ROLE OF MEDIA IN THE SOCIETY 15
Role of Media in the Society
Name:
Institution:
Date:
Media plays a very significant role in the society. In fact, the media is involved in every activity that takes place in the society (Raiz, 2010). Media is a very important aspect of the current society because it is very helpful in strengthening our society. In every activity taking place in the society, media acts as a mirror in that it seeks to reflect on all activities taking place in the society. Mirror can thus be seen as a very important tool that shapes the lives of the members of the society. Generally, the media seeks to inform the members of the public on the currently faced affairs, the new affairs in the society, and even on subjects such as fashion and gossip, as they are important in the entertainment world. Media thus seeks to distribute information to individuals that are located in different places, geographically.
Media is, thus, responsible for several roles, which include promotion of marketing and trading of prejudices and products, since advertisements for most of the products in the market is done through the different media channels. The core governing values of the media are supposed to be equity an rigorousness but this is not reflected in the ways through which media operate since, the current state of the media is characterized by self-aggrandizement and greed, the two values that have played a greater part in the poisoning of equity and righteousness, which were the initial virtues of the media. In the society, the media is responsible for several important activities. These activities include dissipation of the information, provision of entertainment to the public, promotion of correlation of the several parts that constitute our society, education of the public domain, and promotions and advertisements.
Media thus, plays a great part in influencing of the society in multiple ways. For instance, media for masses enables the members of the society to create their opinions on certain matters of public concern ad also in making judgments regarding such matters (Khondker, 2011). Furthermore, it is through the media that members of the society gain information concerning things that are taking place, both at their location and other geographical locations that are beyond the reach of the people in a given geographical area. Media thus, plays a significant role in ensuring that people get the information on matters happening in their surroundings and also the matters being experienced around the world. Despite the good attributes of media in the society, the media has been pointed out to cause some negative impacts on the youth members of the society. This is based on the proven fact that the content of the media has brought disorientation on the personalities and dreams of many youths. Following wh.
Ethnic Identity and Media Perception:A Study of Gujjar Community in Kashmirpaperpublications3
Abstract: The interplay between media and its audiences creates a wide spectrum of inferences and perceptions in order to understand the self and the world at large from an entirely new perceptive. The use of media is influenced by a number of factors including social, cultural and economic backgrounds. Thus different forms of media may be available to different audiences with varying levels of usage. People who are socio-culturally or economically developed have different media needs than of those who are marginalized. This requires constant effort through research to study the audience’s negotiations with mass media.
This research paper explores the media usage and its negotiation in the lives of a marginalized group. The group which forms the basis of study is constituted of a tribal community popularly known as Gujjars, located among the hilly terrain areas on the out skirts of Srinagar city and present a perfect universe for study. The study infers how population of Gujjar Community read; respond to the various means and modes of information and communication.
Bureaucracy and Citizen Journalism Issues and Challenges Imperative for Media...ijtsrd
Using the in depth interview research method, this study examines bureaucracy and citizen journalism by giving a cursory attention to the issues and challenges of the practice in Nigeria. A sample of 30 respondents who cut across the six geo political zones of the country was interviewed via online medium to give answers to the research objectives. Among the questions posed was to ascertain the influence of citizen journalism on professional media practice. Findings showed that bureaucracy is a constraint to efficient administration in media practice as well as altering the news content which has a damning effect on public interest. The study also discovered that adherence to bureaucracy in media practice can save the hot and exuberant reporter. Citizen journalism was also found to be unprocessed material, hence, unfit for public consumption. The study recommended the use of gate keeping in the practice of citizen journalism as well as adherence to rules and regulations. Raphael Abumchukwu Ekwunife | Helen Ijeoma Nwachukwu | Ikechukwu Ogeze Ukeje "Bureaucracy and Citizen Journalism: Issues and Challenges Imperative for Media Practice in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46317.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/journalism/46317/bureaucracy-and-citizen-journalism-issues-and-challenges-imperative-for-media-practice-in-nigeria/raphael-abumchukwu-ekwunife
Freedom of Expression in Social Media: Implications on Democracyashimasahni3
Sir Edward Coke’s Institutes of the Laws of England has first time used the phrase ‘freedom of speech.’
The freedom of speech is of recent origin in America. In the early decades of the 20th century the famous cases Schenck v. United States and Abram’s v. United States (1919)
But identical ideas of freedom of speech prevailed during ancient Greek (Athenian) Socrates : freedom of thought implies the freedom to teach. He also justified this claim both as a duty that he owed the Gods and a benefit that he conferred upon the state. In ancient Greek Athenian literature the term parrhêsia was used in the context of today’s freedom of expression
The Significant doctrine of freedom of expression is also vividly portrayed in theories of social contract.
Thomas Hobbes, in his classic work Leviathan (1651)
John Locke’s second book titled Treaties on Government (1681)
Jean-Jacques RousseauMontesquieu in his work The Spirit of the Laws (1748) laid down the notion of separation of power.
William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England viewed a man can speak as per his free will using reason and law of nature is the legitimate restriction up on it.
John Stuart Mill, an icon of advocacy of liberty,
Thomas Paine ; Paine while arguing in favour of liberty (freedom of speech) has gone to such an extent that he considers it is our duty to protect this right of our enemy also.
Karl Marx has praised importance of freedom of press . He points that the free press (form of expression) has been recognized as vigilant eye of a people’s soul.Thomas Jefferson, who was statesman, diplomat, Lawyer & who served as third president of United States from 1801 to 1809 said “The press is the only tiscon of a nation. When it is completely silenced, all means of general efforts are taken away Professor Thomas Emerson views freedom of expression is essential as a means of assuring individual self-fulfilment.
The First Amendment with regard to right to freedom of expression is a defining feature of American society, In shaping the free speech jurisprudence ,Americans took the help :-
English background
Theory of natural rights
social contract
common law Ancient Classical Literature:
The Vedas i.e. Shrut means to hear and Smriti means to memorize.
Atharva Veda [Book VIII hymn X] refers the evolution of democracy during Vedic period.
According to Shankaracharya the Bhagvad Gita that one can enrich his own wisdom (Jnana) through freedom of speech and expression.
Nyâya Sûtra, propounded by philosopher Gotama, provides us science of logic to deduce the principles through discussion. He employed the logic to discover the knowledge of truth. The concepts “Tarka-vidyâ” the science of reasoning and “Vâdârth” the science of discussion must be needed to be looked into.
