Estado da Arte na Segurança de Túneis - Roland Leucker

1. Estado da Arte na
Segurança de Túneis
State of the Art in Tunnel Safety
Dr.-Ing. Roland Leucker
Managing Director STUVA
Managing Director DAUB
Chairman ITA-COSUF

2. Safety in Road Tunnels
– taking Germany as an example
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 2
Traffic Longest Tunnels Road Status Length Width
 Rennsteigtunnel A 71 Operation 7.900 9,50
 Tunnel Königshainer Berge A 4 Operation 3.300 9,50
 Jagdbergtunnel A 4 Operation 3.070 13,00
 Elbtunnel 1.-3. Tube A 7 Operation 2.653 9,00
 Engelberg Basis Tunnel A 81 Operation 2.500 15,50
 Tunnel Hirschhagen A 44 Construction 9,50
Two-wayTraffic





Saukopftunnel Weinheim B 38A Operation 2.715 9,50
Michaelstunnel Baden-Baden B 500 Operation 2.700 9,50
Schwäbisch Gmünd B 29 Operation 2.230 9,50
Kramertunnel B 23 Construction 3.604 9,50
Kirchholztunnel B 21 Planning 2.950 9,50
4.100
One-wayTraffic

3. Reason for Retrofitting of Road Tunnels
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 3

4. Standards and Guidelines
 European Guideline 2004/54/EC
New and existing Road Tunnels
in TERN
 German Guideline on Operation
of Road Tunnels RABT 2006,
Update in 2017 (expected)
 Additional technical terms of
contract and guidelines for civil engineering
structures (ZTV-ING); Part 5 “Tunnelling”
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 4

5. 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
Time since start of fire [minutes]
Temperature[°C]
Hydro-Carbon (HC)
RWS (Rijkswaterstaat, NL)
Temperature-Time-Curves
Increased-HC (France)
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 5

6. Structural Fire-Safety
 Common measures: Concrete cover 6 cm
 Concrete using PP fibres to prevent spalling
Normal concrete Concrete using PP fibres
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 6Source: Friebel, Heimbecher, 44 Forschung + Praxis: STUVA-Conference 2011

7. Structural Fire-Safety
 Additional measures
for special tunnels
(e. g. under water)
 Prolongation fire curve
 Fire protection boards
 Fire protection plasters
Note: Visual inspection
of structure not
(or only partly) possible
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 7

8. Retrofitting of Road Tunnels in Germany
 Immediate action programme, 48 Tunnels
 10 Mio. €, 2003 – 2009
 e. g. Emergency Exit Signage
 Operational Retrofitting, 140 Tunnels
 500 Mio. €, 2003 – 2015
 e. g. Ventilation
 Structural Retrofitting, 80 Tunnels
 450 Mio. €, 2005 – 2015
 e. g. Construction of new Emergency Exits
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 8

9.   
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   
    
    
2)    
   
    
5)    
   
3)    
   
4)    
   
    
1)    
Emergency/Breakdown Lay-Bys
Reversing bays 1)
Cross-Passages in Tunnel
Emergency Exits
Emergency Walk-way
Drainage
Emergency Call Devices
Video Surveillance
Tunnel Radio System (Stuff)
PA Systems, Radio Messages
Manual Fire Alarm Button
Automatic fire detection devices
Hand fire extinguisher
Water supply line
Emergency Orientation Lighting
Structural
Measures
Communi-
cation
Devices
Fire
Detection
Fire Extin-
guishing
Emergency Exit Signage
Guiding Lighting
Safety Devices
 Standard  Special requirement 06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 9
Tunnel Length [m]
Safety devices
< 400
≥ 400
< 600
≥ 600
< 900
≥ 900
< 1800
≥ 1800
Source:RABT,tobepublishedin2017

