The document describes a method and system for automatically determining evapotranspiration of crops. It does so by receiving images and data from a database, pre-processing the data, generating a surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) model for a desired crop, determining values like net radiation, soil heat flux, and sensible heat flux for pixels in images based on the SEBAL model, determining an evaporative fraction based on these values, and determining the evapotranspiration value for a time period based on averaged net radiation and latent heat of vaporization. The system includes a processing unit configured to perform these steps in order to overcome limitations of existing approaches.
METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PREDICTING OPTIMAL LOAD FOR WHICH THE YIELD IS
MAXIMUM BY USING MULTIPLE INPUT ELECTROLYZER PARAMETERS filed by RIPIK TECHNOLOGY PRIVATE LIMITED
This patent describes a system to optimize operations in manufacturing facilities that use electrolyzers. Electrolyzers split water into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity. Their electrical load levels impact costs and efficiency.
The present invention uses AI and machine learning to predict the best way to allocate load across multiple electrolyzers. This maximizes total yield for the manufacturing plant while minimizing electricity costs.
It takes into account equipment factors like the capacity of each electrolyzer. It also considers constraints like raw material supply and product storage limits. The system models chlorine evacuation too since that can hinder caustic soda output.
The algorithms are capable of processing the many complex variables at play. No easy spreadsheet could accomplish this modeling. A type of mathematical optimization called "swarm optimization" is applied. Examples are genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization.
The AI system keeps adapting its load recommendations based on data coming into its monitoring dashboard. Operators can customize certain parameters but the software is configuring most of the decision logic automatically.
The inventors claim results show their AI optimizer significantly cutting power consumption and costs versus alternatives. Smart coordination of multiple electrolyzers is complex. This technology handles the data analysis to efficiently divide load distribution.
In essence, the patent discloses an intelligent electrolyzer load prediction platform. It leverages AI to boost manufacturing performance while reducing electricity usage. Company managers can see optimized operations guidance on easy dashboard interfaces. It aims to save power, costs and effort through algorithmic process coordination.
Control of the humidity percentage of a bioreactor using a fuzzy controller ...IJECEIAES
Different controllers have been designed and used to cultivate bonsai, which need specific conditions to grow and survive in a different place or climate, for this case, humidity. In this work, theoretical, simulation and experimental level are compared and presented in terms of performance characteristics such as complexity, accuracy and convergence of an algorithm proposed to design and implement a fuzzy controller used in a bioreactor to control the humidity percentage to grow bonsai. The MATLAB™ script and fuzzy logic Toolbox™ were used for the analysis and simulation. The controller implementation was done on an Arduino Uno board, and 25850 bytes or 80% of the memory were used to implement it. A sensor to monitor the humidity percentage, a stepper motor connected to a water tap, and a DC motor connected to a propeller were used to adjust the humidity percentage of the bioreactor. The controller results show a maximum error of ±1% for all entire range, and a processing time of 5 milliseconds for one iteration. The results of the tests carried out in the bioreactor are in accordance with the predictions and theoretical simulations, which presents a maximum error of 3%, and a convergence time of 50 seconds for the worst case.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals
Numerical Study of Entropy Generation in an Irreversible SolarPowered Absorpt...inventionjournals
The ideal three-heat-reservoir (THR) model for absorption refrigeration cycles is extended to include external and internal irreversibilities. Three empirical functions are used to model the internal entropy generation of the cycle. The parameters of these functions are estimated by fitting data obtained by simulation to the predictions of the THR model. The THR model using a linear function or a logarithmic function for the internal entropy generation is able to reproduce performance data for absorption systems with good accuracy
METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PREDICTING OPTIMAL LOAD FOR WHICH THE YIELD IS
MAXIMUM BY USING MULTIPLE INPUT ELECTROLYZER PARAMETERS filed by RIPIK TECHNOLOGY PRIVATE LIMITED
This patent describes a system to optimize operations in manufacturing facilities that use electrolyzers. Electrolyzers split water into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity. Their electrical load levels impact costs and efficiency.
The present invention uses AI and machine learning to predict the best way to allocate load across multiple electrolyzers. This maximizes total yield for the manufacturing plant while minimizing electricity costs.
It takes into account equipment factors like the capacity of each electrolyzer. It also considers constraints like raw material supply and product storage limits. The system models chlorine evacuation too since that can hinder caustic soda output.
The algorithms are capable of processing the many complex variables at play. No easy spreadsheet could accomplish this modeling. A type of mathematical optimization called "swarm optimization" is applied. Examples are genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization.
The AI system keeps adapting its load recommendations based on data coming into its monitoring dashboard. Operators can customize certain parameters but the software is configuring most of the decision logic automatically.
The inventors claim results show their AI optimizer significantly cutting power consumption and costs versus alternatives. Smart coordination of multiple electrolyzers is complex. This technology handles the data analysis to efficiently divide load distribution.
In essence, the patent discloses an intelligent electrolyzer load prediction platform. It leverages AI to boost manufacturing performance while reducing electricity usage. Company managers can see optimized operations guidance on easy dashboard interfaces. It aims to save power, costs and effort through algorithmic process coordination.
Control of the humidity percentage of a bioreactor using a fuzzy controller ...IJECEIAES
Different controllers have been designed and used to cultivate bonsai, which need specific conditions to grow and survive in a different place or climate, for this case, humidity. In this work, theoretical, simulation and experimental level are compared and presented in terms of performance characteristics such as complexity, accuracy and convergence of an algorithm proposed to design and implement a fuzzy controller used in a bioreactor to control the humidity percentage to grow bonsai. The MATLAB™ script and fuzzy logic Toolbox™ were used for the analysis and simulation. The controller implementation was done on an Arduino Uno board, and 25850 bytes or 80% of the memory were used to implement it. A sensor to monitor the humidity percentage, a stepper motor connected to a water tap, and a DC motor connected to a propeller were used to adjust the humidity percentage of the bioreactor. The controller results show a maximum error of ±1% for all entire range, and a processing time of 5 milliseconds for one iteration. The results of the tests carried out in the bioreactor are in accordance with the predictions and theoretical simulations, which presents a maximum error of 3%, and a convergence time of 50 seconds for the worst case.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals
Numerical Study of Entropy Generation in an Irreversible SolarPowered Absorpt...inventionjournals
The ideal three-heat-reservoir (THR) model for absorption refrigeration cycles is extended to include external and internal irreversibilities. Three empirical functions are used to model the internal entropy generation of the cycle. The parameters of these functions are estimated by fitting data obtained by simulation to the predictions of the THR model. The THR model using a linear function or a logarithmic function for the internal entropy generation is able to reproduce performance data for absorption systems with good accuracy
Evaluation of Modelling of Flow in Fracturesidescitation
Heat-transport is important for geothermal exploration. The presence of
fractures can have a pronounced effect on groundwater and heat transfer.The inclusion of
fractures into geothermal reservoir models on different scales is often still a difficult task. A
comparison of approaches for flow in fractures has been carried out. A very simple
approach is to simulate fractures with thin but highly conductive layers, for instance by
applying the Cubic-Law. A more sophisticated approach, typically in FEM codes, is the
application of lower dimensional (1D/2D) high permeable discrete elements with specific
flow properties, following e.g. Hagen-Poiseuille or Manning-Strickler. However, such an
approach typically fails while studying only partly saturated fractures. For studying the
applicability of simplified fracture modellingapproaches a comparison with a CFD
(Computational Fluid Dynamics) solution was performed. Furthermore a DEM (Discrete
Element Method)approach has been illuminated. The various methodologies are studied by
varying roughnesses,this way studying the versatility of the approach. The sensitivity of
flow in fractures to various numerical parameters can be studied this way. A detailed
analysis of temperature and flow using Péclet and Reynolds numbers helps to quantify the
contributions of the different transfer processes.
The concepts related of the New Model of River Adige, and especially an analysys of the existing OMS components ready and their interpretation on the basis of travel time approaches
Stanley A Meyer Legacy Back up Secret Docs Save all Protect Spread print and give to schools NEVER STOP!!!!!!! Join Support here https://www.patreon.com/securesupplies/shop
Artificial Lift Whitepaper: Making Your ESP Talk To YouDean Murphy
The subject of this paper is ‘a technique to make your ESP talk to you’; when designing and
operating ESPs the first thing that you need to do is give the ESP a ‘mouth’, then you can attempt to
understand its language and let it talk to you.
Traditionally, the ESP ‘mouth’ was an amp chart and a fluid level shot on the annulus. Interpretation
of the data then told you something about motor load and pump intake pressure. Today’s ESP
technology is such that the prudent operator can obtain ESP operating parameters by using a
downhole sensor. The dilemma when faced with the wealth of data that comes from such a sensor
is ‘which parameters are most important?’. By recognising which variables respond most quickly to a
change in operating conditions, you can give your ESP the ability to talk to you.
Economic Load Dispatch Problem with Valve – Point Effect Using a Binary Bat A...IDES Editor
This paper proposes application of BAT algorithm
for solving economic load dispatch problem. BAT
algorithmic rule is predicated on the localization
characteristics of micro bats. The proposed approach has
been examined and tested with the numerical results of
economic load dispatch problems with three and five
generating units with valve - point loading without
considering prohibited operating zones and ramp rate limits.
The results of the projected BAT formula are compared with
that of other techniques such as lambda iteration, GA, PSO,
APSO, EP, ABC and basic principle. For each case, the
projected algorithmic program outperforms the answer
reported for the existing algorithms. Additionally, the
promising results show the hardness, quick convergence
and potency of the projected technique.
79 roger n. anderson - 6826483 - petroleum reservoir simulation and charact...Mello_Patent_Registry
Roger N. Anderson, Albert Boulanger, Wei He, Jody Winston, Liquing Xu, Ulisses Mello, Wendell Wiggins - Petroleum Reservoir Simulation and Characterization System and Method
Parametric study of a low cost pneumatic system controlled by onoff solenoid ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Expensive proportional valves are dominantly used in pneumatic positioning systems even with low demanding accuracy
positioning tasks, which deprive pneumatic systems from its economical advantages. Thereby, using low cost on/off solenoid
valves instead of proportional valves has been a topic of research in the last decades. In this paper, a parametric study is
conducted to investigate the effect of using low-cost 3/2 internally pilot on/off solenoid valves to control a double acting cylinder
and study the system nonlinear response to on/off and PWM input signal. Matlab ® Simscape library is used to model and
simulate the system. The model is validated though experimental measurements of the system behavior. The model is used to study
and decrease the nonlinear pressure response associated with the cylinder chambers in addition to the evaluation of the dead
zone and operating range of the on/off solenoid valve when operated with PWM signal. The results show that using a meter-in
flow control and having a near constant cylinder back pressure can reduce the nonlinearity. An orifice of 1e-6 m2 can reduce the
pressure variation by 80% but increase the transient time. Connecting an accumulator with 1 liter volume can result in 50%
reduction in rod side pressure variation. The model has been used to predict the PWM parameters as well. It has been found that
the most suitable parameters for this valve are 20 Hz and duty cycle from 12 to 65%. These results encourage going further with
controlling a pneumatic position system using low-cost control valves and a simple controller.
Keywords: Pneumatic Control, PWM, On/Off Valves, Simscape, Matlab
Multivariable Parametric Modeling of a Greenhouse by Minimizing the Quadratic...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper concerns the identification of a greenhouse described in a multivariable linear system
with two inputs and two outputs (TITO). The method proposed is based on the least squares identification
method, without being less efficient, presents an iterative calculation algorithm with a reduced
computational cost. Moreover, its recursive character allows it to overcome, with a good initialization, slight
variations of parameters, inevitable in a real multivariable process. A comparison with other method s
recently proposed in the literature demonstrates the advantage of this method. Simulations obtained will be
exposed to showthe effectiveness and application of the method on multivariable systems.
Evolutionary algorithms-based tuning of PID controller for an AVR system IJECEIAES
In this paper, an evolutionary algorithm-based optimization algorithm is proposed with new objective function to design a PID controller for the automatic voltage regulator (AVR) system. The new objective function is proposed to improve the transient response of the AVR control system and to obtain the optimal values of controller gain. In this paper, particle swarm optimization (PSO) and cuckoo search (CS) algorithms are proposed to tune the parameters of a PID controller for the control of AVR system. Simulation results are capable and illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Numerical and simulation results based on the proposed tuning approach on PID control of an AVR system for servo and regulatory control show the excellent performance of PSO and CS optimization algorithms.
Geopathic stress refers to the negative energy or radiation that emanates from the Earth's natural radiation, electromagnetic fields, and other sources.
How deployment of 5G on #Cband will save human lives?
Geopathic stress is believed to have a detrimental effect on human health and well-being. This theory suggests that prolonged exposure to geopathic stress can lead to disruptions in the body's energy flow and immune system, leading to chronic illnesses and other health problems.