Similar to EVALUATION OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND SAFETY OF JOURNALISTS IN NIGERIA (20)
The effect of Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth and Profitability on Tax ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to test, analyze and obtain empirical evidence about the influence of
institutional ownership, sales growth and profitability on tax avoidance. The object of this research is
manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI)
in 2018-2022. This research used quantitative research methods and causal research design. The sampling
technique in this research used non-probability sampling with purposive sampling as the basis for determining
the sample so that a sample of 55 samples was obtained. The data used is secondary data obtained from the
official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. The data analysis method
used was multiple linear regression analysis with several tests such as descriptive statistical tests, classical
assumption tests, and hypothesis testing using SPSS version 26 statistical software. The results showed that the
institutional ownership variable has no effect on tax avoidance, while the sales growth and profitability has a
negative and significant effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS: Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth, Profitability, Tax Avoidance
MGA ESTRATEHIYA SA PAGTUTURO KAUGNAY SA PASALITANG PARTISIPASYON NG MGA MAG-A...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ay mahalagang kasangkapan sa paghahatid ng mabisang
pagtuturo sa loob ng silid. Tinukoy sa pag-aaral na ito ang antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa pagsasadula,
pangkatang talakayan at paggawa ng mga koneksyon sa tunay na karanasan sa buhay bilang mga estratehiya sa
pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino at pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral sa Baitang 7 ng Misamis
University Junior High School, Ozamiz City. Ang ginamit na disenyo sa pananaliksik na ito ay deskriptivcorrelational. Ang mga datos sa pag-aaral ay nagmula sa kabuuang populasyon na 120 na mag-aaral at tatlong
mga guro na tagamasid sa pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral. Ang Talatanungan sa Kagamitan sa
Pagtuturo ng Panitikan at Checklist batay sa Obserbasyon sa Pasalita na Partisipasyon ay ang instrumentong
ginamit sa pagkalap ng datos. Mean, standard deviation, Analysis of Variance at Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient ang mga ginamit na estatistiko na sangkap. Inihayag sa naging resulta na ang tatlong piling
estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino ay may pinakamataas na antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral.
Ang antas ng pakilahok ng mga mag-aaral sa paggamit ng tatlong estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan ay
pinakamataas na nagpapahiwatig na aktibong nakilahok ang mga mag-aaral sa mga gawain. Inihayag din na
walang makabuluhang kaibahan sa antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng
panitikan sa Filipino. Ito ay nangahulugan na gustong-gusto ng mga mag-aaral ang pagkakaroon ng mga
estratehiya sa pagtuturo. Walang makabuluhang kaugnayan ang kagustuhan sa mga estratehiya at antas ng
pakikilahok ng mga mag-aaral. Hindi nakaapekto sa kanilang pakikilahok ang anumang estratehiyang ginamit ng
guro.
KEYWORDS : estratehiya, karanasan, pagsasadula, pagtuturo, pangkatang talakayan
The Role of the Instruction of Reading Comprehension Strategies in Enhancing ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :Throughout my studies and teaching English in different language centers and higher studies
institutions, I have come to conclude that students consider Reading comprehension as a nightmare that
frightens them and hinders their language acquisition in the Moroccan EFL Context. This may cause them to
develop an internal psychological obstacle that grows as their lack of the necessary instruments or tools to
overcome are not equipped with. They become lost and unaware about or unfamiliar with the necessary reading
comprehension strategies that could help them to face the problem of misunderstanding or non-understanding
of English texts. Respectively, this article which is only one part of my whole study aims at showing the effect
of teaching reading strategies in enhancing the S1 students‟ familiarity with reading strategies and raising their
frequency use. A sample of 283 University students in EFL context have been chosen randomly and have
attended the usual academic reading classes, yet only 76 are subject to this survey. 38 of them constitute the
experimental group who have attended the treatment regularly in one of the language centers and the other 38
participants are chosen randomly from the whole population to constitute the Control group. They all have
Psychosocial Factors and Deviant Behaviors of Children in Conflict with the L...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This study aims to determine the relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant
behaviors among children in conflict with the law (CICL) inDavao Region. The researchers want to discover the
prevalent factors thatdrive these children to their behaviors. Further, the study sought to determinethe
manifestation of psychosocial factors in terms of life satisfaction, emotionalsupport, self-esteem, and personality
traits. The study's data came from N-83children in conflict with the law (CICL) at the Regional Rehabilitation
Center forYouth (RRCY) in Bago Oshiro, Davao City; all respondents are male. This studyused a total
enumeration sampling technique due to the relatively smallpopulation size. The researchers adapted the
Psychosocial surveyquestionnaires by Zabriskie & Ward (2013) and by John and Srivastava (1999)as well as the
Deviant Behavior Variety Scale (DBVS) by Sanches et al. (2016).Through the use of a validated questionnaire,
the mean and standard deviationare determined. The researchers modified this questionnaire and translated itinto
the respondents' mother tongue (Cebuano) for them to comprehend itbetter. The study discovered no significant
relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant behaviors of children in conflict with the law (CICL) in
theDavao Region
KEYWORDS :Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL), deviant behaviors, psychosocial factors
Entropy: A Join between Science and Mind-SocietyAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Entropy is join, intersection and interaction between natural science and human mind-society.
We proposed that if internal interactions exist in isolated systems, entropy decrease will be possible for this
system. Management in system is a typical internal interaction within the isolated system. The purpose of
management is to use regulating the internal interactions within the system, and to decrease the increasing
entropy spontaneously. We propose the principle of social civilization and the developing direction is: freedom
of thought, rule of action. Both combinations should be a peaceful revision and improvement of social rules and
laws. Different countries and nations, different religions and beliefs should coexist peacefully and compete
peacefully. The evolution of human society must be coevolution. Its foundation is the evolution of the human
heart and the human nature.
KEYWORDS: entropy, science, society, management, mind, evolution.
A Model of Disaster Resilience Among Colleges and Universities: A Mixed Metho...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This research paper aimed to create a comprehensive framework for measuring disaster
resilience in colleges and universities. The study used a mixed method through Exploratory Factor Analysis
(EFA), which involved analyzing data from a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed based on
in-depth interviews with 12 selected participants from the University of Mindanao, as well as relevant literature
and studies. It was reviewed and validated by 10 experts using a method called Content Validity Ratio (CVR).
This questionnaire was then administered to 400 students from 10 different colleges in University of Mindanao.
After conducting the Exploratory Factor Analysis and performing rotations and iterations, the researchers
identified five main constructs that characterize disaster resilience among colleges (1) disaster preparedness, (2)
disaster awareness, (3) community readiness, and (4) disaster management, (5) disaster resilience. The
researchers aimed to create an organization called “Council of College Disaster Volunteers (CCDV)” which
consist of student volunteers. These factors can be used to develop effective management strategies and
strengthen efforts in preventing and managing disasters and accidents.
KEYWORDS:content validity ratio, criminology, disaster resilience, disaster management, exploratory factor
analysis, and Philippines.
Environmental Struggles and Justice Among Lumad Farmers of Davao CityAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The study described the various environmental struggles experienced among the participants
and their status in accessing justice. The study followed a qualitative multiple-case study approach; the
participants are the Lumad farmers of Marilog, Davao City selected through a Critical sampling method and
aims to present the environmental violations experienced by the Lumad farmers in Davao City and how it
affected their families and sustenance further, their status in accessing justice is also explored. The study
concluded that the most common struggles the participant experience are Illegal logging and improper waste
disposal, which affect their farms, family, health, and income. Their preferred means to accessing justice is
through barangay settlement; the rigors of accessing courts, such as distance, expenses, fear of ruling, and the
hassle of being called to be present in court, are the most prevalent barriers that hinder the lead farmers from
accessing justice or seeking legal action. Nevertheless, the participants believed that the government would help
them in accessing justice.