10. L ≤ 400 m Natural ventilation
400 m < L
≤ 600 m
Longitudinal ventilation
600 m < L
≤ 1.200 m
Risk Analysis
a) Longitudinal ventilation
b) Smoke extraction via
one big duct in middle
of tunnel
(point extraction)
c) Smoke extraction via
controllable flaps and
exhaust air ducts
L > 1.200 m Smoke extraction via
controllable flaps and
exhaust air ducts
Ventilation in Case of Fire
Two-way traffic ()
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 10
Tunnel Length Type of Ventilation
Source:RABT,tobepublishedin2017

11. L ≤ 600 m Natural ventilation
600 m < L
≤ 3.000 m
Longitudinal ventilation
L > 3.000 m Longitudinal ventilation
with point extraction
every 2000 m
or
smoke extraction via
controllable flaps and
exhaust air ducts
L ≤ 400 m Natural ventilation
400 m < L
≤ 600 m
Longitudinal ventilation
600 m < L
≤ 1.200 m
Risk Analysis
a) Longitudinal ventilation
b) Smoke extraction via
one big duct in middle
of tunnel
(point extraction)
c) Smoke extraction via
controllable flaps and
exhaust air ducts
L > 1.200 m Smoke extraction via
controllable flaps and
exhaust air ducts
Ventilation in Case of Fire
Two-way traffic () One-way traffic ( )
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 11
Tunnel Length Type of Ventilation Tunnel Length Type of Ventilation
Source:RABT,tobepublishedin2017

12. Fixed Fire Fighting Systems (FFFS)
 are explicitly mentioned in RABT as additional
measures in tunnels with HRR ≥ 100 MW and
 Length ≥ 3.000 m (uni-directional traffic) or
 Length ≥ 1.200 m (bi-directional traffic)
 shall improve 3rd-party rescue, fire extinguishing
 protect structural components against high
temperatures
 protection goals are to be assessed (self-/3rd-party
rescue, building protection, availability etc.)
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 12

13. Evaluation based on Large
Scale Fire Tests (SOLIT2)
Impact of Water Mist FFFS on the Safety of
Users and on the Tunnel Structure
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 13

14. SOLIT2: Safety of Life in Tunnels 2
 Fixed Fire Suppression Systems in Tunnels
 Integration into a holistic tunnel safety system
 Compensation of other safety systems
(e. g. increase of efficiency of ventilation)
 Reduction of temperatures and heat release rate
 Big work package: large scale fire tests
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 14

15. South
„Upstream“
North
„Downstream“
120m
Test tunnel
TST (Spain)

16. False Ceiling
Exhaust Gas Tunnel
ThermoWall
7.25
5.20
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 16

17. 7.25
5.20
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 17

18. Test setup
Fire Load
Target
Pump
North
South
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 18

19. Pool fires (Diesel)
 HHR: 100 MW
 Longitudinal Ventilation 3 m/s
 Semi-transversal
ventilation 120 m³/s
 Water Mist, Nozzle 5.0 m
above Road Surface
5.0
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 19

20. Heat Release Rate 100 MW Fire
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0:00 0:01 0:02 0:03 0:04 0:05 0:06 0:07 0:08 0:09 0:10
Time [h:mm]
HRR[MW]
Activation
45 45
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 20

21. Temperatures 100 MW with FFFS
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0:00 0:01 0:02 0:03 0:04 0:05 0:06 0:07 0:08 0:09 0:10
Time [h:min]
Temperature[°C]
HCinc-Curve
D007, H=5.20 m
D015, H=5.00 m
D045, H=5.00 m
5,0
40102
Activation
5.0
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 21

22. Temperature Distribution inside Structural
Concrete
4cm
3cm
2cm
1cm
0,2cm
5cm
TE01
TE02
TE03
TE04
TE05
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 22

23. Temperature Distribution inside Structural
Concrete
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 23

24. Temperature Distribution inside Structural
Concrete
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 24

25. Temperatures 100 MW with FFFS
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0:00 0:01 0:02 0:03 0:04 0:05 0:06 0:07 0:08 0:09 0:10
Time [h:min]
Temperature[°C]
D007, H=5.20 m
concrete cover 0.2 cm
concrete cover 4.0 cm
5,0
Activation
2
HCinc-Curve
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 25