Examples of geopathic stress include
underground water veins,
earth fault lines,
geological disturbances, and
electromagnetic fields generated by electronic devices.
These sources of geopathic stress are thought to interfere with the natural energy field of the human body, leading to imbalances and disruptions in the body's energy flow.
The importance of geopathic stress in human energy harvesting lies in its potential impact on our health and well-being. If we are exposed to geopathic stress for prolonged periods, it can lead to chronic illnesses, fatigue, stress, and other health problems.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m7Ap5Bcnf-Q
By identifying and mitigating sources of geopathic stress, we can improve our energy flow and promote better health and well-being.
There are various methods to reduce geopathic stress, including the use of crystals, meditation, Feng Shui, and the placement of earth energy grids. It is essential to consult with a qualified practitioner before attempting to address geopathic stress, as the effects can be complex and may require professional guidance to manage effectively.
The concept of earth energy grids is based on the idea that there are certain lines or patterns of energy that criss-cross the Earth.
These lines are said to have a positive or negative influence on the environment, and can affect everything from the growth of plants to the health of humans.
There are several different types of earth energy grids, but the two most commonly discussed are the
Hartmann grid and
the Curry grid.
The Hartmann grid is named after German physician #ErnstHartmann, who discovered it in the 1950s.
It is a grid of lines that run north-south and east-west, spaced approximately 2 meters apart.
These lines are said to be influenced by the Earth's magnetic field and can have a negative impact on human health if a person spends too much time sleeping or working over them.
The Curry grid is similar to the Hartmann grid, but the lines run diagonally across the Earth at a 45-degree angle. These lines are said to be influenced by the Earth's gravitational field and can also have a negative impact on human health.
To counteract the negative effects of these grids, some people believe that certain objects or structures can be placed in strategic locations to mitigate the negative effects of the energy lines. For example, crystals, copper pipes, and even certain types of wood are said to have a positive influence on the energy grids.
Another way ______
Terms and Conditions for Croma Corporate eGift Card___as Smart Contract for Brand Col*
Terms and Conditions for Croma Corporate eGift Card Smart Contract
Definitions:
Define key terms used throughout the contract, such as "Croma," "eGift Card," "Recipient," "Issuer," and "Corporate Buyer."
eGift Card Issuance:
Describe how eGift cards are issued to corporate buyers.
Specify the process for ordering and delivery.
Use of eGift Cards:
Explain the purpose and authorized use of eGift cards.
Detail the limitations, if any, on where and how eGift cards can be redeemed.
Value and Validity:
Specify the initial value of eGift cards.
Indicate the expiration date (if applicable) or state that the eGift card does not expire.
Corporate Buyer Responsibilities:
Outline the responsibilities of the corporate buyer, including payment and accurate recipient information.
Recipient Responsibilities:
Define the responsibilities of the eGift card recipient.
Include instructions on how to redeem and use the eGift card.
Fees and Charges:
Disclose any fees or charges associated with eGift cards.
Lost or Stolen eGift Cards:
Explain the procedure for reporting lost or stolen eGift cards.
Address the process for card replacement, if applicable.
Refunds and Returns:
Clarify the brand's policy on refunds or returns for eGift cards.
Privacy and Data Security:
Highlight how recipient data will be handled and protected.
Termination and Modification:
Specify the conditions under which the contract can be terminated or modified.
Governing Law:
State the jurisdiction and laws that govern the contract.
Dispute Resolution:
Describe the process for resolving disputes, which may include arbitration or mediation.
Smart Contract Execution:
Explain how the smart contract will be executed, including the use of blockchain technology if applicable.
Force Majeure:
Address circumstances beyond the control of the parties that may affect the contract's performance.
Entire Agreement:
Confirm that the terms and conditions constitute the entire agreement between the parties.
Amendments:
Specify how amendments to the contract will be made, if allowed.
Severability:
Include a severability clause to ensure that if one part of the contract is found invalid, the remainder remains enforceable.
Waiver:
Clarify that a failure to enforce any part of the contract does not waive the right to enforce it later.
Contact Information:
Provide contact information for inquiries, support, and dispute resolution.
It is essential to consult with legal professionals who specialize in contracts and blockchain technology to ensure that the terms and conditions align with legal requirements and effectively function as a smart contract. Additionally, these terms should be made easily accessible to all parties involved.
Evaluation of Modelling of Flow in Fracturesidescitation
Heat-transport is important for geothermal exploration. The presence of
fractures can have a pronounced effect on groundwater and heat transfer.The inclusion of
fractures into geothermal reservoir models on different scales is often still a difficult task. A
comparison of approaches for flow in fractures has been carried out. A very simple
approach is to simulate fractures with thin but highly conductive layers, for instance by
applying the Cubic-Law. A more sophisticated approach, typically in FEM codes, is the
application of lower dimensional (1D/2D) high permeable discrete elements with specific
flow properties, following e.g. Hagen-Poiseuille or Manning-Strickler. However, such an
approach typically fails while studying only partly saturated fractures. For studying the
applicability of simplified fracture modellingapproaches a comparison with a CFD
(Computational Fluid Dynamics) solution was performed. Furthermore a DEM (Discrete
Element Method)approach has been illuminated. The various methodologies are studied by
varying roughnesses,this way studying the versatility of the approach. The sensitivity of
flow in fractures to various numerical parameters can be studied this way. A detailed
analysis of temperature and flow using Péclet and Reynolds numbers helps to quantify the
contributions of the different transfer processes.
The concepts related of the New Model of River Adige, and especially an analysys of the existing OMS components ready and their interpretation on the basis of travel time approaches
Stanley A Meyer Legacy Back up Secret Docs Save all Protect Spread print and give to schools NEVER STOP!!!!!!! Join Support here https://www.patreon.com/securesupplies/shop
Artificial Lift Whitepaper: Making Your ESP Talk To YouDean Murphy
The subject of this paper is ‘a technique to make your ESP talk to you’; when designing and
operating ESPs the first thing that you need to do is give the ESP a ‘mouth’, then you can attempt to
understand its language and let it talk to you.
Traditionally, the ESP ‘mouth’ was an amp chart and a fluid level shot on the annulus. Interpretation
of the data then told you something about motor load and pump intake pressure. Today’s ESP
technology is such that the prudent operator can obtain ESP operating parameters by using a
downhole sensor. The dilemma when faced with the wealth of data that comes from such a sensor
is ‘which parameters are most important?’. By recognising which variables respond most quickly to a
change in operating conditions, you can give your ESP the ability to talk to you.
Economic Load Dispatch Problem with Valve – Point Effect Using a Binary Bat A...IDES Editor
This paper proposes application of BAT algorithm
for solving economic load dispatch problem. BAT
algorithmic rule is predicated on the localization
characteristics of micro bats. The proposed approach has
been examined and tested with the numerical results of
economic load dispatch problems with three and five
generating units with valve - point loading without
considering prohibited operating zones and ramp rate limits.
The results of the projected BAT formula are compared with
that of other techniques such as lambda iteration, GA, PSO,
APSO, EP, ABC and basic principle. For each case, the
projected algorithmic program outperforms the answer
reported for the existing algorithms. Additionally, the
promising results show the hardness, quick convergence
and potency of the projected technique.
79 roger n. anderson - 6826483 - petroleum reservoir simulation and charact...Mello_Patent_Registry
Roger N. Anderson, Albert Boulanger, Wei He, Jody Winston, Liquing Xu, Ulisses Mello, Wendell Wiggins - Petroleum Reservoir Simulation and Characterization System and Method
Parametric study of a low cost pneumatic system controlled by onoff solenoid ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Expensive proportional valves are dominantly used in pneumatic positioning systems even with low demanding accuracy
positioning tasks, which deprive pneumatic systems from its economical advantages. Thereby, using low cost on/off solenoid
valves instead of proportional valves has been a topic of research in the last decades. In this paper, a parametric study is
conducted to investigate the effect of using low-cost 3/2 internally pilot on/off solenoid valves to control a double acting cylinder
and study the system nonlinear response to on/off and PWM input signal. Matlab ® Simscape library is used to model and
simulate the system. The model is validated though experimental measurements of the system behavior. The model is used to study
and decrease the nonlinear pressure response associated with the cylinder chambers in addition to the evaluation of the dead
zone and operating range of the on/off solenoid valve when operated with PWM signal. The results show that using a meter-in
flow control and having a near constant cylinder back pressure can reduce the nonlinearity. An orifice of 1e-6 m2 can reduce the
pressure variation by 80% but increase the transient time. Connecting an accumulator with 1 liter volume can result in 50%
reduction in rod side pressure variation. The model has been used to predict the PWM parameters as well. It has been found that
the most suitable parameters for this valve are 20 Hz and duty cycle from 12 to 65%. These results encourage going further with
controlling a pneumatic position system using low-cost control valves and a simple controller.
Keywords: Pneumatic Control, PWM, On/Off Valves, Simscape, Matlab
Multivariable Parametric Modeling of a Greenhouse by Minimizing the Quadratic...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper concerns the identification of a greenhouse described in a multivariable linear system
with two inputs and two outputs (TITO). The method proposed is based on the least squares identification
method, without being less efficient, presents an iterative calculation algorithm with a reduced
computational cost. Moreover, its recursive character allows it to overcome, with a good initialization, slight
variations of parameters, inevitable in a real multivariable process. A comparison with other method s
recently proposed in the literature demonstrates the advantage of this method. Simulations obtained will be
exposed to showthe effectiveness and application of the method on multivariable systems.
Evolutionary algorithms-based tuning of PID controller for an AVR system IJECEIAES
In this paper, an evolutionary algorithm-based optimization algorithm is proposed with new objective function to design a PID controller for the automatic voltage regulator (AVR) system. The new objective function is proposed to improve the transient response of the AVR control system and to obtain the optimal values of controller gain. In this paper, particle swarm optimization (PSO) and cuckoo search (CS) algorithms are proposed to tune the parameters of a PID controller for the control of AVR system. Simulation results are capable and illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Numerical and simulation results based on the proposed tuning approach on PID control of an AVR system for servo and regulatory control show the excellent performance of PSO and CS optimization algorithms.
Geopathic stress refers to the negative energy or radiation that emanates from the Earth's natural radiation, electromagnetic fields, and other sources.
How deployment of 5G on #Cband will save human lives?
Geopathic stress is believed to have a detrimental effect on human health and well-being. This theory suggests that prolonged exposure to geopathic stress can lead to disruptions in the body's energy flow and immune system, leading to chronic illnesses and other health problems.
Examples of geopathic stress include
underground water veins,
earth fault lines,
geological disturbances, and
electromagnetic fields generated by electronic devices.
These sources of geopathic stress are thought to interfere with the natural energy field of the human body, leading to imbalances and disruptions in the body's energy flow.
The importance of geopathic stress in human energy harvesting lies in its potential impact on our health and well-being. If we are exposed to geopathic stress for prolonged periods, it can lead to chronic illnesses, fatigue, stress, and other health problems.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m7Ap5Bcnf-Q
By identifying and mitigating sources of geopathic stress, we can improve our energy flow and promote better health and well-being.
There are various methods to reduce geopathic stress, including the use of crystals, meditation, Feng Shui, and the placement of earth energy grids. It is essential to consult with a qualified practitioner before attempting to address geopathic stress, as the effects can be complex and may require professional guidance to manage effectively.
The concept of earth energy grids is based on the idea that there are certain lines or patterns of energy that criss-cross the Earth.
These lines are said to have a positive or negative influence on the environment, and can affect everything from the growth of plants to the health of humans.
There are several different types of earth energy grids, but the two most commonly discussed are the
Hartmann grid and
the Curry grid.
The Hartmann grid is named after German physician #ErnstHartmann, who discovered it in the 1950s.
It is a grid of lines that run north-south and east-west, spaced approximately 2 meters apart.
These lines are said to be influenced by the Earth's magnetic field and can have a negative impact on human health if a person spends too much time sleeping or working over them.
The Curry grid is similar to the Hartmann grid, but the lines run diagonally across the Earth at a 45-degree angle. These lines are said to be influenced by the Earth's gravitational field and can also have a negative impact on human health.
To counteract the negative effects of these grids, some people believe that certain objects or structures can be placed in strategic locations to mitigate the negative effects of the energy lines. For example, crystals, copper pipes, and even certain types of wood are said to have a positive influence on the energy grids.
Another way ______
Terms and Conditions for Croma Corporate eGift Card___as Smart Contract for Brand Col*
Terms and Conditions for Croma Corporate eGift Card Smart Contract
Definitions:
Define key terms used throughout the contract, such as "Croma," "eGift Card," "Recipient," "Issuer," and "Corporate Buyer."
eGift Card Issuance:
Describe how eGift cards are issued to corporate buyers.