KEYWORDS :access to justice, criminology,environmental justice, environmental struggles, lumadfarmers
CYBERBULLYING EXPERIENCES OF UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTSAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This paper explores the cyberbullying experiences among Criminology students at the
University of Mindanao. A simple random sampling method was used to distribute the study's online
questionnaire to the respondents and to survey the target population. This study has four hundred (400)
respondents, and the respondents are Criminology students at the University of Mindanao. The findings of this
study revealed that the level of cyberbullying experiences is sometimes manifested. On the other hand, the
cyberbullying experiences of the students indicate a moderate level, which indicates that the cyberbullying
experiences of the respondents are sometimes manifested. Also, the computations showed that among the
indicators presented, the highest mean is obtained in the psychological effect, which implies that there is a
significant effect of cyberbullying experiences of the respondents in terms of the Gender level of the
respondents. Therefore, respondents with a low level of cyberbullying experiences tend to have a moderate level
of cyberbullying experience. However, there is no significant effect in terms of age and year level of the
respondents according to the results regarding the psychological, emotional, and physical impact of
cyberbullying.
KEYWORDS :cyberbullying, emotional, experiences, psychological,physical effect, and simple random
sampling method.
A philosophical ontogenetic standpoint on superego role in human mind formationAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: One of the most significant contributions of psychoanalysis to understand the human being is the
elaboration of a model about the mind from a topical and dynamic perspective. Freud explains the mind by the
constitution of the preconscious, conscious, and subconscious. Later, by three dynamic components: the id, the
ego and the superego. Such an organization of the psychic apparatus supposes not only individual elements, but
social influences along the process of hominization. In this paper, we recover the findings of the renowned
anthropologist Lewis Morgan, trying to link some of them to the psychoanalytic theory. Especially highlighting
the importance of superego in Haidt’s social intuitionism.
Keywords: evolutionism, intuitionism, psychoanalysis, Freud, Haidt, Morgan
Improving Workplace Safety Performance in Malaysian SMEs: The Role of Safety ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: In the Malaysian context, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) experience a significant
burden of workplace accidents. A consensus among scholars attributes a substantial portion of these incidents to
human factors, particularly unsafe behaviors. This study, conducted in Malaysia's northern region, specifically
targeted Safety and Health/Human Resource professionals within the manufacturing sector of SMEs. We
gathered a robust dataset comprising 107 responses through a meticulously designed self-administered
questionnaire. Employing advanced partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques
with SmartPLS 3.2.9, we rigorously analyzed the data to scrutinize the intricate relationship between safety
behavior and safety performance. The research findings unequivocally underscore the palpable and
consequential impact of safety behavior variables, namely safety compliance and safety participation, on
improving safety performance indicators such as accidents, injuries, and property damages. These results
strongly validate research hypotheses. Consequently, this study highlights the pivotal significance of cultivating
safety behavior among employees, particularly in resource-constrained SME settings, as an essential step toward
enhancing workplace safety performance.
KEYWORDS :Safety compliance, safety participation, safety performance, SME
Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of ForgivenessAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study explores Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of Forgiveness.
The two variables are regarded to have influence on the decision one makes to forgive another. The study aimed
at examining the relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness, empathy and forgiveness
and to identify which one of the two,Psychological Empowerment or Empathy, is the more powerful predictor of
forgiveness. The study took a survey design with a sample of 350 drawn from a population of university students
using a self-administered questionnaire with four sections: Personal information, Psychological empowerment
scale, Toronto Empathy questionnaire, and the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS). Data analysis employed
Pearson’s product moment correlation and regression analysis to test hypotheses. The results show significant
relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness as well as empathy and forgiveness.
Empathy was found to be the more powerful predictor of forgiveness.
KEY WORDS: Psychological empowerment, empathy, forgiveness
Exploring The Dimensions and Dynamics of Felt Obligation: A Bibliometric Anal...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTARCT: This study presents, to our knowledge, the first bibliometric analysis focusing on the concept of
"felt obligation," examining 120 articles published between 1986 and 2024. The aim of the study is to deepen our
understanding of the existing knowledge in the field of "felt obligation" and to provide guidance for further
research. The analysis is centered around the authors, countries, institutions, and keywords of the articles. The
findings highlight prominent researchers in this field, leading universities, and influential journals. Particularly,
it is identified that China plays a leading role in "felt obligation" research. The analysis of keywords emphasizes
the thematic focuses of these studies and provides a roadmap for future research. Finally, various
recommendations are presented to deepen the knowledge in this area and promote applied research. This study
serves as a foundation to expand and advance the understanding of "felt obligation" in the field.
KEYWORDS: Felt Obligation, Bibliometric Analysis, Research Trends
Les autorités traditionnelles et l’administration coloniale au Tchad : 1900-1960AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : In Africa, traditionalauthorities are the guardians of tradition. Recently, however, they have
been caughtbetween tradition and modernity in the exercise of political power in Chad. However, we are
witnessing the revival of chieftaincy and the hybridization of the politicalpowersexercisedwithinit. In this
cohabitation of powers, traditionalauthorityisescapingitsrole as guardian of tradition.
Traditionalauthorityisthereforepresented in itscurrent state, as a proxy for the modern state in traditional
administrative districts. The aim of thisstudyis to analyze the mutations and adaptability of
traditionalauthorityfrom the pre-colonialperiodthrough the colonial period to the post-colonial period. This
workanalyzes the mutations of authorities. The data collected and processedrevealthattraditionalauthorities have
survivedalmosteverywhere, the former chiefdomsdissolvedduringcolonization have been restored by
republicanheads of state, while more and more frequently civil servants, businessmen, academics and
othermembers of the literateelite, whopreviouslyhad no attraction for the position of traditionalchief, are
beingenthroned.
Key words:Authorities, Administration, colonization, Chad, Kanem.
A Conceptual Analysis of Correlates of Domestic Violence and Adolescent Risky...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study explores domestic violence and how it influences adolescent risky behavior.
Domestic violence is a devastating social problem resulting in significant and enduring effects on children,
threatening both their health and emotional well-being. The study aimed at examining the relationships between
domestic Violence and Psychological Empowerment, Domestic Violence and Self-esteem, psychological
Empowerment and Self-Regulation, Self Esteem and Psychological empowerment, Self-Esteem and Selfregulation, Self-Regulation and Adolescent Risky Behavior and identify the stronger predictor of self-regulation
between psychological empowerment and Self-esteem. Adolescent respondents who experienced domestic
violence were purposely selected and guided by teachers and administrators who had provided support to these
children.The questionnaire had six sections namely; personal information, the Child Exposure to Domestic
Violence Scale, the Psychological empowerment scale, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Inventory, and the Brief
Self-Control Scale. Data analysis employed Pearson's product-moment correlation (r) to test hypotheses 1,
2,3,4,5, and 6. Regression analysis was used for hypothesis 7.The results show a significant relationship
between domestic Violence and Psychological Empowerment, Domestic Violence and Self-esteem,
psychological Empowerment and Self-Regulation, Self Esteem and Psychological empowerment, Self-Esteem
and Self-regulation, Self-Regulation, and Adolescent Risky Behavior. The study documents that Psychological
empowerment is a stronger predictor of self-regulation than Self-esteem.
KEYWORDS:Domestic violence, psychological empowerment, self-regulation, and Adolescent risky behavior
Driving Sustainable Competitive Advantage Through an Innovative Aggregator Bu...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The aim of the research is to analyze the influence of the aggregation business model on
Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA). Through a survey of 216 MSMEs in the creative economy sector
selected randomly using an ex post facto causal research approach, an overview of the aggregator business
model and its impact on financial resources and SCA was obtained. The aggregator business model plays a role
in facilitating increased access to financial resources to meet both available and required working capital for
realizing SCA in Malang's Lokanima area. The strength of ABM lies in understanding the resources needed for
SCA and the effectiveness of mobilizing services while considering the most cost-effective options, including
providing various alternatives in their provision. Financial resources are an important factor supporting the
achievement of SCA. Access to financial resources is key to facilitating business growth and sustainability.