26.  trucks (with and
w/o PVC-tarpaulin)
 fire load: 408 wooden palettes (9 t)
(B=2.4 m, L=10.0 m, H=2.5 m)
 Socket 1.5 m => top 4.0 m
Truck Loads
2.4
2.51.5

27. Solid Fire Load 100 MW
 „normal“ start delay
(4 Min.)
 semi transv. vent. 120 m³/s
 „delayed“ activation of
water mist (12 Min.)
 w/o semi transversal vent.
 HRR 100 MW
 Longitudinal ventilation 3 m/s
 Height Fire Load: 4.0 m,
with PVC-tarpaulin
 with water mist, nozzle 5.0 m above
road surface
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 27

28. 0
200
400
600
800
1.000
1.200
0:00 0:05 0:10 0:15 0:20 0:25 0:30 0:35 0:40
Test duration [h:min]
Temperatur[°C]
Temperatures (10 m behind fire load)
5,0
10
5,0
100MW,12min.delay
100MW,4min.delay
Activationofwatermist
Activation
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 28

29. 0
200
400
600
800
1.000
1.200
0:00 0:05 0:10 0:15 0:20 0:25 0:30 0:35 0:40
Test duration [h:min]
Temperature[°C]
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
HeatReleaseRate[MW]
Heat Release Rate (HRR)
100 MW
Activationofwatermist
Activation
100 MW, 12 min. delay
100 MW, 4 min. delay
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 29

30. 5.2
2.5
Temperatures
0
200
400
600
800
1.000
1.200
0:00 0:05 0:10 0:15 0:20 0:25 0:30 0:35 0:40
Test duration [h:min]
Temperature[°C]
H=5.20 m
Concrete Cover 0.2 cm
Concrete Cover 4.0 cm
Activationofwatermist
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 30

31. 5.2
2.5
Temperatures
0
200
400
600
800
1.000
1.200
0:00 0:05 0:10 0:15 0:20 0:25 0:30 0:35 0:40
Test duration [h:min]
Temperature[°C]
H=5.20 m
Concrete Cover
0.2 cm
Concrete Cover 4.0 cm
Activation
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 31

32. Thermal Image of Concrete Surface
 Heating up of Concrete
only in the immediate Fire Zone 06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 32

33. Undamaged Target
(4 min delay of activation)
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 33

34. Target is not burned during test
(12 min delay of activation)
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 34

35. Heat Release Rate
Time [h:mm]
HRR[MW]
Activation HRRmeasured
HRRsuppressed
HRRconv+rad
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 35

36. -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Centre Tunnel [m]
SprayDensity[l/m²/min]
0 m/s 3 m/s 5 m/s
Distribution of Watermist
Installation of Watermist over 60 m
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 36

37.  Early intervention prevents development of fire
 small fires are not so dangerous for persons
 small fires have less economic consequences
 dimensioning for 100, 200 or even 300 MW fires
may not be necessary
 Fire is „encapsulated“
 spread of fire between objects (vehicles) is prevented
 reduced heat radiation, third-party rescue is supported
 Potential for compensation of conventional
measures (ventilation, passive protection)
Effects of water mist systems
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 37

38. Safety in Metro Tunnels
– taking Germany as an example
Case Studies of
Cologne North-South Line and
Karlsruhe combined Solution 06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 38
Source:HOCHBAHNHamburg

39. Regulations require safe design
of transport structures
 Tram construction and operation regulation
(BOStrab)
 tunneling guideline
 TR Strab Tunneling
guideline
 fire safety,
 electrical installations
 Avoid generation and spread of fires
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 39

40.  “An Engineering Methodology
for Performance-Based Fire
Safety Design of Underground
Rail Systems”
 Prepared by ITA-COSUF
Activity Group 2 on
“Regulations, Guidelines and
Best Practice”
ITA-COSUF Guideline
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 40

41. Protection goals for self and
third-party rescue
 Sufficiently thick low-density smoke layer;
tolerable temperatures and
concentrations of pollutants
 Securing temporary low-
density smoke escape routes
 Adequate dimensioning of
escape routes
 Support of emergency services with suitable aids
and constraints
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 41