Specify the process for ordering and delivery.
Use of eGift Cards:
Explain the purpose and authorized use of eGift cards.
Detail the limitations, if any, on where and how eGift cards can be redeemed.
Value and Validity:
Specify the initial value of eGift cards.
Indicate the expiration date (if applicable) or state that the eGift card does not expire.
Corporate Buyer Responsibilities:
Outline the responsibilities of the corporate buyer, including payment and accurate recipient information.
Recipient Responsibilities:
Define the responsibilities of the eGift card recipient.
Include instructions on how to redeem and use the eGift card.
Fees and Charges:
Disclose any fees or charges associated with eGift cards.
Lost or Stolen eGift Cards:
Explain the procedure for reporting lost or stolen eGift cards.
Address the process for card replacement, if applicable.
Refunds and Returns:
Clarify the brand's policy on refunds or returns for eGift cards.
Privacy and Data Security:
Highlight how recipient data will be handled and protected.
Termination and Modification:
Specify the conditions under which the contract can be terminated or modified.
Governing Law:
State the jurisdiction and laws that govern the contract.
Dispute Resolution:
Describe the process for resolving disputes, which may include arbitration or mediation.
Smart Contract Execution:
Explain how the smart contract will be executed, including the use of blockchain technology if applicable.
Force Majeure:
Address circumstances beyond the control of the parties that may affect the contract's performance.
Entire Agreement:
Confirm that the terms and conditions constitute the entire agreement between the parties.
Amendments:
Specify how amendments to the contract will be made, if allowed.
Severability:
Include a severability clause to ensure that if one part of the contract is found invalid, the remainder remains enforceable.
Waiver:
Clarify that a failure to enforce any part of the contract does not waive the right to enforce it later.
Contact Information:
Provide contact information for inquiries, support, and dispute resolution.
It is essential to consult with legal professionals who specialize in contracts and blockchain technology to ensure that the terms and conditions align with legal requirements and effectively function as a smart contract. Additionally, these terms should be made easily accessible to all parties involved.
Cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology have the potential to contribute to Sustainable Development Goal 17 (SDG 17) on partnerships for the goals and address the concept of "mind pollution" through various means:
Financial Inclusion (SDG 1, 8): Cryptocurrencies can provide access to financial services for the unbanked and underbanked populations, helping to reduce poverty (SDG 1) and promote economic growth (SDG 8).
Cross-Border Transactions (SDG 10, 16): Cryptocurrencies can facilitate cross-border transactions, reducing the cost of remittances and promoting fair trade (SDG 10) while potentially reducing the risk of corruption and illicit financial flows (SDG 16).
Transparent Aid and Donations (SDG 16): Blockchain can be used to track and verify aid and donations, ensuring that funds reach their intended recipients and reducing the risk of fraud and misappropriation of funds.
Supply Chain Transparency (SDG 12, 16): Blockchain technology can enhance supply chain transparency, which is crucial for sustainable consumption and production (SDG 12) and can help combat corruption and illegal activities within supply chains (SDG 16).
Identity Management (SDG 16): Blockchain-based identity solutions can help individuals establish and control their digital identities, reducing the risk of identity theft and promoting security and trust online.
Decentralized Governance (SDG 16): Some blockchain platforms are experimenting with decentralized governance models that allow for more inclusive decision-making and reduce the influence of centralized authorities.
Environmental Impact (SDG 13): While cryptocurrencies have been criticized for their energy consumption, some blockchain projects are working on more energy-efficient consensus mechanisms, potentially mitigating their environmental impact and aligning with climate action (SDG 13).
Educational Initiatives (SDG 4): Cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology can support educational initiatives related to financial literacy and blockchain development, contributing to quality education (SDG 4).
Community Development (SDG 11): Blockchain-based community tokens and projects can empower local communities to fund and manage their development projects, aligning with sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11).
Media and Information Integrity: To address the concept of "mind pollution" related to misinformation and fake news, blockchain-based systems can be used to verify the authenticity of news articles and digital content, promoting reliable information sources.
Top Innovative Economies: According to your information, Switzerland, Sweden, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Singapore are among the top innovative economies in the world. These countries typically score high due to their strong investments in research, well-developed educational systems, and favorable conditions for businesses and startups.
Emerging Middle-Income Economies: The GII often highlights the progress made by middle-income economies in improving their innovation ecosystems. These countries may focus on building up their educational and research infrastructure, fostering entrepreneurship, and improving access to venture capital.
Importance of Innovation: Innovation is a key driver of economic growth and competitiveness in today's global economy. Countries that prioritize innovation tend to perform better in terms of economic development, job creation, and overall quality of life.
Challenges in Innovation: The GII also typically identifies challenges and areas for improvement in the global innovation landscape. This can include issues related to access to venture capital and the need for more stable financial environments for startups to thrive.
Policy Implications: The GII provides valuable insights for policymakers, businesses, and investors. It can help governments identify areas where they need to invest in order to enhance their innovation capacities and competitiveness on the global stage.
Global Collaboration: In an interconnected world, countries often collaborate on research and innovation projects. Rankings in the GII can influence international partnerships and cooperation.
G.S.R. 619(E).—The following draft rules to further amend the Patents Rules, 2003 which the Central
Government proposes to make in exercise of the powers conferred by section 159 of the Patents Act, 1970, are hereby
published as required by sub-section (3) of the said section for the information of all persons likely to be affected
thereby, and notice is hereby given that the said draft rules will be taken into consideration after the expiry of a period of
thirty days from the date on which copies of the Gazette of India, in which this notification is published, are made
available to the public;
Objections or suggestions, if any, may be addressed to the Secretary, Department for Promotion ofIndustry
and Internal Trade, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India, Vanijya Bhawan, NewDelhi- 110001 or
by e-mail at bikram.87@nic.in and ipr-patents@gov.in;
The objections and suggestions, which may be received from any person with respect to the said draft rules
before the expiry of the period so specified, will be considered by the Central Government.
DRAFT RULES
1. (i) These rules may be called “The Draft Patents (Amendment), Rules, 2023”.
(ii) They shall come into force on the date of their publication in the Official Gazette.
2. In the Patents Rules, 2003, hereinafter referred to as the ‘principal rules’, in rule 12:
(i) in clause (2), for the words ‘six months from the date of such filing’, the words ‘two months from the
date of issuance of first statement of objections’ shall be substituted;
(ii) for clause (3), the following clause shall be substituted, namely,-
“3. The Controller shall consider the information relating to processing of the application in a country
outside India that is accessible using public databases.
4. The Controller may, under sub-section (2) of section 8, for reasons to be recorded in writing, direct the
applicant to furnish a fresh statement and undertaking in Form 3 within two monthsfrom the date of such
communication by the Controller.
5. Notwithstanding anything contained in the sub-rules (1), (2) or (3), the Controller may condone the
delay in filing of Form 3 upon a request made in Form 4.”
3. After sub-rule (2) of rule 13 of the principal rules, the following shall be inserted, namely,-
“(2A) A patent applicant may, if he so desires, file a divisional application under section 16, including in respect of
an invention disclosed in the provisional specification.”
4. In rule 24B of the principal rules,-
a. in sub-rule (1),for the words ‘forty-eight’, wherever they occur, the words ‘thirty-one’shall be substituted;
b. in sub-rule (1), after clause (v), the following clause shall be inserted, namely,-
‘(vi). Notwithstanding anything contained in this sub-rule, in respect of an application that was filed before the Patents
(Amendment) Rules, 2023 came into force, the request for examination under sub-section (1) of section 11B shall be
filed within the time prescribed in the Patents (Amendment) Rules, 2006.’
The Patents Act, 1970
Section 126: Eligibility Criteria for Registration as Patent Agents
(1) To be eligible for inclusion in the register of patent agents, an individual must satisfy the following conditions:
They must be a citizen of India.
They should have attained the age of 21 years.
They must hold a degree in science, engineering, or technology from a university established under the prevailing laws of India, or possess qualifications equivalent to those specified by the Central Government.
Additionally:
(i) [Omitted]
(ii) They must have successfully completed the prescribed qualifying examination.
(iii) Alternatively, they must have served as an examiner or performed the functions of the Controller under section 73 for a cumulative period of at least ten years, provided that they are not holding such a position at the time of applying for registration.
They are required to pay the prescribed fee.
(2) Regardless of the provisions in subsection (1), an individual who was registered as a patent agent before the enactment of the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005, retains the entitlement to continue as a patent agent or to be re-registered as one, subject to the payment of the specified fees.
"Be Careful of Phishing Emails" is an important and concise message to raise awareness about a common cybersecurity threat. Phishing emails are deceptive messages sent by cybercriminals with the intent of tricking recipients into revealing sensitive information, such as login credentials or financial details. To protect yourself and others from phishing attacks, consider the following tips:
Verify Sender: Always verify the sender's email address. Be cautious if the sender's email domain looks suspicious or unfamiliar.
Don't Click Links: Avoid clicking on links in emails unless you are certain of the sender's legitimacy. Hover over links to preview the URL before clicking.
Watch for Red Flags: Look for signs of phishing, such as misspelled words, generic greetings, urgent requests for personal information, and unsolicited attachments.
Use Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): Enable MFA wherever possible to add an extra layer of security to your online accounts.
Keep Software Updated: Ensure your operating system, antivirus software, and email client are up to date to protect against known vulnerabilities.
Educate Yourself: Stay informed about the latest phishing tactics and security best practices.
Report Suspicious Emails: If you receive a suspicious email, report it to your organization's IT department or email service provider.
Secure Your Personal Information: Never share sensitive information, such as passwords or credit card details, via email.
By being vigilant and cautious when it comes to emails, you can reduce the risk of falling victim to phishing scams and help protect your personal and financial information.
Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation (BMC), also known as Bidhannagar City Corporation, is the municipal governing body responsible for the administration and governance of Bidhannagar, a planned satellite city located in the eastern part of Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Bidhannagar is popularly referred to as Salt Lake City due to the presence of the large Salt Lake within its boundaries.
Key information about the Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation (BMC) includes:
Establishment: The BMC was established to administer Bidhannagar in 2015. Prior to this, the city was under the jurisdiction of the Bidhannagar Municipality, which was later upgraded to a municipal corporation.
Geographic Area: BMC governs the entire area of Bidhannagar, which includes Salt Lake City and its surrounding regions.
Administrative Structure: The municipal administration is headed by the Mayor, who is elected by the elected representatives of the municipal corporation. The administrative structure includes various departments responsible for urban planning, infrastructure development, public services, and more.
Functions and Responsibilities: BMC is responsible for a wide range of municipal functions and services, including:
Urban planning and development.
Road and infrastructure maintenance.
Water supply and sewage management.
Solid waste management and sanitation.
Public health services.
Education and healthcare facilities.
Property tax assessment and collection.
Civic and public amenities.
Elections: BMC elections are held periodically to elect representatives, known as councilors or corporators, who represent various wards within Bidhannagar.
Online Services: BMC offers various online services and e-governance initiatives through its official website, allowing residents to access services related to property tax payments, birth and death certificates, and other municipal matters.
Civic Projects: BMC is involved in several civic projects aimed at improving the city's infrastructure, transportation, and overall quality of life for its residents.
Revenue: BMC generates revenue through property taxes, service charges, and grants from the state government of West Bengal.
Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation plays a crucial role in the governance and administration of Bidhannagar (Salt Lake City) and its surrounding areas, focusing on urban development, service delivery, and overall civic well-being. If you have specific inquiries or require services related to BMC, you can visit the official BMC website or contact the relevant BMC departments or offices.
A tourism framework typically outlines strategies, guidelines, and goals for the sustainable development of tourism in a particular destination. It aims to balance economic growth, environmental conservation, and social well-being. If Aruba has developed a specific framework, it might encompass some of the following elements:
Sustainable Tourism Goals: The framework might set out overarching goals for sustainable tourism development, focusing on economic, environmental, and social dimensions.
Environmental Preservation: Strategies for protecting and preserving Aruba's natural resources, including its beaches, marine ecosystems, wildlife, and biodiversity.
Cultural Heritage: Efforts to promote and sustain the island's cultural heritage and traditions, while encouraging respectful interactions between tourists and the local community.
Infrastructure Development: Plans for developing tourism-related infrastructure, such as accommodations, transportation, and facilities, in a way that minimizes negative impacts on the environment and local communities.
Community Engagement: Strategies to involve the local community in tourism planning, ensure benefits are shared, and mitigate potential negative social effects.
Quality Tourism Experience: Emphasis on delivering high-quality experiences for tourists, focusing on responsible tourism practices and maintaining Aruba's reputation as a desirable destination.
Marketing and Branding: Promotion of Aruba as a sustainable and responsible tourism destination through effective marketing campaigns and branding efforts.