Theoretical implications: The concept of the aggregator business model emphasizes the efficient and effective
collection, aggregation, and distribution of resources in connecting service providers with consumers in an
economical and efficient manner. Practical implications: ABM can enhance the performance of financial
resource provision by optimizing relationships with MSMEs and financial institutions, leading to business
growth and sustainability for MSMEs.
KEYWORDS -Aggregator Business, Creative Economy, Financial Resources, Sustainable Competitive
Advantage
Accuracy of ChatGPT for Basic Values of Trigonometric FunctionsAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study analyzes the accuracy of ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence model based on GPT3.5, in determining the values of basic trigonometric functions. To this end, we examine ChatGPT's responses to
sine, cosine, tangent, and cotangent values for a wide range of angles. We compare the results provided by
ChatGPT with the accuracy values determined by basic trigonometry. We also explore differences in accuracy
depending on changes in question complexity and given context. The results show a high level of accuracy of
ChatGPT in determining the values of trigonometric functions, especially for common angles. However, it is
noted that accuracy may be affected in certain cases of extreme angles or complex questions. This analysis
provides an important representation of ChatGPT's capabilities in the field of mathematics, using a new method
for testing the accuracy of artificial intelligence models in determining trigonometric values.
Keywords -Accuracy, AI Model, ChatGPT, Trigonometric Functions, Trigonometry
Postmodern Marketing and Its Impact on Traditional Marketing Approaches: Is K...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The essay discusses the concept of postmodern marketing and its impact on marketing theory
and practice. It explores the characteristics of postmodernism, including openness, tolerance, hyper-reality,
fragmentation, and the lack of clear boundaries, and how they challenge traditional marketing approaches. The
paper also looks at the contributions of postmodern marketing to consumer and marketing research and how it
has redefined the way we think about marketing as a science. Ultimately, it raises the question of whether and
how marketing should adapt itself to the new conditions brought about by postmodernism.
KEYWORDS :Postmodernism, Postmodern Marketing, Kotler, Marketing Theory, Postmodern Consumer
Reorientation of Health Service Governance Toward the Fulfillment of Social J...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Health insurance is a human right. At the practical level, this health insurance program in
Indonesia is organized by BPJS Kesehatan (Social Security Administering Body for Health). The
implementation of BPJS Kesehatan is still not optimal and effective. Three problems are discussed in this
writing: the dynamics of health insurance governance in Indonesia, the implementation of the fulfillment of the
right to health by BPJS Kesehatan, and the reorientation of BPJS Kesehatan services toward social justice.
These problems are then answered by scientific research methods using a sociological juridical approach.
Complaintsoften occur regarding the regulations, the services provided by the health facility providers, and the
distance between the community and the health facilities. Such complaints affect the public interest in becoming
BPJS Kesehatan participants. The aforementioned conditions must be considered and evaluated for the
government's success in the aspired national health insurance plan.
KEYWORDS -BPJS Kesehatan, Health Insurance, Social Justice
“To be integrated is to feel secure, to feel connected.” The views and experi...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Although a significant amount of literature exists on Morocco's migration policies and their
successes and failures since their implementation in 2014, there is limited research on the integration of subSaharan African children into schools. This paperis part of a Ph.D. research project that aims to fill this gap. It
reports the main findings of a study conducted with migrant children enrolled in two public schools in Rabat,
Morocco, exploring how integration is defined by the children themselves and identifying the obstacles that they
have encountered thus far. The following paper uses an inductive approach and primarily focuses on the
relationships of children with their teachers and peers as a key aspect of integration for students with a migration
background. The study has led to several crucial findings. It emphasizes the significance of speaking Colloquial
Moroccan Arabic (Darija) and being part of a community for effective integration. Moreover, it reveals that the
use of Modern Standard Arabic as the language of instruction in schools is a source of frustration for students,
indicating the need for language policy reform. The study underlines the importanceof considering the
children‟s agency when being integrated into mainstream public schools.
.
KEYWORDS: migration, education, integration, sub-Saharan African children, public school
Sport et vieillissement : une analyse de la pratique des activités physiques ...AJHSSR Journal
Abstract : The aim of thispaperis to report on the effects of physicalactivity and sport on the health of older
people. Based on a mixed-methodsapproach, several techniques, namelydocumentaryanalysis and semistructured interviews, wereused in thisresearch in order to obtain a range of data thatwasavailable, accessible
and relevant to the subjectunderstudy. This enabled us to arrive at the resultsaccording to which the
stakeholders' perceptions of theirhealth are based on the practice of physicalactivities and sport as a social
construct in a socio-cultural context. Older people see sport as a way of curingillnesses, but above all as a way
of givingtheir bodies vitality. Othersseeit as a way of reinvigoratingthemselvesafter retirement.
Key words: Ageing, Physical activities, Sports activities, Elderly people.
Telegram is a messaging platform that ushers in a new era of communication. Available for Android, Windows, Mac, and Linux, Telegram offers simplicity, privacy, synchronization across devices, speed, and powerful features. It allows users to create their own stickers with a user-friendly editor. With robust encryption, Telegram ensures message security and even offers self-destructing messages. The platform is open, with an API and source code accessible to everyone, making it a secure and social environment where groups can accommodate up to 200,000 members. Customize your messenger experience with Telegram's expressive features.
EASY TUTORIAL OF HOW TO USE G-TEAMS BY: FEBLESS HERNANEFebless Hernane
Using Google Teams (G-Teams) is simple. Start by opening the Google Teams app on your phone or visiting the G-Teams website on your computer. Sign in with your Google account. To join a meeting, click on the link shared by the organizer or enter the meeting code in the "Join a Meeting" section. To start a meeting, click on "New Meeting" and share the link with others. You can use the chat feature to send messages and the video button to turn your camera on or off. G-Teams makes it easy to connect and collaborate with others!
The Evolution of SEO: Insights from a Leading Digital Marketing AgencyDigital Marketing Lab
Explore the latest trends in Search Engine Optimization (SEO) and discover how modern practices are transforming business visibility. This document delves into the shift from keyword optimization to user intent, highlighting key trends such as voice search optimization, artificial intelligence, mobile-first indexing, and the importance of E-A-T principles. Enhance your online presence with expert insights from Digital Marketing Lab, your partner in maximizing SEO performance.
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Enhance your social media strategy with the best digital marketing agency in Kolkata. This PPT covers 7 essential tips for effective social media marketing, offering practical advice and actionable insights to help you boost engagement, reach your target audience, and grow your online presence.
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This tutorial presentation provides a step-by-step guide on how to use Facebook, the popular social media platform. In simple and easy-to-understand language, this presentation explains how to create a Facebook account, connect with friends and family, post updates, share photos and videos, join groups, and manage privacy settings. Whether you're new to Facebook or just need a refresher, this presentation will help you navigate the features and make the most of your Facebook experience.
