Theresa Kaiser-White, Vice President, Asset Management at Willow Bridge Property Management Company, gave this presentation at the Forth Navigating Transportation Electrification in Cities - Multifamily Housing Insights webinar on September 9, 2025.

1. I
Electric vehicle charging and the impact on the MFH industry
I Current economic landscape in the MFH Industry
II EV Charging and the impact on MFH development
III Major challenges MFH developers are facing today
IV Utilities and the impact on EV charging
V State code requirements impacting MFH & the EV space

2. T
h
ere
sa K
a
ise
r -W
h
i te
, CP
M
, C
C
IM
V
P A
sse
t M
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t

3. CONFIDENTIAL – FOR BUSINESS PURPOSES ONLY 3
EV Charging and the impact on MFH development
Total Inventory of Multifamily Apartment Units in the US
• As of 2025, the total stock of multifamily apartment units in the United States stands at roughly 23 million
• Delivery of new multifamily units from 2023 to 2025 around 500-600K units were double the pre-pandemic
average
Percentage of Units Supported by EV Charging
• EV charging infrastructure in multifamily housing remains limited with only about 5% of U.S. multifamily
properties offering on-site charging stations as of 2025
• While 80% of all EV charging occurs at home nationwide, less than 5% of that home charging takes place in MF
homes, reflecting significant gaps in access for the 31% of U.S. households living in MF
• Adoption is increasing, with 32% of multifamily owners planning to install or upgrade EV chargers in the coming
year driven by resident demand and incentives
• Based on current policies, states including California, Colorado, Delaware, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, New
Jersey, New York and Washington have implemented mandatory requirements for EV charging infrastructure in new
buildings, developments, or parking facilities.

4. CONFIDENTIAL – FOR BUSINESS PURPOSES ONLY 4
Major challenges MFH developers are facing
Grid Capacity and Utility Connection Delays
• backlogs upgrading transformers, panels, or substations
• timelines extending from a few months to years
• high demand and limited utility resources
High Installation and Infrastructure Costs
• Financial impact is high - equipment, wiring, electrical upgrades, and labor
• Costs range from thousands per unit for basic Level 2 chargers to tens of thousands for fast chargers
• Older buildings or multifamily housing, retrofitting for three-phase connections or breaker upgrades
Permitting, Regulatory, and Compliance Hurdles
• Navigating local codes, zoning laws, and safety regulations
• Bureaucratic delays-environmental impact assessments or ADA compliance can hinder installations
• Inconsistent standards for connectors complicate planning

5. CONFIDENTIAL – FOR BUSINESS PURPOSES ONLY 5
Major challenges MFH developers are facing (continued)
Space Constraints and Site-Specific Limitations
• Dense/urban multifamily apartments often have limited parking space, shared garages, or older
infrastructure presenting design challenges
• MFH often lacks dedicated spots or sufficient electrical capacity
• Lack of equitable access, as not all residents benefit, leads to underutilization
Equipment Standardization, Supply Chain, and Maintenance
• Lack of universal connectors and evolving standards force developers to future-proof designs
adding cost and complexity
• Supply chain disruptions for chargers/components delay projects
• High safety requirements temperature sensors in adapters add development challenges
• Ongoing maintenance and upkeep of charging equipment