Diversification: Exploring opportunities to diversify the tourism product beyond traditional offerings, such as eco-tourism, cultural tourism, and adventure tourism.
Stakeholder Collaboration: Collaboration among government agencies, tourism boards, local businesses, environmental organizations, and community groups to implement the framework effectively.
Monitoring and Evaluation: Establishing mechanisms to monitor the progress of the framework's implementation and regularly evaluating its impact on Aruba's tourism and overall development.
Testimonial for Advocate Ms. Prity Khastgir: A Remarkable Professional and Innovator
I am pleased to write this testimonial for Advocate Ms. Prity Khastgir, whom I have known for the past seven years. Over this time, I have had the privilege of observing her exceptional qualities and contributions closely. Ms. Khastgir is not only attentive, studious, and articulate, but she also approaches all aspects of her academic endeavors with a positive attitude.
Ms. Khastgir's dedication to her work is evident in her hard work and determination. She approaches tasks with a systematic and analytical mindset, ensuring that her work is of the highest quality. Her passion for teaching and research shines through, and she consistently strives to deepen her knowledge across diverse domains. Her ability to comprehend and capture the essence of emerging technologies is truly remarkable.
As a global expert in Intellectual Property Rights, Ms. Khastgir's expertise is unparalleled. Her dedication to this field is evident in her commitment to staying updated with the latest developments and trends. Her passion extends beyond her professional responsibilities; she is an individual with an innovative mind that has led to the creation of several technological patents.
Ms. Khastgir's exceptional subject knowledge, reasoning ability, and analytical skills set her apart. Her communication prowess and leadership qualities are unparalleled, making her a natural leader in any setting. She possesses an innate ability to inspire and guide others, making her an invaluable asset to any team or project.
Having had the privilege of knowing Ms. Khastgir, I have no doubt that she will consistently surpass expectations. Her dedication, determination, and innovation-driven mindset ensure that she will not only meet but exceed any challenges that come her way. Her commitment to excellence is unwavering, and her work ethic is truly inspiring.
In all her future endeavors, I am confident that Ms. Khastgir will achieve grand success. Her passion, knowledge, and drive will undoubtedly lead her to new heights, leaving a positive impact on every endeavor she undertakes.
Wishing Ms. Prity Khastgir continued success and prosperity in all her future endeavors.
ISA/IN/2022/000625
ISA (International Searching Authority) and IB (International Bureau) refer to two key entities involved in the international patent application process under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). The PCT is an international treaty that allows applicants to file a single international patent application and seek protection for their invention in multiple member countries.
International Searching Authority (ISA):
The International Searching Authority (ISA) is responsible for conducting a comprehensive search of prior art to determine the patentability of the invention claimed in the international patent application. The ISA is typically a national or regional patent office with expertise in conducting patent searches. The main purpose of the search is to identify any existing prior art documents (patents, patent applications, scientific literature, etc.) that may be relevant to the claimed invention.
After completing the search, the ISA issues an International Search Report (ISR) and a written opinion on the patentability of the invention. The ISR lists the prior art documents that were found during the search, and the written opinion provides an initial assessment of whether the claimed invention meets the patentability criteria (novelty, inventive step, and industrial applicability). The ISR and the written opinion are made available to the applicant and other designated patent offices.
International Bureau (IB):
The International Bureau (IB) is the administrative body of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) responsible for managing the PCT process. The IB receives and processes international patent applications, coordinates the international publication of applications, and facilitates the transmission of the applications to the designated patent offices in various member countries.
The IB is also responsible for maintaining the PCT database, managing the PCT fees, and providing support and information to applicants and patent offices regarding PCT procedures.
In summary, the ISA conducts a patent search and provides an International Search Report and written opinion, while the IB manages the administrative aspects of the PCT process and facilitates the transmission of international patent applications to designated countries. The PCT process allows applicants to obtain a preliminary evaluation of the patentability of their invention and defer the decision on seeking national or regional patent protection in specific countries.
#askpritykhastgir
Key Features of mHealth:
Accessibility: mHealth allows users to access health-related information and services anytime and anywhere, making it convenient for both healthcare providers and patients.
Remote Monitoring: With mHealth, patients can monitor their health conditions remotely using wearable devices or mobile apps, enabling real-time data tracking and sharing with healthcare professionals.
Health Education and Awareness: Mobile apps and platforms offer health education materials and raise awareness about various medical conditions, preventive measures, and healthy lifestyles.
Telemedicine: mHealth facilitates telemedicine, where patients can consult with healthcare providers through video calls or messaging services, reducing the need for in-person visits.
Health Data Management: Mobile health applications enable users to store and manage their health data, such as medical records, test results, and medication reminders.
Personalized Health Solutions: mHealth platforms can provide personalized health solutions based on individual health data, promoting targeted interventions and better healthcare outcomes.
Benefits of mHealth:
Improved Access to Healthcare: mHealth eliminates geographical barriers and improves access to healthcare services, especially in remote or underserved areas.
Better Patient Engagement: Patients can actively participate in managing their health, leading to improved self-care and adherence to treatment plans.
Cost-Effectiveness: mHealth solutions can reduce healthcare costs by avoiding unnecessary visits to healthcare facilities and preventing hospital readmissions.
Real-Time Data Sharing: Healthcare providers can receive real-time data from patients, allowing timely interventions and personalized treatment plans.
Enhanced Public Health Initiatives: mHealth applications contribute to public health initiatives by delivering health education and promoting preventive measures for specific health issues.
Despite its numerous benefits, mHealth also faces challenges such as ensuring data security and privacy, regulatory compliance, and reaching populations with limited access to mobile technology. Nonetheless, mHealth continues to transform healthcare delivery, making it more efficient, accessible, and patient-centered.
#BlockchainAIlawyer
A method for communicating streaming data to provide casting content includes the steps of communicating a request to a server via at least one client device to process the streaming data in a first protocol, processing by the server a data file received via first protocol to retrieve at least one data parameter, creating a message based on received data file information and generating a hash of the received data file information by the server includes applying a hash function to electronic data of the data file, allowing verification of a valid client based on decoding hash value, authenticating incoming request of data file and returning response of the authentication to the client device in the first protocol
The IoT device includes a viewer database for storing different data sets (PDF, images, html, whiteboard, video) and modules to display them on the connected display device through HDMI streaming. The hash function used is SHA256.
A method for securely communicating streaming data for content casting. The method involves sending a request from client devices to a server using a first protocol. The server processes the received data file to retrieve important data parameters. It then creates a message based on the data file information and generates a unique code (hash) from the data file. The server verifies the client's authenticity based on the code, authenticates the incoming data file request, and sends a response to the client. The IoT device obtains the data file through an HDMI output interface and displays it on a connected display device using an HDMI input interface.
#StreamingData #ContentCasting #FirstProtocol #ServerCommunication #DataParameterRetrieval #HashFunction #ClientAuthentication #DataVerification #SecureDataProcessing #DataTransmission #ClientDevice #DataIntegrity #DataSecurity #DataExchange #Innovation #Technology #PatentApplication #DigitalCommunication #DataPrivacy #DataProtection #SecureContentCasting
Abstract
(EN)
A method for communicating streaming data to provide casting content includes the steps of communicating a request to a server via at least one client device to process the streaming data in a first protocol, processing by the server a data file received via first protocol to retrieve at least one data parameter, creating a message based on received data file information and generating a hash of the received data file information by the server includes applying a hash function to electronic data of the data f ile, allowing verification of a valid client based on decoding hash value, authenticating incoming request of data file and returning response of the authentication to the client device in the first protocol.
(FR)
Un procédé de communication de données de diffusion en continu pour fournir un contenu de projection comprend les étapes consistant la communication d'une requête à un serveur par l'intermédiaire d'au moins un dispositif client pour traiter les données de
Beauty care services; body massage; hygienic and beauty care for human beings or animals; health counseling; human healthcare services; pharmaceutical services; medical assistance; alternative medicine services; agriculture; horticulture and forestry services; Medical spa services; Health centres; Rehabilitation services and Health resort services; medical clinics; health care massage baths for hygiene/health purpose; ayurvedic health treatment therapy centre for personal care; advice on positive health, stress relief, aches, pains, weight loss; consultation on skin and hair care; yoga services; face treatment baths; massage cleaning services; medical services all being services ALL INCLUDED IN CLASS 44
Class 44 is one of the 45 classes in the Nice Classification system, which is an international system used to categorize goods and services for the purpose of trademark registration. Class 44 includes services related to medical and healthcare, veterinary services, beauty and personal care, and agricultural and horticultural services. Here's a more detailed explanation of the types of services covered under Class 44:
Medical Services: This category includes a wide range of medical services provided to individuals. It encompasses medical diagnosis, medical treatment, medical analysis, medical research, medical consultation, medical imaging services, medical counseling, and medical laboratories.
Dental Services: Class 44 covers various dental services, including dental care, dental treatment, dental clinics, dental hygiene services, orthodontic services, and dental laboratory services.
Veterinary Services: Veterinary services are also part of Class 44. This category includes animal healthcare services, veterinary assistance and consultation, animal grooming, animal boarding, and animal breeding services.
Beauty and Personal Care Services: Class 44 includes services related to beauty and personal care. It covers beauty salon services, beauty treatment services, spa services, manicure and pedicure services, massage services, and other hygienic and beauty care services for humans.
Agricultural and Horticultural Services: This category includes services related to agriculture, horticulture, and forestry. It covers agricultural services, gardening services, landscape design services, and gardening advice.
Care of Animals: Services related to the care of animals are also covered under Class 44. This includes animal rescue services, animal adoption services, and other services focused on the well-being of animals.
It's important to note that trademark protection is specific to the class or classes under which the mark is registered. If you offer services that fall under Class 44 and wish to protect your brand name, logo, or other marks associated with your services, you would need to file a trademark application under Class 44.
When filing a trademark application, it's crucial to accurately describe the services you provide to ensure proper
Section 23(2) of the Trademarks Act, 1999 (India):
Section 23 of the Trademarks Act deals with the grounds for refusal of registration of a trademark. Subsection (2) of Section 23 states that a trademark shall not be registered if it consists exclusively of marks or indications that have become customary in the current language or in the bona fide and established practices of the trade. In other words, if the trademark is a common term or expression used widely in the relevant trade, it may be refused registration.
Rule 56(1) of the Trademark Rules, 2017 (India):
Rule 56(1) of the Trademark Rules, 2017, lays down the procedure for the examination of trademark applications. It states that after the trademark application is filed, it will be examined by the Registrar of Trademarks to determine whether the application complies with the provisions of the Trademarks Act and the rules.
For trade enquiry: khasip[@]khastgir [dot] com
A "UV patent portfolio" typically refers to a collection of patents related to Ultraviolet (UV) technology or applications. UV technology has various uses across industries, including water treatment, disinfection, curing, printing, and more.
To obtain information about a specific UV patent portfolio or to search for UV-related patents, you can use official patent databases provided by patent offices in different countries. Some commonly used patent databases include:
United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) - www.uspto.gov
European Patent Office (EPO) - www.epo.org
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) - www.wipo.int
Ultraviolet (UV) technology refers to the use of ultraviolet radiation, which is a form of electromagnetic radiation, in various applications. UV technology utilizes ultraviolet light to achieve specific purposes in different fields. Here are some common applications of UV technology:
Water Treatment: UV technology is used for water disinfection by inactivating harmful microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. It is an eco-friendly alternative to chemical disinfection methods.
Air Purification: UV light can be employed in air purifiers and HVAC systems to eliminate airborne pathogens, bacteria, and mold spores, thus improving indoor air quality.
Surface Disinfection: UV technology is used to disinfect surfaces in various settings, including hospitals, laboratories, and food processing facilities.
UV Curing: UV light is utilized to cure or harden materials like inks, adhesives, coatings, and resins instantly. This process is widely used in printing, electronics, and manufacturing industries.
Phototherapy: In medical applications, UV light is used for phototherapy to treat certain skin conditions, such as psoriasis and vitiligo.
Forensics: UV light is employed in forensic investigations to detect and analyze evidence like bodily fluids and counterfeit currency.
Currency Authentication: UV technology is used to check the authenticity of banknotes and secure documents by verifying UV features incorporated into them.
Insect Traps: UV light attracts and traps insects, making it an effective and chemical-free method for pest control.
UV Sensors: UV technology is utilized in sensors to measure ultraviolet radiation levels for environmental monitoring and sun exposure assessments.
UV Sterilization in Food Industry: UV technology is applied to disinfect food products and packaging materials to extend shelf life and ensure food safety.
UV technology has proven to be a versatile and valuable tool in various industries due to its ability to efficiently disinfect and cure without the need for harmful chemicals. However, it's essential to use UV technology safely and follow proper guidelines, as excessive exposure to UV radiation can be harmful to humans and the environment.