Project Serenity is an innovative initiative aimed at transforming urban environments into sustainable, self-sufficient communities. By integrating green architecture, renewable energy, smart technology, sustainable transportation, and urban farming, Project Serenity seeks to minimize the ecological footprint of cities while enhancing residents' quality of life. Key components include energy-efficient buildings, IoT-enabled resource management, electric and autonomous transportation options, green spaces, and robust waste management systems. Emphasizing community engagement and social equity, Project Serenity aspires to serve as a global model for creating eco-friendly, livable urban spaces that harmonize modern conveniences with environmental stewardship.
EVALUATION OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND SAFETY OF JOURNALISTS IN NIGERIA
1. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2022
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 125
American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR)
e-ISSN :2378-703X
Volume-6, Issue-02, pp-125-133
www.ajhssr.com
Research Paper Open Access
EVALUATION OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND
SAFETY OF JOURNALISTS IN NIGERIA
OKPODU, Olushola Mary
*Corresponding Author:OKPODU, Olushola Mary;
Ph.D. (C). DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION, NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI,
NIGERIA
ABSTRACT:The freedom of expression and Journalists‟ safety, as well as other media practitioners have
become an issue of debate on press freedom and the working condition of reporters following untoward
development on the media space which has become a preoccupation with journalism professional organizations.
Thus, the study aimed at evaluating the freedom of expression and safety of journalists in Nigeria. In order to
achieve the aim of the study, qualitative research approach was used as the most tenable means of getting
valuable data for this study. Both primary and secondary data were employed. Secondary data came through
documentary evidence and literature review, while primary data came through in-depth Interview and focus
group discussion which were selected as veritable instruments for gathering relevant data. A sample size of 100
respondents in FCT, Abuja was drawn using purposive sampling technique. Descriptive analysis was carried out
with the use of pie chart. The findings of the study revealed that as much as journalists are aware thattheir safety
is the freedom the press has to take into cognizance for them to performtheir professional task without fear or
intimidation, they also perceive that journalists‟ safety is a phenomenon that is not achievable because of
fundamental societal encumbrances. The findings also indicate that a good number of journalists have been
assaulted, arrested, killed, and many have had their rights to freedom of expression violated. The study
concluded that the issue of safety and protection of journalists in Nigeria must be given adequate concern since
the rate at which journalists lose their lives in trying to serve human needs on what is happening in the
societyand which is an alarming proportion. More so, there is need for media houses in Nigeria to have safety
policies that will guarantee the smooth operation and safety of journalists. The study recommended training and
retraining of journalists on safety strategies in order to create awareness on safety tips for journalists. The study
also recommended that media organizations in Nigeria should gear up efforts in protecting the rights and lives of
journalists.
KEYWORDS: Journalist, freedom of expression, safety, Protection, Professional organizations.
I. INTRODUCTION
There has been several conceptualizations towards press freedom. Alabi ( 2003), cited in Okoye (2007),
sees press freedom as the unrestrained right that the press has to publish or broadcast what it deems fit for the
public. Onogurowa (1985) cited in Okoye(2007) views press freedom as the right of the press to publish without
being subjected to intimidation, threat, molestation or blackmail. Also, Okoye(2007) defines press freedom as
“the liberty to gather, hold, express and disseminate information and opinions without official or unofficial
restrictions via written and unwritten laws and actions”. Okoye(2007) further describes press freedom as „the
liberty of the mass media to do their duty of informing, educating and entertaining the public without prior
official censorship‟. In the same vein, Oloyode (2005) puts it that freedom of expression is the ability to openly
communicate one‟s views to other people either through the written word or through non-verbal means such as
art, music and fashion. This consistently implies that those who work as journalists, whether for print, broadcast
or social media, and those who engage in the now very popular citizen journalism, have the right to, as Aviyar
(1979) cited in Okoye (2007) asserted, “report facts honestly and faithfully, even if they prove inconvenient or
embarrassing to someone”.
Glaringly, the right to free expression is a human right as well as a liberty enshrined in the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights (Article 19). Primarily, freedom of expression is a right in itself; the right to
receive and impart information and ideas through any media. Nonetheless, through this, all other basic rights are
allowed, exercised and protected. This is the more reasonmany cases in history have proven that when freedom
of expression starts to collapse, other basic freedoms can quickly suffer the same fate (Reporters Without
2. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2022
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 126
Borders, 2016). Aminu and Rahman (2014) were in consonance with „Reporters Without Borders‟ when they
opined that public participation in governance is very important especially in a democratic system. This is
factual because citizens cannot participate in decision-making (example, voting) if they are denied access to
information as well as ideas; and are not able to express themselves freely. Consequently, infringement on the
right to freedom of expression often goes hand in hand with other violations, especially freedom of association
and assembly. Hence, the right to freedom of expression upholds the rights of all to make their views and
opinion known freely.
Reporters Without Borders further upheld that journalists and media organizations are essential
partners in the exercise of this basic freedom. This gives credence to why those who seek to restrict the public
right to information target journalists. This commonly endangers their safety as they (those that muzzle the
press) go to any extent to silence them. The number of journalists killed while on duty shows the scale of the
problem and the difficulty in dealing with it. The safety of Journalists and other media workers has become a
subject of discussion on press freedom and the working condition of reporters following the alarmingly
precarious development on the media space, and this has become a preoccupation with journalism professional
bodies (Yusuf, 2013). Journalists play an indispensable role in providing the public with information, as such,
journalismis inextricably essential for an open and free society. This is because, to get this information,
journalists have to get to where the events take place (Fournier, 2014), and this can jeopardize their safety in
many cases.
Agreeing withthe Annual Report of UNESCO Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of
the right to freedom of opinion and expression (2012), the media provides an indispensable service to the
society as it keeps the people abreast with information needed to form their opinion and effectively take part in a
democratic society. The report sees a journalist as an individual who observes and describes events, documents
and analyses events, statements, policies and any propositions that can affect society, with the purpose of
systematizing such information and gathering of facts and analyses to inform sections of society or society as a
whole (Radisarvjeric, 2013). Similarly, a report by the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
;OSCE (2011) observed that journalists report about issues of public interest, including government policies and
have a crucial role to play in democracies by providing objective information to the public. Consequently,
harassment, intimidation, threats and violence against journalists can deny people of their fundamental right to
receive and impart information. The report also noted that the rights of journalists to disseminate information
under safe conditions devoid of harassment, threat, attack, maiming as well as murder is of utmost importance
for the freedom of the press and freedom of expression as impunity against them is on a daily increase. In line
with this proposition, Carlsson (2016) opined that allowing people to contribute their quota to the well-being of
the society is paramount. However, it must be possible for society‟s state of affairs to be known to everyone,
and it must also be possible for everyone to speak his or her mind freely about it. Where this is lacking, Carlson
argued that liberty is not worth its name. This suggests that when those saddled with the responsibility of
informing the people are unsafe to do so, then freedom of expression is under siege.
The safety of journalists is very essential and almost indispensable for unhindered practice of
journalism as well as the freedom of expression. In spite of this, the study is aware that, unlike the issues of
journalism and freedom of expression, journalists‟ safety is not very popular in academics. More so, the
literature on safety of journalism is scanty. Thus, the main thrust of the study is anchored on the need to conduct
a research to find out how much of freedom of expression is protected in the practice of journalism and personal
safety among journalists in Nigeria, with the spatial scope focusing on the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, so
as to contribute to the existing body of literature in that perspective.
II. THEORETICAL UNDERPINNING
The study is anchored on New Institutional Theory. The Theory was propounded by Zucker 1988.
