The document describes an experiment to synthesize ethene through the dehydration of ethanol. Ethanol is heated with aluminum oxide as a catalyst. Tests are conducted to identify the product in each of three test tubes by adding (A) bromine water, (B) potassium permanganate solution, and (C) exposing it to a lit candle. The results of these tests will help determine if ethene was successfully produced from the reaction.

1. Synthesis of ethene – Dehydration of ethanol
1. Introduction
Aim:
To investigate the synthesis of ethene through the dehydration of ethanol and to test the
product produced using some tests that are characteristic to unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Hypothesis:
Write a suitable hypothesis that corresponds to the aim of the experiment.
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2. Method
Apparatus and materials list and diagrams:
Materials List
Wire wool Water Heat mat
4 test tubes Large beaker or trough Bunsen burner
100mL small beaker 5 drops of bromine water (Br2) Ethanol
Aluminum oxide 5 drops of cold dilute Stopper with attached
(Al2O3) potassium permanganate delivery tube
solution (KMnO4)
Retort stand or Candle Retort stand clamp
wooden clamp
3 stoppers Matches
Note:
Ethanol is highly flammable and bromine water can be harmful to the skin if in contact
for long periods. Bromine vapour from bromine water can also be harmful if inhaled.
Therefore, it is best to wear gloves and go under the fumehood when carrying out the
bromine part of the experiment.
Safety goggles must be worn throughout the experiment. Unfortunately.

2. Diagrams:
Figure 11: Set up of experiment.
Sequential Steps:
1. Label three test tubes A, B and C.
2. Grab a fourth test tube and place a small ball of wire wool in the bottom of that
test tube. Ensure that the wire wool only covers 1-2cm of the test tube and isn’t
too compressed.
3. Pour a small amount of ethanol into the test tube from a beaker, just enough to
cover the wire wool.
4. Slowly tip the ethanol in the test tube back into the beaker while making sure that
the wire wool remains at the bottom of the test tube.
5. Fill the test tube with approximately 5cm of aluminium oxide.
6. Seal the test tube with the stopper that has the attached rubber hose and either
attach the test tube to a retort stand or clamp it with a wooden clamp.
7. Fill up a trough/beaker and test tubes A,B and C with water. Invert test tube A so
that it is semi-submerged in the trough and set up the experiment as shown in
figure 1.
8. Heat the part of the test tube that contains the aluminium oxide until enough
ethene gas is collected in test tube A. While keeping the Bunsen burner on and in
place (so that no suck-back occurs), remove test tube A and quickly seal it with a
stopper. Repeat this heating procedure for test tubes B and C, also sealing them
with stoppers after collection of the gas.
9. Add 5 drops of bromine water (Br2(aq)) to the gas in test tube A and replace the
stopper quickly after. Note down in table 1 any observations on the original and
final colour of the solution.
10. In test tube B add 5 drops of potassium permanganate solution and replace the
stopper quickly after. Record any observations.
11. Light a candle, turn test tube C upside down and bring the flame close to the edge
of the test tube. Record any observations.

3. 3. Results
Table 1. Qualitative Results
Test Observations
Tube
A
B
C
4. Discussion
Comparison of theoretical and experimental results:
Compare your qualitative experimental results for each test tube to the theoretical
results/information in the ‘properties of ethene’ section of your notes. Do your
experimental results comply with the theoretical results?
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Questions:
1. Write the equation for the synthesis of ethene through the dehydration of
ethanol with the organic compounds written in their skeleton structure form.

4. 2. Explain and state the reaction that occurred in test tube A.
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3. Explain and state the reaction that occurred in test tube B.
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4. Name the type of reaction that occurred in test tube C and write a balanced
equation for the reaction.
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5. Suggest some other substances other than aluminium oxide that could be used
as a catalyst for the dehydration of ethanol.
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Conclusion
Write a suitable conclusion which incorporates the aim and your hypothesis. Ensure
that a comparison is made to your hypothesis.
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5. Bibliography
1) Clark, Jim 2003, Oxidation of alcohols, viewed 1/10/10,
<http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alcohols/dehydration.html>
2) The Nuffield Foundation and Royal Society of Chemistry 2010, Dehydration of
Ethanol to form ethene, viewed 1/10/10,
<http://www.practicalchemistry.org/experiments/dehydration-of-ethanol-to-
form-ethene,237,EX.html>