#UVTechnology, #Ultraviolet, #UVDisinfection, #WaterTreatment, #AirPurification, #SurfaceDisinfection, #UVCuring, #Phototherapy
Intellectual Property in India:
Intellectual Property refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions, literary and artistic works, designs, symbols, names, and images used in commerce. In India, the protection of Intellectual Property is governed by various laws and regulations, including:
Patents: Grants exclusive rights to inventors for new and innovative products and processes.
Trademarks: Protects logos, names, and symbols used to distinguish goods and services.
Copyrights: Provides protection for original works of authorship, such as books, music, and films.
Designs: Protects the visual appearance of a product.
Geographical Indications (GI): Protects goods that are unique to a specific geographical location.
Trade Secrets: Protects valuable business information that is kept confidential.
AI in India:
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly advancing in India across various sectors. The Indian government and private enterprises are actively investing in AI research, development, and implementation. AI is being used in areas like healthcare, agriculture, finance, transportation, and more to enhance efficiency, decision-making, and problem-solving.
In the context of Intellectual Property, AI technologies are being employed to improve various aspects, including:
Prior Art Searches: AI-powered tools can assist in conducting comprehensive prior art searches to determine the novelty of an invention before filing a patent application.
Patent Analysis: AI algorithms can process vast amounts of patent data to identify trends, insights, and potential areas for innovation.
Trademark Monitoring: AI can monitor online platforms and databases to detect potential trademark infringements and unauthorized use of brand names.
Copyright Protection: AI can help identify instances of copyright infringement, such as unauthorized use of copyrighted content on the internet.
Contract Analysis: AI-powered tools can aid in contract analysis and due diligence, ensuring that IP-related agreements comply with relevant laws.
IP Management: AI can streamline IP portfolio management by automating tasks like docketing, renewal tracking, and portfolio analysis. #IntellectualProperty #IPIndia #AIinIndia #ArtificialIntelligence #Innovation #Patents #Trademarks #Copyrights #Designs #GeographicalIndications #TradeSecrets #IPProtection #TechInIndia #AIResearch #Agriculture #Healthcare #Finance #Transportation #IPManagement #PriorArtSearch #PatentAnalysis #TrademarkMonitoring #CopyrightProtection #ContractAnalysis #IPPortfolio #PrityKhastgir
Class 35 is related to advertising and business services. It includes a wide range of services, such as:
Advertising, marketing, and promotional services
Business management and business administration services
Office functions and administrative services
Retail and wholesale services for various goods
When a trademark application is filed, the applicant must specify the class or classes under which they want to register the trademark. This helps to define the scope of protection for the mark and ensures that it is not confused with similar trademarks in unrelated fields.
Brand Recognition: The importance of a trademark lies in its ability to create brand recognition and differentiation in the market. A strong trademark can help consumers identify and associate specific products or services with a particular company or source.
Market Presence: If a company uses "Skysea" as a trademark and establishes a significant market presence, the trademark gains importance as it becomes synonymous with the company's offerings. This can lead to increased customer loyalty and trust.
Legal Protection: Registering "Skysea" as a trademark can provide legal protection against unauthorized use by competitors. Trademark registration grants the owner exclusive rights to use the mark in connection with the specified goods or services in the designated geographical area.
Preventing Confusion: Trademarks play a crucial role in preventing consumer confusion. If "Skysea" becomes a recognizable trademark, it can help avoid confusion with similar names or brands, protecting both consumers and the company from potential misunderstandings.
Licensing and Expansion: An established and protected trademark like "Skysea" can facilitate licensing opportunities and expansion into new markets. Other companies might be interested in licensing the trademark for their products or services, generating additional revenue for the trademark owner.
It's important to remember that the value and importance of a trademark can vary greatly depending on its usage, recognition, and protection. If you are considering using "Skysea" as a trademark or have specific questions about trademarks, it's advisable to consult with a trademark attorney or intellectual property expert who can provide personalized guidance based on the most current laws and regulations.
HANDBOOK ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
INFORMATION AND DOCUMENTATION to File Invention & Get Protection under PCT Protocol
Intellectual Property (IP) plays a crucial role in today's knowledge-based economy, allowing inventors and creators to protect their innovations and creations. The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) is an international treaty that provides a streamlined process for filing patent applications in multiple countries. This handbook aims to provide comprehensive information and documentation guidelines for individuals seeking to file their inventions and obtain protection under the PCT protocol.
Chapter 1: Understanding Intellectual Property
Overview of Intellectual Property and its importance
Different types of Intellectual Property rights (Patents, Copyrights, Trademarks, etc.)
Benefits of protecting inventions through patents
Chapter 2: Introduction to the PCT Protocol
Overview of the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)
Advantages of filing under the PCT
Role of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
Chapter 3: Preparing for Patent Filing
Conducting a thorough prior art search
Evaluating the patentability of the invention
Gathering relevant technical information and data
Chapter 4: Drafting the Patent Application
Components of a patent application
Guidelines for writing clear and concise patent claims
Describing the invention in detail with supporting drawings
Chapter 5: Filing the PCT Application
Step-by-step guide to filing the PCT application
Understanding the required forms and documentation
Choosing the appropriate receiving office and designated offices
Chapter 6: PCT Examination Process
Overview of the international search and preliminary examination
Responding to examiner's reports and overcoming objections
Amendments and modifications during the examination process
Chapter 7: National Phase Entry
Understanding the national phase entry process
Selecting the desired countries for patent protection
Filing requirements and deadlines for national phase entry
Chapter 8: Patent Prosecution and Grant
Strategies for effective patent prosecution
Dealing with office actions and responding to rejections
Obtaining the grant of the patent in different jurisdictions
Chapter 9: Enforcement and Protection of Patent Rights
Monitoring and enforcing patent rights
Handling infringement issues and legal remedies
Licensing and commercialization of patented inventions
Chapter 10: International IP Protection and Commercialization
Overview of international IP protection mechanisms
Exploiting and commercializing intellectual property rights
Importance of IP due diligence in business transactions
Conclusion:
This handbook serves as a comprehensive guide for inventors and innovators looking to protect their inventions under the PCT protocol. By understanding the fundamentals of intellectual property, following the guidelines for patent filing, and navigating the international patent system
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1. FORM 2
THE PATENTS ACT, 1970
(39 OF 1970)
AND
THE PATENT RULES, 2003
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
(See section 10 and rule 13)
“METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATICALLY DETERMINING
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF CROPS”
We, ARMS 4 AI Private Limited, an Indian National, of C - 49, Om Vihar, Uttam
Nagar, New Delhi – 110059, India.
The following specification particularly describes the invention and the manner in
which it is to be performed.
2. 2
METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATICALLY DETERMINING
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF CROPS
FIELD OF THE INVENTION:
The present invention generally relates to evapotranspiration of crops and more
5
particularly to methods and systems for automatically determining
evapotranspiration of crops.
BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE:
The following description of the related art is intended to provide background
information pertaining to the field of the disclosure. This section may include
10
certain aspects of the art that may be related to various features of the present
disclosure. However, it should be appreciated that this section is used only to
enhance the understanding of the reader with respect to the present disclosure,
and not as admissions of the prior art.
Water stress affects crop yields. Water stressed situations originate from a
15
plant's roots receiving insufficient water, which directly affects transpiration.
Less water is available, which results in physical limitations in plants. The stomata
control how much water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide enter and leave the plant.
Stomata close in response to water stress in an effort to conserve water,
blocking the channel for the exchange of oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide and
20
reducing photosynthesis. As a result, water stress has a greater impact on leaf
growth than root growth because roots are better able to adapt to moisture
stress. Reduced photosynthesis due to water stress ultimately causes a reduction
in crop growth and development. Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the key
factors that affect crop water stress.
25
3. 3
The negative effects on productivity of crops can be reduced by taking
appropriate action if water stress is identified timely and accurately. Traditional
methods for estimating and measuring evapotranspiration are based on human
intervention and are limited to local or regional scales. At the local or regional
level, any ground-based measurement can be used to quantify plant water stress
5
successfully, but broad spatial scale, other techniques such as those based on
remote sensing techniques.
Thus, time and again, solutions have been developed to determine
evapotranspiration of crops using remote sensing techniques. These models are
based on the theory of surface energy balance and turbulent fluxes, which
10
estimates physical characteristics of the land surface like evapotranspiration (ET)
and evaporative fraction (EF) through processes related to surface radiation and
energy balance. In these solutions, information produced from remote sensing is
used to assess spatial and temporal differences in crop growth, crop stress, and
supports for agricultural development decision-making.
15
One of the known solutions includes using surface energy balance algorithm for
land (SEBAL) that determines ET using net surface radiation, soil heat flux, and
sensible heat flux to the atmosphere. In this, a "residual" energy flow is used for
determining evapotranspiration (i.e. energy that is used to convert the liquid
water into water vapour) after subtracting the soil heat flux and sensible heat
20
flux from the net radiation at the surface.
However, one of the major drawbacks of using this method is the unavailability
of satellite data under certain weather conditions, for example, during cloudy
conditions, as ET cannot be determined for the cloud covered land surfaces
because there can be a significant decrease in readings of thermal band due to
25
even a thin layer of cloud causing large anomalies in sensible heat flux
calculation. Also, the systems using SEBAL implement the concept of hot and
4. 4
cold pixels for calculating the temperature differences between pixel wise air
temperature, which involves manual intervention. This may lead to observational
errors which may in-turn lead to wrongful calculations of ET.
In order to solve the above problems, it is an imperative need to develop a
solution for automatically determining evapotranspiration of crops that is more
5
accurate way less time consuming while calculating ET.
SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
This section is provided to introduce certain objects and aspects of the present
invention in a simplified form that are further described below in the detailed
description. This summary is not intended to identify the key features or the
10
scope of the claimed subject matter.
Thus, a first object of the present disclosure is to obtain a method and system for
automatically determining evapotranspiration of crops that overcomes the
limitations of the existing approaches. Another object of the present disclosure is
to obtain a method and system for automatically determining evapotranspiration
15
of crops that is more accurate way and less time consuming.
In order to achieve at least one of the objectives as mentioned above, one aspect
of the present invention relates to a method automatically determining
evapotranspiration value of a desired crop. The method comprises receiving, by a
processing unit from a database, a set of images comprising one or more images
20
and a set of data. The method further comprises pre-processing, by the
processing unit, the set of data. The method also encompasses generating, by
the processing unit, a surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) model
for the desired crop. Further, the method comprises determining, by the
processing unit, a net radiation value (Rn), a soil heat flux value (G), a sensible
25
heat flux value (H), and an instantaneous evaporation value (λETi) for one or
5. 5
more pixels of the one or more images of the set of images, wherein the net
radiation value (Rn), the soil heat flux value (G), and the sensible heat flux value
(H) are based on the SEBAL model for the desired crop. The method further
comprises determining, by the processing unit, an instantaneous evaporative
fraction value (Ʌ) based on the net radiation value (Rn), the soil heat flux value
5
(G), and the instantaneous evaporation value (λETi). Further, the method
comprises determining, by the processing unit, the evapotranspiration value of
crops for a pre-determined time period value, wherein the evapotranspiration
value of crops for the pre-determined time period value, is based on an averaged
net radiation value for the pre-determined time period value, and a latent heat
10
of vaporization value (λ).
Another aspect of the present invention relates to a system for automatically
determining evapotranspiration value of a desired crop. The system comprises a
processing unit configured to receive, from a database, a set of images
comprising one or more images. Further, the processing unit is configured to pre-
15
process the set of data. Further, the processing unit is configured to generate a
surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) model for the desired crop.
The processing unit is further configured to determine a net radiation value (Rn),
a soil heat flux value (G), a sensible heat flux value (H), and an instantaneous
evaporation value (λETi) for one or more pixels of the one or more images of the
20
set of images, wherein the net radiation value (Rn), the soil heat flux value (G),
and the sensible heat flux value (H) are based on the SEBAL model for the
desired crop. Further, the processing unit is configured to determine an
instantaneous evaporative fraction value (Ʌ) based on the net radiation value
(Rn), the soil heat flux value (G), and the instantaneous evaporation value (λETi).
25
Further, the processing unit is configured to determine the evapotranspiration
value of crops for a pre-determined time period value, wherein the
evapotranspiration value of crops for the pre-determined time period value, is
based on an averaged net radiation value for the pre-determined time period
6. 6
value, and a latent heat of vaporization value (λ).
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein, and constitute a
part of this disclosure, illustrate exemplary embodiments of the disclosed
methods and systems in which like reference numerals refer to the same parts
5
throughout the different drawings. Components in the drawings are not
necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating the
principles of the present disclosure. Some drawings may indicate the
components using block diagrams and may not represent the internal circuitry of
each component. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that disclosure
10
of such drawings includes disclosure of electrical components, electronic
components or circuitry commonly used to implement such components.