Scholars such asOstrom (2005) also contributed to the development of the New Institutions Theory. The theory
is one of the oldest thoughts in the history of social thought. Sociology, economics, political science, and other
disciplines have different points of view on the nature and significance of institutions, and their theoretical
trajectories have tended to diverge, resulting in literatures that are difficult to synthesize. Fortunately, there has
also been a growing trend of drawing upon the foundations of several disciplines to address general questions
regarding human behaviour, and this tendency works in advantage of an interdisciplinary perspective on
institutions. Consequently, the study considers New Institutional Theory, with the understanding that institutions
are foundational elements of the social contexts in which formal organizations are embedded. From this point of
view, studying institutions is key to the organizations.
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A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 127
The basic assumption of the New Institutional Theory had evolved to encompass established “law,
custom, usage, practice, organization, or other element in the political or social life of a people; a regulative
principle or convention subservient to the needs of an organized community or the general ends of civilization”.
For instance, a legal doctrine or moral code may emerge over time and gradually become part of the established
order through which human affairs are regulated. The latter idea was emphasized in the early sociological theory
of Herbert Spencer, who viewed society as an organism evolving through time, adapting to its context via
specialized “organs” that functioned as institutional subsystems and could be compared across societies
(example, family, government, laws, and customs of property). New institutionalism emerges with this concept
by drifting towards a dilemma embedded in the institutional construct: institution implies action, the
establishment of something new, and order and regulation the conventions that already have been established. In
other words, institution may be conceptualized both as action that enables change and as constraints on action
that facilitate stability.
Institutions challenge us to understand the processes of change and stability not as separate or
contradictory, but as related aspects of the same phenomenon. How institutions come into being, reproduce, and
change is a central question across the social sciences, especially in the organizational and policy arenas. As one
illustration, traditional forms of marriage and the family are continuously reproduced through legal rules, social
norms, and cognitive constructs in everyday life, while these same social norms are changing through new legal
rulings, shifting norms and values, and emergent schemata. This complex process of continuity and change is
intertwined with the workings of numerous formal organizations (example, legislatures, courts, churches, human
resource departments, media organizations and so on).
The inconsistency entrenched within the idea of institutions is reflected in Scott‟s (2008) recent effort
to conceptualize them through a survey of literatures drawn from sociology, economics, and political science.
He concludes that “institutions are comprised of regulatory, normative, and cultural-cognitive elements that,
together with associated activities and resources, provide stability and meaning to social life”. This reveals the
complexity of the starting point of this theory for thinking about institutions and their significance for
organizations from an interdisciplinary or holistic approach.
According to Scott (2008) the regulatory dimension of institutions involves rule setting, monitoring,
and sanctioning activity; the normative domain involves prescriptive, evaluative, and obligatory aspects; the
culture cognitive component includes shared conceptions that constitute the nature of social reality. Scott‟s work
is valuable in helping to dispel a misimpression of institutions only as reputable establishments of the public and
civil sectors (e.g., constitutions, courts, schools, marriage, and the family). Through a close examination of
scholarship, it becomes evident that institutions encompass far more than those popular notions; they include
many more fundamental elements of society that are integral to social continuity and stability. A relevant
example would be the construct of risk, that is, the chance of injury, damage, or loss related to a particular set of
circumstances, and the ways in which a given society perceives and interprets that chance as a consequence of
its particular historical circumstances.
The cultural cognitive element of risk will vary from one society to another. The set of meanings
related to risk in a given domain of life (example, safety of journalists) will have been established under specific
historical circumstances, and once established, this “institutional element” may come to be viewed by some as a
“social fact” (Turner, 2013).There may also be normative rules related to risk that introduce a prescriptive,
evaluative, or obligatory dimension; for example, the sense of duty experienced by journalists in the process of
discharging their official duties. The regulatory dimension sets rules, while also monitoring and sanctioning
activity. For example, with respect to the risks associated with journalism, the state clearly is involved in
heightening or reducing regulatory risk when journalists are altered.
Drawing on the new institutionalism theory, this study has validated the impact of Nigeria‟s unsafe
environment on journalists‟ work and right to freedom of expression. Taking into cognizance the diversity of
threats faced by Nigerian journalists, there is an urgent need to have a safety mechanism that calls for a „mutual
effort approach‟ from different stakeholders, including government, media organizations, journalists‟ unions,
academics, individual journalists, security agencies and civil members not just to tame the excesses of those that
assault journalists with impunity, rather also dealing with the root causes including issues of terrorism, political
conflict, religious violence, extremism, corruption, injustice and organized crime, quackery, poor remuneration
among others.
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
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The study employed a qualitative research approach as the most tenable means of getting valuable data.
In-depth Interview and focus group discussion were also used as the research instruments for gathering relevant
data for this study as they were considered the most appropriate that can be used for the target population in
view of the research need. The above however constitutes primary source of data collection. The study also
made use of secondary sources of data ranging from newspapers, Nigerian Union of Journalists (NUJ) reports,
to journals. The population of the study were large number of journalists based in the FCT, Abuja. In order to
achieve the objective of the study, a sample size of 100 respondents among the selected journalists working in
FCT, Abuja was drawn. The sampling for the study was purposive as the technique entails deliberately selecting
what constitutes a sample based on some predetermined purposes or aim which the study expects to achieve.
IV. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
According to The data documented by ARTICLE 19 through the period of January to October 2020,
there has been an increase in attacks against journalist. Across Nigeria, a total of 60 journalists were affected in
51 incidents. Three journalists have been killed: one by security forces during a protest in Abuja and two by
unknown persons in Adamawa and NasarawaStates. Thirty-four journalists have been victims of assaults,
including two female journalists. The assaults took place across the country, including in Lagos, Ondo, Osun,
Abia, Anambra, Bauchi, Edo andRivers States and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT).Similarly, eighteen (18)
of the 34 journalists were assaulted for covering the nationwide #ENDSARS protests against police brutality in
October 2020. In ten cases, the police were the perpetrators (ARTICLE 19, 2020).
Reports from ARTICLE 19 (2020) also revealed that, twelve journalists have been arrested. Half of
them were released after a few days, but six were charged to court, mostly under the Terrorism or Cybercrime
act. Three journalists were denied access to perform their work, three media outlets have been attacked, and four
media outlets were fined for their coverage. In addition, countless other journalists have faced issues like
equipment seizure or damages, intimidation and death threats. This trend more than doubled in 2020; compared
to the same period in 2019, at least 19 journalists and media professionals suffered attacks, including arrests,
detention, assaults, threats, and seizure of equipment.
Some of the 2020 Cases of Attacks on Journalists in Nigeria
On 26 October, the National Broadcasting Commission fined three television stations, namely
Channels Television, Arise Television and Africa Independent Television, each N3 million (approximately
5,263 USD) for “unprofessional coverage" of the end SARS protests.
On Sunday 11 October 2020, a journalist working for Premium Times was assaulted by police officers
while covering the #EndSARS protest in Abuja. The journalist was chased and beaten by Police officers.
On 1 October in Lagos State, a police officer hit a photojournalist working for PUNCH Newspaperon
his head with a baton. A colleague of the journalist who witnessed the attack said that thejournalist collapsed
and blood gushed out of his injured head. The Commissioner of Police in Lagosapologized for the attack and
promised to hold the perpetrators accountable.