42. Verification of protection goals
 Fire simulation using (CFD) field-model, e. g. KOBRA 3D
 Determination of evacuation time according to NFPA 130
and research project “Emergency Scenarios”
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 42

43. Verification of protection goals
 Comparison of smoke accumulation
vs. evacuation time
 evacuation time < smoke accumulation
 if not, measures have to be taken
 Setup of individual holistic fire safety concepts
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 43

44. Protection of stairways
 Fire protection vs.
architectural open design
 Stairs preferably closed
 Compromise, e. g. fire
protection glazing or
mobile smoke curtains
 Combination of different
safety measures
smoke curtains glazing
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 44

45. Wall and ceiling cladding
 F30 dowel and non-
combustible materials
 Fire protection design (hot
dimensioning) of sub-
structure according
to EC3 for 30 minutes
 Small-format design
(of panels)
 Expansion joints
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 45

46. Separation of fire sections:
Meeting room
 Access via
open
intermediate
level
 Glazing
towards
platform
 Joint escape
routes
F90-glazing
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 46

47. Smoke extraction
 Combustion gases to be
extracted separately
(Separated from persons)
 Normally ducts using
thermal lift are sufficient
 In special cases: mechanical
smoke extraction is needed
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 47

48. Fire detection
 Aspirating smoke detectors for
platform areas
 Point type smoke detector
equipment rooms
 Two message dependency
 Manual call point at passage to
public area
 Surveillance of elevator entrance
area for evacuation shuttle
operation
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 48

49. Point type smoke detectors for surveillance
of elevator entrance area
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 49

50. Guiding of people
 Escape and
rescue plan
 Emergency signs
 Dynamic floor
guiding system
 Voice alarm system
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 50

51. Evacuation of the station
 Complete evacuation in case
of alarm in public area
 Partial evacuation in case
of alarm in technical area
 Maintaining train operation
due to separation of areas
in terms of fire protection
 Coordination between fire
brigade and transport
company
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 51

52. Fire brigade information center
 First port of call for the fire
service
 Display/control panel of the
fire alarm system
 Microphone for PA-system
 Key depot
 Fire brigade response plans
and routing cards
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 52

53. Extinguishing water tapping points
 In stations in staircase area
 In tunnels every 50 m or 80 m
 B connector with
B/C interface
 Labeling and flash
 Water supply line;
Cologne: dry,
Karlsruhe: wet
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 53

54. Current drain (power supply unit)
 Supply of rescue
equipment
 In tunnels, every 50 m
 230 V two-pin earthed
socket
 400 V three-phase CEE
socket
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 54

55. Other Safety precautions in tunnels
 Safety areas
 flat, no trip
hazards
 Emergency
walkway,
at least
0.7 m x 2.0 m
(0.45 m to
squeeze through)
0.7 m
x
2.0 m
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 55

56. Other Safety precautions in tunnels
 Emergency
lighting at least
1 Lux, positioned
as low as possible
 transport aid,
railbound, for man
and machine
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 56

57. Other Safety precautions in tunnels
 Emergency signs
 Long luminescent green
along the tunnel
 Every 25 m with distance
indication to safe area
 Backlit blue at emergency
exit
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 57

58. Tunnel access signage
 Determination of position of
damaged trains
 via radio message of the driver
 track circuit occupancy/axle
counters
 No thermal sensors,
preventing false alarms due to
braking resistors on roof of
vehicle
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 58

59. Tunnel access signage
 Alphabetical listing of every tunnel section provides
unique description for firefighters
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 59

60. Summary
 Primary Protection goal: self and third-party rescue
 Sufficiently thick low-smoke layer
 Fire protection vs. architectural design
 Solutions for Metro Stations:
 Fire protection glazing, mobile smoke curtains, guiding of
people
 Support of fire brigade: information center, tapping
points, current drain, transport aid, …
 Secondary Protection goal: protection of structure
06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 60

61. 06./07.12.2016, São Paulo, No. 61
Thank you very much
for your attention!