Figure 1 illustrates an exemplary overview of components of a system for
automatically determining evapotranspiration value of a desired crop, in
accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present invention.
15
Figure 2 illustrates exemplary flow chart of a method for automatically
determining evapotranspiration value of a desired crop, in accordance with
exemplary embodiments of the present invention.
The foregoing shall be more apparent from the following more detailed
description of the disclosure.
20
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, various specific
details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of
embodiments of the present disclosure. It will be apparent, however, that
embodiments of the present disclosure may be practiced without these specific
25
7. 7
details. Several features described hereafter can each be used independently of
one another or with any combination of other features. An individual feature
may not address any of the problems discussed above or might address only
some of the problems discussed above.
The ensuing description provides exemplary embodiments only, and is not
5
intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the disclosure.
Rather, the ensuing description of the exemplary embodiments will provide
those skilled in the art with an enabling description for implementing an
exemplary embodiment. It should be understood that various changes may be
made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the
10
spirit and scope of the disclosure as set forth.
Specific details are given in the following description to provide a thorough
understanding of the embodiments. However, it will be understood by one of
ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments may be practiced without these
specific details. For example, circuits, systems, processes, and other components
15
may be shown as components in block diagram form in order not to obscure the
embodiments in unnecessary detail.
Also, it is noted that individual embodiments may be described as a process
which is depicted as a flowchart, a flow diagram, a data flow diagram, a structure
diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchart may describe the operations
20
as a sequential process, many of the operations can be performed in parallel or
concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be re-arranged. A
process is terminated when its operations are completed but could have
additional steps not included in a figure.
The word “exemplary” and/or “demonstrative” is used herein to mean serving as
25
an example, instance, or illustration. For the avoidance of doubt, the subject
matter disclosed herein is not limited by such examples. In addition, any aspect
8. 8
or design described herein as “exemplary” and/or “demonstrative” is not
necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or
designs, nor is it meant to preclude equivalent exemplary structures and
techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Furthermore, to the extent
that the terms “includes,” “has,” “contains,” and other similar words are used in
5
either the detailed description or the claims, such terms are intended to be
inclusive—in a manner similar to the term “comprising” as an open transition
word—without precluding any additional or other elements.
As used herein, a “processor” or a “processing unit” may be a general-purpose or
a special-purpose processing unit. Also, as used herein, a “processing unit” or
10
“general-purpose processing unit” or “special-purpose processing unit” or
“processor” or “operating processor” includes one or more processors, wherein
processor refers to any logic circuitry for processing instructions. A processor
may be a general-purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional
processor, a digital signal processor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more
15
microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller,
Application Specific Integrated Circuits, Field Programmable Gate Array circuits,
any other type of integrated circuits, etc. The processor may perform signal
coding data processing, input/output processing, and/or any other functionality
that enables the working of the system according to the present disclosure.
20
More specifically, the processor or processing unit is a hardware processor.
As used herein, “storage unit” or “memory unit” refers to a machine or
computer-readable medium including any mechanism for storing information in
a form readable by a computer or similar machine. For example, a computer-
readable medium includes read-only memory (“ROM”), random access memory
25
(“RAM”), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash memory
devices or other types of machine-accessible storage media. The storage unit
stores at least the data that may be required by one or more units of the system
9. 9
to perform their respective functions. The memory unit may be distributed in
various components of the system or may also form a part of a remote server
with which the components of the disclosed invention may be interacting.
As disclosed in the background section, the existing models to determine
evapotranspiration of crops using remote sensing techniques are based on the
5
theory of surface energy balance and turbulent fluxes, which estimates physical
characteristics of the land surface like evapotranspiration (ET) and evaporative
fraction (EF) through processes related to surface radiation and energy balance.
Further, the existing technologies have many limitations such as during the case
of unavailability of satellite data under certain weather conditions, or are not
10
accurate due to human interventions, and are time consuming. The present
invention solves these problems by pre-processing the available data to maintain
quality and data completeness. For this purpose, the invention comprises using
an already available data or using the statistical forecasting, which is a special
technique of making predictions for the future by using historical data as inputs
15
and analyzing trends, and the same can be applied to meteorological parameters
such as average air temperature (Ta), atmospheric emissivity value (𝜀a),
aerodynamic resistance value (Rah). Also, in order to find temperature difference
between the land surface temperature (Ts) and air temperature (Ta), the values
of average air temperature from the available monitoring locations is used. This
20
determination of the temperature difference (Ts - Ta) based on the average air
temperature (Ta) improves the accuracy of determination of the value of the
sensible heat flux (H) as it removes the observational errors incurred due to
human intervention, and also provides a less time consuming way of determining
ET as compared to the method of using hot and cold pixel, as generally known in
25
the art.
10. 10
Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure will be described
in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings so that those skilled in the
art can easily carry out the present disclosure.
Referring to Figure 1, an exemplary block diagram of a system [100] for
automatically determining evapotranspiration value of a desired crop is shown.
5
The system [100] comprises a processing unit [104] and a memory unit [106], all
components presumed to be connected with each other unless otherwise
indicated herein. Although only one of such units are shown in the figure, but the
disclosure encompasses a plurality of such units.
The processing unit [104] first receives, from a database [102], a set of images
10
comprising one or more images, and a set of data. The set of images may
comprise one or images acquired by a satellite. The satellite images may be
captured using at least two sensors namely the Operational Land Imager (OLI)
and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS). The OLI sensor has nine bands, i.e., 1st band,
2nd band, 3rd band, 4th band, 5th band, 6th band, 7th band, 8th band, and 9th band.
15
The TIRS has two bands, i.e., 10th band and 11th band. The 10th band and the 11th
band are thermal bands. At a spatial resolution of 30 meters, the satellite images
may be obtained at specific intervals of time. Further, the database [102] may be
a publicly available database. For example, the database can be a database of a
geological survey website, etc.
20
Further, the set of data comprises a data related to atmospheric parameters
involved SEBAL algorithm such as air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed,
precipitation, solar insolation, vapor pressure. Also, the data may not be
complete and may also be inaccurate, which can lead to wrong determination of
evapotranspiration. Therefore, the data is pre-processed by the processing unit
25
[104], in order to maintain quality and data completeness. This pre-processing
may involve statistical techniques such as statistical forecasting which is a special
11. 11
technique of making predictions for the future by using historical data as inputs
and analyzing trends, or using the already available data available at one or more
publicly available databases such as the National Solar Radiation Database, etc.
The pre-processed data is stored by the processing unit [104] in the memory unit
[106]. The meteorological parameters such as an average air temperature (Ta),
5
an atmospheric emissivity value (𝜀a), an aerodynamic resistance value (Rah) are
determined based on using the statistical techniques such as statistical
forecasting.
Further, the processing unit [104] also generates a surface energy balance
algorithm for land (SEBAL) model for the desired crop. For example, the desired
10
crop can be Sugarcane.
Further, the processing unit [104] determines a net radiation value (Rn), a soil
heat flux value (G), a sensible heat flux value (H), and an instantaneous
evaporation value (λETi) for one or more pixels of the one or more images of the
set of images. The net radiation value (Rn), the soil heat flux value (G), and the
15
sensible heat flux value (H) are based on the SEBAL model for the desired crop.
For example, the determination of the sensible heat flux value (H) involves an
aerodynamic resistance value (Rah) which can be corrected using the average
sugarcane height.
In an implementation, the satellite images with a resolution of 30 meters, which
20
have cloud cover of less than 10% are received from the database [102]. Further,
in an implementation, the processing unit [104] retrieves from the memory unit
[106], a surface albedo value (as), an incoming shortwave radiation value (Rs), a
land surface temperature value (Ts), and a surface emissivity value (𝜀s). Then Rn
for each pixel is determined using surface albedo value (as), an incoming
25
shortwave radiation value (Rs), a land surface temperature value (Ts), and the
surface emissivity value (𝜀s), an average air temperature (Ta), an atmospheric
12. 12
emissivity value (𝜀a), and a Stefan Boltzmann’s constant (𝜎). The atmospheric
emissivity value (𝜀a), and a Stefan Boltzmann’s constant (𝜎) are pre-stored in the
memory unit [106].
In an implementation, the incoming shortwave radiation value (Rs) is determined
using a metadata file associated with the satellite images, which contains Sun
5
elevation angle value (𝛽) and an inverse squared relative distance between Earth
and Sun (dr), and the atmospheric transmissivity value (τ
sw
), as given in the
equation 1 below.
𝑅𝑠 = 𝐺𝑠𝑐 × 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽 × 𝑑𝑟 × τ𝑠𝑤 …. (eq. 1)
Here, Gsc is the solar constant, i.e., 1367 W/m2. Also, the atmospheric
10
transmissivity value (τ
sw
) is an atmospheric parameter calculated using elevation
of the area above the mean sea level (z) and stored in the memory unit [106].
Also, in an implementation, the surface albedo value (as) is determined based on
a weighted albedo value (atoa), an incoming shortwave radiation flux value
(α𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ−𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒), and an atmospheric transmissivity value (τ
sw
), as given in the
15
equation 2 below. For determining the surface albedo value (as), a band-specific
reflectance using the reflectance rescaling factors from the metadata file
associated with the satellite images for specific OLI-bands, i.e., for Bands 2, 3, 4,
5, 6 and 7. Also, the weighted albedo value (atoa) is further based on a set of one
or more top of atmosphere reflectance values, as given in the equation 3 below,
20
and the atmospheric transmissivity value (τ
sw
) is further based on an elevation
above mean sea level value (z), as given in the equation 4 below.
a𝑠 = (
a𝑡𝑜𝑎−α𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ−𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
τ 𝑠𝑤
2 ) …. (eq. 2)
13. 13
where, a𝑠 is surface albedo, α𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ−𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 is the incoming shortwave radiation
flux reflected back to the sensor (range from 0.025 – 0.04). In an exemplary
implementation, the value of α𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ−𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 is 0.03.
a𝑡𝑜𝑎 = (0.356 × ρ2
) + (0.326 × ρ3
) + (0.138 × ρ4
) + (0.084 × ρ5
) + (0.056 ×
ρ6
) + (0.041 × ρ7
) …. (eq. 3)
5
where, a
toa
is weighted surface albedo and ρ2
, ρ3
, ρ4
, ρ5
, ρ6
,and ρ7
are top of
atmosphere reflectance values for band 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 respectively, of the
satellite.
τ𝑠𝑤 = 0.75 + (2 × 10−5
× 𝑧) …. (eq. 4)
10
where, τ
sw
is atmospheric transmissivity and z is the elevation above mean sea
level (in meters).
Further, in an implementation, a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is
determined using band 4 and band 5 of the satellite sensors. The NDVI is further
15
used to determine the surface emissivity value (𝜀s). Further, a data of band 10 of
the satellite sensors is used to determine a brightness temperature (BT) which is
used with εs to determine the land surface temperature value (Ts).
First step involved in determining Ts is the radiometric correction, in which Top-
of-Atmosphere (ToA) spectral radiance is calculated using band specific
20
multiplicative and additive rescaling factors. The ToA spectral radiance is the
energy or radiation which has reflected from an object or a surface in addition to
radiation that has bounced back from clouds and neighbouring pixels as well. The
ToA spectral radiance can be determined by the equation 5 below:
(𝐿𝜆) = 𝑀𝐿 ∗ 𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑙 + 𝐴𝐿 …. (eq. 5)
25
14. 14
where, Lλ is the spectral radiance measured in units Wm-2sr-1µm-1, Qcal is the
pixel value and ML and AL are the multiplicative and additive radiance rescaling
factor.
Also, ToA spectral reflectance, which is reflectance of whole Atmosphere-Earth
interaction can be determined based on equation 6 below:
5
𝜌 = (𝑀𝑝 × 𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑙) + 𝐴𝑝 …. (eq. 6)
where, ρ is a unitless entity of spectral reflectance and Mp and Ap are
multiplicative reflectance rescaling factor and additive reflectance rescaling
factor respectively. Values of ML, AL, Mp and Ap are available in metadata file of
satellite data.
10
Further, the brightness temperature is determined. The brightness temperature
can be defined as the temperature of a blackbody in a given spectral band, that
would produce same amount of radiation as a target object surface. For thermal
bands of the satellite, it can be determined based on the equation 7 below:
𝐵𝑇 =
𝐾2
ln[(
𝐾1
Lλ
)+1]
− 273.15 …. (eq. 7)
15
where, K1 and K2 are the thermal conversion constants. Their values are
available in metadata files of satellite images.
The surface emissivity value (εs) is the ability of the natural material to emit in
comparison to a blackbody at the equivalent thermodynamic temperature. εs
from the satellite can be retrieved using a semi-empirical, normalized difference
20
vegetation index (NDVI) based emissivity method (NBEM), as generally known in
the art, as given in equation 8 below. εs indicates the emissivity emanating from
different land surfaces which might be composed of heterogenous materials.