On 10 September the police in Lagos had arrested four journalists, alongside 14 protesters, during a
peaceful protest. They were later released.
On 3 August, at least four police officers slapped, kicked, and used their batons to beat a correspondent
of the privately-owned Daily Post newspaper. The journalist was reporting onofficers' enforcement of COVID-
19 restrictions in Old Garage, a suburb of the western OsunState's capital Oshogbo.
Escalation of the Crackdown on Journalists
On 21 January, a reporter and editor with the local independent outlet Regent Africa Times diedfrom
head injuries sustained at a protest in Abuja, the capital, held by members of the IslamicMovement of Nigeria
religious organisation. Witnesses claimed that police opened fire atprotesters and a bullet hit Ogbu in the head.
Archibong Jeremiah Ojanga, Managing Editor of CrossRiverWatch and Secretary Association ofCross
River Online Journalists (ACROJ), expressed his disappointment and concerns about theshrinking space for
media in the country: “Public office holders have institutionalized attacks against journalists; that is why it
keeps happening. Journalists don't have any space to do their work freely. Politicians orchestrate the reporting,
and those who disobey and are ethical in holding them accountable are witch-hunted. I have personally been
victim several times. The government must stop this ugly trend. In most of the States, there are cases of
journalists who have been threatened, ill-treated, arrested or detained."
Journalists in Nigeria face various difficulties in their work. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and
thelockdown restrictions, it has become increasingly more challenging to collect information. Forexample,
journalists had to go over very restrictive requirements to be allowed to cover the NationalAssembly (NA), such
as evidence of daily circulation of at least 40,000 copies for print media and5,000 views for online media;
income tax returns for the last two years for all media; and for journalists individually, having an experience of
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two years covering theNational Assembly activities and being a memberof the Nigerian Union of Journalists. As
a result, a reduced number of journalists received accreditation to cover press conferences, limiting the freedom
of press and right to information unduly.
From available reports, Nigeria appears a dangerous country for journalism and considered one of West
Africa's most dangerousand difficult countries for media professionals, according to the World Press Freedom
Index.11. A journalist interviewed asserts that: "In present-day Nigeria, journalists are consistently attacked,
and arrested on trumped-up charges bythose working on the orders of political office holders in a desperate
attempt to silence the media. Themedia must be brave and firm in reporting the undiluted truth against any
government in power, without any form of compromise or fear."
Legal Framework Overview on Freedom of Expression
Nigeria's Constitution recognizes the rights to freedom of expression and access to information as indicated
below:
Section 22 guarantees free media: "The press, radio, television and other agencies of the mass media
shall at all times be free to uphold the fundamental objectives contained in this Chapter [i.e. Chapter 2,
Fundamental objectives and directive principles of state policy, of the Constitution] and uphold the
responsibility and accountability of the Government to the people."
Section 39, subsection (1) provides that "every person shall be entitled to freedom of expression,
including the freedom to hold and to receive and impart ideas and information without interference."
Subsection (2) states that "without prejudice to the generality of subsection (1) of this section, every
person shall be entitled to own, establish and operate any medium for the dissemination of information, ideas
and opinion."
Section 45 allows restrictions on the freedom of expression in the interest of defense, public safety,
public order, public morality or public health.
Since the enactment of the Freedom of Information Act in 2011, Nigeria has a specific law to enable
transparency and access to information. However, the official Secrets Act14 restricts access of journalists and
other persons to official information. Defamation and sedition are criminal offences in Nigeria. But the
authorities have charged journalists mostly under the Cybercrime Act (2015) or the Terrorism (Prevention and
Prohibition) Act (2013).
Cybercrime (Prohibition, Prevention, etc) Act
The Cybercrime (prohibition, prevention, etc) act violates the right to freedom of expression, as guaranteed
Nigeria's Constitution. The act makes sending a message which is 'grossly offensive', 'indecent' or 'menacing' a
crime. If a person knows a message is false, and it is sent to cause 'inconvenience' they can also be charged with
'cyber stalking'. Anyone who transmits a 'communication' which contains a threat to harm the reputation of
another person, commits a crime. If convicted, a journalist could face upto three years imprisonment or a fine of
7 million Naira or both according to the cybercrime law. Many journalists have been charged with cyber
stalking, which is overly broad defined as 'a course of conduct directed at a specific person that would cause a
reasonable person to feel fear'. There are no clear definitions for terms like inconvenience or insult, leaving
room for interpretation.
Terrorism (Prevention and Prohibition) Act (2013)
The Terrorism Act covers terrorism and related crimes. The authorities have charged several Journalists under
this act.
Section 1(2): anyone who "does, attempts or threatens any act of terrorism," "omits to do anything that
is reasonably necessary to prevent an act of terrorism," or "assists, facilitates, organizes or directs the acts of
persons or organizations engaged in an act of terrorism," "incites, promises or induces any other person by any
means whatsoever to commit any act of terrorism" is guilty of a terrorist offence. If found guilty, the punishment
can be up to death penalty.
Section 27 Subsection (1) allows a court to "grant an order for the detention of a suspect" for 90 days,
which the court can renew for another 90 days, until "the conclusion of investigation and prosecution". This
would allow for indefinite detention.
The wide-ranging definitions and extensive powers for the security forces, make it very easy for the authorities
to declare someone a terrorist.
Bills before the National Assembly that further threaten Free Speech
There are two bills currently before the National Assembly which could further threaten freedom of expression
and the media. The draft „Protection from Internet Falsehoods and Manipulation bill' also known as the Social
media bill- proposed by the Senate in 2019, gives the authorities power to close down the internet and limit
access to social media, and prohibits statements on social media deemed “likely to be prejudicial to national
security” and those which may “diminish public confidence”. In Nigeria‟s government a punishable offence
with up to three years in prison, a fine or both.
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The proposed „Independent National Commission for the Prohibition of Hate Speeches Bill‟, reintroduced in
November 2019, prohibits behaviour that is "threatening, abusive or insulting", leaving it open to broad
interpretation. If passed, it would impose the death penalty for anybody found guilty ofan offence of hate speech
that incites the death of another person.
Arrests and Prosecutions of Journalists
In 2020 many bloggers and journalists have been arrested under suspicion of 'cyber stalking'. The
Government has abused this section of the act to "silence" opposition views in the online media.
For example:
On 28 May, the Manager of the New Media Centre was arrested after sharing a Facebook post
allegedly defaming Imo State Governor. He was charged under the Cybercrime and Terrorism act and released
on bail of N500, 000 [almost 1300 USD] 22 June 2020.
On 22 May, the Nigeria police filed a complaint in a Federal High Court in Abuja against a freelance
journalist for sending a WhatsApp audio message “causing annoyance, insult, hatred and ill will" towards
Nigeria's Minister of Information and Culture, in violation of Section 24(1)(b) of the cybercrime 2015.
On 18 August, a local magistrate court charged another journalist withcyber stalking under the
cybercrime act for just sending a message that included the title of a news article alleging the spouse of Akwa-
Ibom state governor was linked to a blackmail scandal.
On 5 June, the founder of the privately-owned Naija Live TV news website, in Yenagoa, Bayelsa state,
was charged under the country's cybercrime act for his reporting on the COVID-19 pandemic. He was
previously arrested by the Department of State Security (DSS) and released on bail.