Therefore, it depends upon the structure of soil, its composition, amount of soil
moisture and organic content as well as green-cover characteristics. NDVI is a
25
standardized biophysical parameter which is used to quantify the health and
15. 15
amount of vegetation growth in an area. NDVI is estimated using the near
infrared and visible red wavelengths that are reflected by the biomass or
vegetation. Value of NDVI lies between -1 to +1, with low NDVI values assigned
to water, barren land and built up and high positive values attributed to healthy
green vegetation.
5
𝑁𝐷𝑉𝐼 =
(𝜌𝑁𝐼𝑅−𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑑)
(𝜌𝑁𝐼𝑅+𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑑)
…. (eq. 8)
Further, a fraction of vegetation cover (FVC or Pv) is determined based on
equation 9 below:
𝑃𝑣 = 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 (
𝑁𝐷𝑉𝐼− 𝑁𝐷𝑉𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑁𝐷𝑉𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥− 𝑁𝐷𝑉𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛
) …. (eq. 9)
Also, due to heterogeneity of the land surface, different types of land surface
10
materials have varying values of NDVI. Therefore, the NDVI threshold values are
based on the LSE model, provided in equations 10, 11, 12, and 13 below:
𝜀𝑖 = 0.979 − 0.046ρR NDVI<0.2 … …. (eq. 10)
𝜀𝑖 = ε𝑣Pv + ε𝑆(1 − Pv) + C′ 0.2≤NDVI≤0.5 …. (eq. 11)
15
𝜀𝑖 = ε𝑣 + C′ NDVI>0.2 …. (eq. 12)
C′ = (1 − ε𝑆). (1 − Pv). F. ε𝑣 …. (eq. 13)
where εv and εs are vegetation soil and emissivities, ρR is the reflectance of red
band of the satellite, Pv is the vegetation fraction and C’ accounts for the
modification in emissivity due to cavity effect and mixed-pixel scattering in
20
heterogenous surfaces, F corresponds to geometric form factor which has a
mean value of 0.55. In an implementation, the values of εv and εs considered for
band 10 are 0.989 and 0.977.
Further, using the above determined 𝜀𝑖 values, a combined raster image is
created using conditional formatting in which for NDVI<0.2, values of equation
25
16. 16
𝜀𝑖 = 0.979 − 0.046ρR will be assigned, while for 0.2≤NDVI≤0.5, equation 𝜀𝑖 =
ε𝑣Pv + ε𝑆(1 − Pv) + C′ and similarly the third equation and one raster image
having final surface emissivity values εs.
Further, the land surface temperature is based on the equation below:
𝑇𝑠 =
𝐵𝑇
[1+ {(
λ∗BT
ϼ
)∗ ln ε𝑠}]
…. (eq. 13)
5
where, Ts is the land surface temperature.
Further, in an implementation, a pixel wise soil heat flux (G), which is the rate of
heat storage into the soil and vegetation due to conduction, is determined based
on the surface albedo value (as), the land surface temperature value (Ts),
normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and the net radiation value (Rn)
10
values as given in the equation 14 below.
𝐺
𝑅𝑛
=
𝑇𝑠
𝛼(0.0038𝛼+0.074𝛼2)(1−0.98𝑁𝐷𝑉𝐼4)
…. (eq. 14)
where 𝛼 is equal to the surface albedo value (as).
In an implementation, the sensible heat flux (H) is determined using the air
density value (𝜌), a specific heat of air value (Cp), the average air temperature
15
value (Ta), the land surface temperature value (Ts), and an aerodynamic
resistance value (Rah) as given in the equation 15 below. The sensible heat flux
(H) is the heat transferred to the air by the molecular transfer of heat as a result
of the temperature difference, i.e., (Ts – Ta), between air and surface.
𝐻 = 𝜌𝐶𝑝
(𝑇𝑠−𝑇𝑎)
𝑟𝑎ℎ
…. (eq. 15)
20
Here, the determination of the temperature difference (Ts - Ta) is based on the
average air temperature (Ta), assuming that the air temperature for the pixel-
wise calculation remains constant. Pertinently, the air temperature at each pixel
is unknown but is an important parameter in determination of H. The air
17. 17
temperature (Ta) at each pixel of image, i.e. at each geographical location might
vary. This may lead to varying temperature difference between the land surface
temperature Ts) and air temperature (Ta). Thus, in order to find this temperature
difference, the value of average air temperature from the available monitoring
locations is used. This determination of the temperature difference (Ts - Ta)
5
based on the average air temperature (Ta) improves the accuracy of
determination of the value of the sensible heat flux (H) and also provides a less
time consuming way of determining ET as compared to the method of using hot
and cold pixel, as generally known in the art.
Moreover, aerodynamic resistance (Rah) calculated for the SEBAL algorithm uses
10
iterative process according to the Monin-Obukhov Stability theory as generally
known in the art. This also contributes in making overall determination of ET
simple and less time taking and also in providing accurate results. The
aerodynamic resistance (Rah) is determined as given in the equation 16 below:
Rah = (ln((z2 – 0.7 zc)/0.026zc))2/(u2k2) …. (eq. 16)
15
where Rah is aerodynamic resistance, z2 is height of 10 metre above the
ground, zc is canopy height of desired crop, u2 is the wind speed at 10 metre
height above the ground, and ‘k’ is von Karmans's constant (i.e., 0.41)
In an implementation, the processing unit [104] receive, from the memory unit
[106], the average air temperature value (Ta), the atmospheric emissivity value
20
(𝜀a), the air density value (𝜌), and the specific heat of air value (Cp).
Also, the atmospheric emissivity value (𝜀a) is determined using an actual vapor
pressure value (ea), as given in the equation 17 below.
ε𝑎 = 0.52 + 0.065 × √𝑒𝑎 …. (eq. 17)
18. 18
The actual vapor pressure value (ea) can be determined using a saturated vapor
pressure value and a relative humidity value.
Also, the net radiation value (Rn), the sensible heat flux value (H), and the pixel
wise soil heat flux (G) are instantaneous values at the satellite’s transit point-in-
time. Therefore, the latent heat flux values are also instantaneous, and referred
5
to as the instantaneous evaporation value (λETi). The subsequent latent heat flux
values are acquired from satellite images. The instantaneous evaporation values
at the moment of satellite transit are obtained (in millimeter per day) as given in
the equation 18 below.
𝑅𝑛 − 𝐺 − 𝐻 = 𝝀𝐸𝑇𝑖 …. (eq. 18)
10
Further, the processing unit [104] determines an instantaneous evaporative
fraction value (Ʌ) based on the net radiation value (Rn), the soil heat flux value
(G), and the instantaneous evaporation value (λET
i
), as given in the equation 19
below.
Ʌ =
𝜆𝐸𝑇𝑖
𝑅𝑛−𝐺
…. (eq. 19)
15
Further, the processing unit [104] determines the evapotranspiration value of
crops for a pre-determined time period value. For example, the pre-determined
time period value can be 24 hours. For the pre-determined time period value of
24 hours, the evapotranspiration value of crops (ET24) is based on an averaged
net radiation value (Rn24) for the same pre-determined time period value, i.e., 24
20
hours, and a latent heat of vaporization value (λ). For a pre-determined time
period value of 24 hours, i.e., at daily time scales, ET24 (in millimeter per day) can
be determined as given in the equation 20 below.
𝐸𝑇24 =
86400
𝜆
Ʌ𝑅𝑛24 …. (eq. 20)
19. 19
Here, the Rn24 is the 24 hour averaged net radiation, and λ (in Joules per
kilogram) is the latent heat of vaporization value.
Referring to Figure 2, which illustrates exemplary flow chart of a method for
automatically determining evapotranspiration value of a desired crop, in
accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present invention. As shown,
5
the method starts at step 402 upon and goes to step 404. At step 204, the
method comprises receiving, by a processing unit [104] from a database [102], a
set of images comprising one or more images, and a set of data. The set of
images may comprise one or images acquired by a satellite. The satellite images
may be captured using at least two sensors namely the Operational Land Imager
10
(OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS). The OLI sensor has nine bands, i.e., 1st
band, 2nd band, 3rd band, 4th band, 5th band, 6th band, 7th band, 8th band, and 9th
band. The TIRS has two bands, i.e., 10th band and 11th band. The 10th band and
the 11th band are thermal bands. At a spatial resolution of 30 meters, the
satellite images may be obtained at specific intervals of time. Further, the
15
database [102] may be a publicly available database. For example, the database
can be a database of a geological survey website, etc.
Further, the set of data comprises a data related to atmospheric parameters
involved SEBAL algorithm such as air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed,
precipitation, solar insolation, vapor pressure. Also, the data may not be
20
complete and may also be inaccurate, which can lead to wrong determination of
evapotranspiration. Therefore, at step 206, the method comprises pre-
processing, by the processing unit [104], the set of data, in order to maintain
quality and data completeness. This pre-processing may involve statistical
techniques such as statistical forecasting which is a special technique of making
25
predictions for the future by using historical data as inputs and analyzing trends,
or using the already available data available at one or more publicly available
databases such as the National Solar Radiation Database, etc. The pre-processed
20. 20
data is stored by the processing unit [104] in the memory unit [106]. The
meteorological parameters such as an average air temperature (Ta), an
atmospheric emissivity value (𝜀a), an aerodynamic resistance value (Rah) are
determined based on using the statistical techniques such as statistical
forecasting.
5
Further, at step 208, the method comprises generating, by the processing unit
[104], a surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) model for the desired
crop. For example, the desired crop can be Sugarcane.
Further, at step 210, the method comprises determining, by the processing unit
[104], a net radiation value (Rn), a soil heat flux value (G), a sensible heat flux
10
value (H), and an instantaneous evaporation value (λETi) for one or more pixels of
the one or more images of the set of images. The net radiation value (Rn), the soil
heat flux value (G), and the sensible heat flux value (H) are based on the SEBAL
model for the desired crop. For example, the determination of the sensible heat
flux value (H) involves an aerodynamic resistance value which can be corrected
15
using the average sugarcane height.
In an implementation, the satellite images with a resolution of 30 meters, which
have cloud cover of less than 10% are received from the database [102]. Further,
in an implementation, the processing unit [104] retrieves from the memory unit
[106], a surface albedo value (as), an incoming shortwave radiation value (Rs), a
20
land surface temperature value (Ts), and a surface emissivity value (𝜀s). Then Rn
for each pixel is determined using surface albedo value (as), an incoming
shortwave radiation value (Rs), a land surface temperature value (Ts), and a
surface emissivity value (𝜀s), an average air temperature (Ta), an atmospheric
emissivity value (𝜀a), and a Stefan Boltzmann’s constant (𝜎). The atmospheric
25
emissivity value (𝜀a), and a Stefan Boltzmann’s constant (𝜎) are pre-stored in the
memory unit [106].
21. 21
In an implementation, the incoming shortwave radiation value (Rs) is determined
using a metadata file associated with the satellite images, which contains Sun
elevation angle value (𝛽) and an inverse squared relative distance between Earth
and Sun (dr), and the atmospheric transmissivity value (τ
sw
), as given in the
equation 1 above in this disclosure.
5
Also, in an implementation, the surface albedo value (as) is determined based on
a weighted albedo value (atoa), an incoming shortwave radiation flux value
(α𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ−𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒), and an atmospheric transmissivity value (τ
sw
), as given in the
equation 2 above in this disclosure. For determining the surface albedo value
(as), a band-specific reflectance using the reflectance rescaling factors from the
10
metadata file associated with the satellite images for specific OLI-bands, i.e., for
Bands 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. Also, the weighted albedo value (atoa) is further based
on a set of one or more top of atmosphere reflectance values, as given in the
equation 3 above in this disclosure, and the atmospheric transmissivity value
(τ
sw
) is further based on an elevation above mean sea level value (z), as given in
15
the equation 4 above in this disclosure.
Further, in an implementation, a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is
determined using band 4 and band 5 of the satellite sensors. The NDVI is further
used to determine the surface emissivity value (𝜀s). Further, a data of band 10 of
the satellite sensors is used to determine a brightness temperature (BT) which is
20
used with εs to determine the land surface temperature value (Ts).
First step involved in determining Ts is the radiometric correction, in which Top-
of-Atmosphere (ToA) spectral radiance is calculated using band specific
multiplicative and additive rescaling factors. The ToA spectral radiance is the
energy or radiation which has reflected from an object or a surface in addition to
25
radiation that has bounced back from clouds and neighbouring pixels as well. The
ToA spectral radiance can be determined by the equation 5 above.
22. 22
Also, ToA spectral reflectance, which is reflectance of whole Atmosphere-Earth
interaction can be determined based on equation 6 above.
Further, the brightness temperature is determined. The brightness temperature
can be defined as the temperature of a blackbody in a given spectral band, that
would produce same amount of radiation as a target object surface. For thermal
5
bands of the satellite, it can be determined based on the equation 7 above.
The surface emissivity value (εs) is the ability of the natural material to emit in
comparison to a blackbody at the equivalent thermodynamic temperature. εs
from the satellite can be retrieved using a semi-empirical, normalized difference
vegetation index (NDVI) based emissivity method (NBEM), as generally known in
10
the art, as given in equation 8 above. εs indicates the emissivity emanating from
different land surfaces which might be composed of heterogenous materials.
Therefore, it depends upon the structure of soil, its composition, amount of soil
moisture and organic content as well as green-cover characteristics. NDVI is a
standardized biophysical parameter which is used to quantify the health and
15
amount of vegetation growth in an area. NDVI is estimated using the near
infrared and visible red wavelengths that are reflected by the biomass or
vegetation. Value of NDVI lies between -1 to +1, with low NDVI values assigned
to water, barren land and built up and high positive values attributed to healthy
green vegetation.
20
Further, a fraction of vegetation cover (FVC or Pv) is determined based on
equation 9 above.
Also, due to heterogeneity of the land surface, different types of land surface
materials have varying values of NDVI. Therefore, the NDVI threshold values are
based on the LSE model, provided in equations 10, 11, 12, and 13 above.
25
23. 23
Further, using the determined 𝜀𝑖 values, a combined raster image is created
using conditional formatting, and one raster image having final surface emissivity
values εs as explained above in this disclosure.
Further, the land surface temperature is based on the equation 13 above.
Further, in an implementation, a pixel wise soil heat flux (G), which is the rate of
5
heat storage into the soil and vegetation due to conduction, is determined based
on the surface albedo value (as), the land surface temperature value (Ts),
normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and the net radiation value (Rn)
values as given in the equation 14 above in this disclosure.
In an implementation, the sensible heat flux (H) is determined using the air
10
density value (𝜌), a specific heat of air value (Cp), the average air temperature
value (Ta), the land surface temperature value (Ts), and an aerodynamic
resistance value (Rah) as given in the equation 6 above in this disclosure.
Pertinently, in equation 15, the determination of the temperature difference (Ts -
Ta) is based on the average air temperature (Ta), assuming that the air
15
temperature for the pixel-wise calculation remains constant. Pertinently, the air
temperature at each pixel is unknown but is an important parameter in
determination of H. The air temperature (Ta) at each pixel of image, i.e. at each
geographical location might vary. This may lead to varying temperature
difference between the land surface temperature Ts) and air temperature (Ta).
20
Thus, in order to find this temperature difference, the values of average air
temperature from the available monitoring locations is used. This determination
of the temperature difference (Ts - Ta) based on the average air temperature
(Ta) improves the accuracy of determination of the value of the sensible heat flux
(H) and also provides a less time consuming way of determining ET as compared
25
to the method of using hot and cold pixel, as generally known in the art.
24. 24
Moreover, aerodynamic resistance calculated for the SEBAL algorithm uses
iterative process according to the Monin-Obukhov Stability theory as generally
known in the art. This also contributes in making overall determination of ET
simple and less time taking and also in providing accurate results. The
aerodynamic resistance is determined as given in the equation 16 above.
5
In an implementation, the processing unit [104] receive, from the memory unit
[106], the average air temperature value (Ta), the atmospheric emissivity value
(𝜀a), the air density value (𝜌), and the specific heat of air value (Cp).
Also, the atmospheric emissivity value (𝜀a) is determined using an actual vapor
pressure value (ea), as given in the equation 17 above in this disclosure.
10
Also, the net radiation value (Rn), the sensible heat flux value (H), and the pixel
wise soil heat flux (G) are instantaneous values at the satellite’s transit point-in-
time. Therefore, the latent heat flux values are also instantaneous, and referred
to as the instantaneous evaporation value (λETi). The subsequent latent heat flux
values are acquired from satellite images. The instantaneous evaporation values
15
at the moment of satellite transit are obtained (in millimeter per day) as given in
the equation 18 above in this disclosure.
At step 212, the method comprises determining, by the processing unit [104], an
instantaneous evaporative fraction value (Ʌ) based on the net radiation value
(Rn), the soil heat flux value (G), and the instantaneous evaporation value (λETi),
20
as given in the equation 19 above in this disclosure.
Further, at step 214, the method comprises determining, by the processing unit
[104], the evapotranspiration value of crops for a pre-determined time period
value. For example, the pre-determined time period value can be 24 hours. For
the pre-determined time period value of 24 hours, the evapotranspiration value
25
of crops (ET24) is based on an averaged net radiation value (Rn24) for the same
25. 25
pre-determined time period value, i.e., 24 hours, and a latent heat of
vaporization value (λ). For a pre-determined time period value of 24 hours, i.e.,
at daily time scales, ET24 (in millimetre per day) can be determined as given in the
equation 20 above in this disclosure.
Thus, the present invention provides a novel solution for automatically
5
determining evapotranspiration of crops that is technically advanced over the
currently known solutions. By implementing the features as disclosed herein, one
can accurately determine ET during unavailability of satellite data under certain
weather conditions. Further, the features of the present disclosure also enable
one to obtain a method for automatically determining evapotranspiration of
10
crops that is more accurate and less time consuming.
While considerable emphasis has been placed herein on the preferred
embodiments, it will be appreciated that many embodiments can be made and
that many changes can be made in the preferred embodiments without
departing from the principles of the invention. These and other changes in the
15
preferred embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the
art from the disclosure herein, whereby it is to be distinctly understood that the
foregoing descriptive matter to be implemented merely as illustrative of the
invention and not as limitation.
20
26. 26
WE CLAIM:
1. A method for automatically determining evapotranspiration value of a
desired crop, the method comprising:
receiving, by a processing unit [104] from a database [102], a set of
images comprising one or more images, and a set of data;
5
pre-processing, by the processing unit [104], the set of data;
generating, by the processing unit [104], a surface energy balance
algorithm for land (SEBAL) model for the desired crop;
determining, by the processing unit [104], a net radiation value (Rn), a soil
heat flux value (G), a sensible heat flux value (H), and an instantaneous
10
evaporation value (λET
i
) for one or more pixels of the one or more images
of the set of images,
wherein the net radiation value (Rn), the soil heat flux value (G),
and the sensible heat flux value (H) are based on the SEBAL model for
the desired crop;
15
determining, by the processing unit [104], an instantaneous evaporative
fraction value (Ʌ) based on the net radiation value (Rn), the soil heat flux
value (G), and the instantaneous evaporation value (λET
i
);
determining, by the processing unit [104], the evapotranspiration value of
crops for a pre-determined time period value, wherein the
20
evapotranspiration value of crops for the pre-determined time period
value, is based on an averaged net radiation value for the pre-determined
time period value, and a latent heat of vaporization value (λ).
25
27. 27
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, the method comprising:
receiving, by the processing unit [104] from a memory unit [106], a
surface albedo value (as), an incoming shortwave radiation value (Rs), a
land surface temperature value (Ts), a surface emissivity value (𝜀s), an
average air temperature value (Ta), an atmospheric emissivity value (𝜀a),
5
an air density value (𝜌), and a specific heat of air value (Cp).
3. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the surface albedo value is
further based on a weighted albedo value (α toa), an incoming shortwave
radiation flux value (α𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ−𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒), and an atmospheric transmissivity
10
value (τ
sw
).
4. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the weighted albedo value
(αtoa) is further based on a set of one or more top of atmosphere
reflectance values.
15
5. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the atmospheric transmissivity
value (τ
sw
) is further based on an elevation above mean sea level value (z).
6. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the incoming shortwave
20
radiation value (Rs) is further based on a sun elevation angle value (𝛽), an
inverse squared relative earth-sun distance value (dr), and the
atmospheric transmissivity value (τ
sw
).
28. 28
7. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the atmospheric emissivity
value (𝜀a) is further based on an actual vapor pressure value (ea).
8. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the sensible heat flux value
(H) is based on the air density value (𝜌), a specific heat of air value (Cp),
5
the average air temperature value (Ta), the land surface temperature
value (Ts), and an aerodynamic resistance value (Rah).
9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the soil heat flux value (G) is
based on the surface albedo value (α s), the land surface temperature
10
value (Ts), a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the net
radiation value (Rn).
10. A system for automatically determining evapotranspiration value of a
desired crop, the system comprising:
15
a processing unit [104] configured to:
receive, from a database [102], a set of images comprising one or
more images, and a set of data;
pre-process the set of data;
generate a surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL)
20
model for the desired crop;
determine a net radiation value (Rn), a soil heat flux value (G), a
sensible heat flux value (H), and an instantaneous evaporation
value (λET
i
) for one or more pixels of the one or more images of
the set of images,
25
29. 29
wherein the net radiation value (Rn), the soil heat flux
value (G), and the sensible heat flux value (H) are based on the
SEBAL model for the desired crop;
determine an instantaneous evaporative fraction value (Ʌ) based
on the net radiation value (Rn), the soil heat flux value (G), and the
5
instantaneous evaporation value (λET
i
);
determine the evapotranspiration value of crops for a pre-
determined time period value, wherein the evapotranspiration
value of crops for the pre-determined time period value, is based
on an averaged net radiation value for the pre-determined time
10
period value, and a latent heat of vaporization value (λ).
11. The system as claimed in claim 10, wherein the processing unit [104] is
configured to:
15
receive, from a memory unit [106], a surface albedo value (as), an
incoming shortwave radiation value (Rs), a land surface
temperature value (Ts), a surface emissivity value (𝜀s), an average
air temperature value (Ta), an atmospheric emissivity value (𝜀a), an
air density value (𝜌), and a specific heat of air value (Cp).
20
12. The system as claimed in claim 11, wherein the surface albedo value (α s)
is further based on a weighted albedo value (α toa), an incoming
shortwave radiation flux value (α𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ−𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒), and an atmospheric
transmissivity value (τ
sw
).
25
30. 30
13. The system as claimed in claim 12, wherein the weighted albedo value
(atoa) is further based on a set of one or more top of atmosphere
reflectance values.
5
14. The system as claimed in claim 12, wherein the atmospheric
transmissivity value (τ
sw
) is further based on an elevation above mean sea
level value (z).
15. The system as claimed in claim 12, wherein the incoming shortwave
10
radiation value (Rs) is further based on a sun elevation angle value (𝛽), an
inverse squared relative earth-sun distance value (dr), and the
atmospheric transmissivity value (τ
sw
).
16. The system as claimed in claim 11, wherein the atmospheric emissivity
15
value (𝜀a) is further based on an actual vapor pressure value (ea).
17. The system as claimed in claim 11, wherein the sensible heat flux value
(H) is based on the air density value (𝜌), a specific heat of air value (Cp),
the average air temperature value (Ta), the land surface temperature
20
value (Ts), and an aerodynamic resistance value (Rah).
18. The system as claimed in claim 10, wherein the soil heat flux value (G) is
based on the surface albedo value (as), the land surface temperature
31. 31
value (Ts), a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the net
radiation value (Rn).
Dated this 24th day of April, 2023
(GARIMA SAHNEY)
IN/PA-1826
AGENT FOR THE APPLICANT[S]
32. 32
ABSTRACT
METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATICALLY DETERMINING
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF CROPS
The present disclosure relates to a method and system for automatically
determining evapotranspiration value of a desired crop. The method comprises:
5
receiving, by a processing unit [104] from a database [102], a set of images and a
set of data; pre-processing, by the processing unit, the set of data; analyzing, by
the processing unit [104], one or more pixels in images of the set of images;
generating, by the processing unit, surface energy balance algorithm for land
(SEBAL) model for desired crop; determining, by the processing unit, a net
10
radiation value (Rn), soil heat flux value (G), sensible heat flux value (H), and
instantaneous evaporation value (λETi); determining, by the processing unit,
instantaneous evaporative fraction value (Ʌ) based on net radiation value (Rn),
soil heat flux value (G), and instantaneous evaporation value (λETi); determining,
by the processing unit, evapotranspiration value of crops for a pre-determined
15
time period value.
[FIG. 2]
33. APPLICANT: ARMS 4 AI Private Limited NO. OF SHEETS: 2
INDIAN PATENT APPLICATION NO.: _____________ SHEET NO. 1/2
(GARIMA SAHNEY)
IN/PA-1826
AGENT FOR THE APPLICANT(S)
33
34. APPLICANT: ARMS 4 AI Private Limited NO. OF SHEETS: 2
INDIAN PATENT APPLICATION NO.: _____________ SHEET NO. 2/2
(GARIMA SAHNEY)
IN/PA-1826
AGENT FOR THE APPLICANT(S)
34