OluwatosinAlagbe, Director of Premium Times Centre for Investigative Journalism, reported that: "It is
shameful that Nigeria has been using its Cybercrime Act repeatedly to prosecute journalists. Journalists like
Ime Sunday Silas and Fejiro Oliver have been charged under Section 24 of the Act. The Cybercrime Act is
oppressive and repressive, and should be dropped because it stifles freedom of expression, association and
media freedom".
The study examined the perception of journalists on professional safety and freedom of expression in FCT,
Abuja. As such, the data obtained from the interviewee were presented and analyzed as follows:
Figure 1.1 Perception of Journalists of their Safety in Nigeria
The study reveal that, 70% of the respondents sampled believe that safety of journalists in Nigeria is a
delusion, 20% were of the view that their safety is achievable if the necessary mechanism is put in place, while
10% remained indifferent (figure 1.1). On why they think safety of journalist is a delusion, majority of them
claimed that, given the nature of the job, it is very difficult to be completely safe.
70%
20%
10%
Journalists perception of their safety
Safety of Journalism in Nigeria is a delusion Safety of Journalism in Nigeria is achievable Indifferent
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Figure 2.1 Extents to which media houses promote safety of Journalists
The study reveals that, 60% of the respondents admitted that their media houses report threat or attack
on safety of journalists, 20% claimed that reporting depends on the degree of assault or threat, while 20% are of
the view that, their media houses do not report such. Most of the respondents who are of the view that their
media houses report and promote journalism safety are of the view that they give it much prominence.
Figure 3.1 Perception of Journalists on their Freedom of Expression in Nigeria
Figure 3.1 shows that, of 100 respondents interviewed, 40% claimed that they have been assaulted
verbally, intimidated, and threatened not to report some stories, 25% have been beaten and equipment seized in
the course of reporting news that did not go well with some persons, 20% have been unlawfully arrested after
news report, while 15% of journalists, as sampled in Abuja are yet to experience violation of their freedom of
expression. According to the majority of those interviewed, they now have so much fear in reporting sensitive
issues, and stories where highly placed individuals will rather see as scandalous. These findings ultimately
reveal that, some media houses directly or indirectly sell out journalists by revealing their identities after
coverage. They have not been doing enough to protect and promote safety of journalists in Nigeria.
The findings show that safety of journalists is a fundamental requirement for carrying out their
professional task without fear or intimidation. However, even though there are provisions in the constitution,
international treaties and humanitarian law that guarantee freedom of expression as well as safety of journalists,
60%
20%
20%
promotion of journalists Safety at work Place
media houses report attack on journalists Reports depend on the degree of attack
Media houses do not report attack on journalists
40%
25%
20%
15%
Freedom of Expression
Assaulted, Intimidated, and Threatened Beaten and Equipment seized
Unlawfully arrested Yet to experience violation
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all the respondents claimed that they are aware that they exist but were not efficacious. This finding validates a
research by Fournier (2014) on the protection of journalists in armed conflicts. The study suggested that safety
of journalists should be a continuation in the present focus of the combination of raising awareness for less
impunity and practical assistance. With this, he noted that the level of consciousness on safety will be high
which will consequently lead to less attack and threats to journalists.
More so, the study found that most of the respondents see journalism safety as a phenomenon that is not
practicable. They noted that it is only in theory, not in practice. This affirms a previous study by (Lohner and
Banjac, 2016). In the study, a journalist said that “there is no story that is bigger than your life”.
Therefore, considering the imperativeness of the New Institutionalism Theory, this study has validated the
impact of Nigeria‟s unsafe environment on journalists‟ work and right to freedom of expression, Journalists play
a vital role in society as a watchdog, revealing vital information that contributes toholding the government
accountable. But they also face immense challenges in the performance oftheir duty. In Nigeria, they are often
victims of assaults, verbal threats, intimidation, and seizure ofequipment or even imprisonment. These attacks
obviously constitute a real threat to freedom of expression andmedia freedom.
V. CONCLUSION
It is a sad commentary that, after evaluation, the study revealed that, even, professional bodies like the
Nigerian Press council (NPC) and the Nigerian Union of Journalists (NUJ), charged with protecting the rights
and privileges of Nigerian journalists, have not been able to adequately provide cover and protection for
journalists in the country. Clearly, neither organs seems to be effective, nor even sensitive to the plight of
journalists within and outside the media space. Journalists often are, and increasingly have become, the target of
harassment, intimidation and violence. Such attacks include threats to them and members of their families,
expulsion, unlawful or arbitrary arrest and detention, abduction, torture, sexual violence and murder.
Harassment is also common, where journalists are tried on false grounds of espionage, subversion, threat to
national security or terrorism, or where slander, libel and defamation laws are used inappropriately. The purpose
of such attacks is often to silence journalists who investigate, document and report on sensitive issues, such as
human rights violations and abuses, environmental degradation, corruption, organized crime, drug trafficking,
public crises or protests, which consequently trample on the freedom of expression and fundamental human
right.
Thus, the attacks on journalists are not only an attack on the individuals concerned, but also on freedom
of expression and democracy. It is because of the important role of journalism that specific protection is needed.
Safety of journalists is understood to be an important requirement for unhindered practice of journalism and
freedom of expression. In light of this, the study takes a position that, the subject of safety and protection of
journalists in Nigeria should be given adequate concern. The rate at which journalists lost their lives in trying to
serve human needs on happenings in the society is worrisome. Most importantly, there is need for media
organizations in Nigeria, to provide and entrench a robust safety policy that guarantees the smooth operation of
journalism and protection of journalists. The policy may also take into cognizance key stakeholders by engaging
security agencies such as the police force, military and paramilitary amongst others to understand the principles
and ethics of journalism to which this noble profession upholdsand to collectively proffer solutions on how best
to protect journalists whilst on the job. It is also imperative totrain and retrain journalists on safety strategies on
how best they can protect themselves.
As this phenomenon is also a global issue, with at least 30 journalists killed in other countries such as
the Philippines, Mexico, Afghanistan, Northern Syria and many others in 2020,there is an urgent need for the
international community, Amnesty International and organizations alike, such as UNESCO to continually work
to reinforce global norms and standards by supporting research, awareness creation, capacity building,
monitoring and working in cooperation with the government, academia, Non- governmental organizations and
civil society organizations to create campaigns that focus on the increasing dangers posed by threats to non-
state actors as well media practitioners. For a sustainable intervention, UNESCO in particular and other
relevant agencies should map out key elements and monitor the conditions to which journalists carry out their
work and if protective measures such as follow up activities are given to crimes that these journalists have been
accused and charged with. It is paramount that these evaluations are periodically done in orderto examine to
what extent the UN Plan of Action on the safety of Journalists and the issue of impunity has substantially
improved the trends and contemporary challenges to the safety of journalists such as retaliatory killings for
carrying out their jobs in specific countries that are part of the UN roll out action plan.
In conclusion, the Nigeria Union of Journalists and Nigeria Press Council could learn and adopt the
Council of Europe‟s- Platform for the protection of journalism sand safety of journalists which allows for the
collation, processing and dissemination of information on threat to the safety of journalists and media freedom
posted via the platform by partner organizations who publish a situation analysis and report on the situation of
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these issues as it arises. This provides an opportunity for the states concerned to reply accordingly. This
approach is worthy of emulation as it also serves as a meansto hold accountable the perpetrators and to
profferpossible lasting solutions.
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