The Essential Commodities Act was passed in 1955 to prevent hoarding and black marketing of food items. It gives the central government power to regulate the production, supply, and distribution of essential commodities. The act defines essential commodities as those specified in a schedule, which can be amended by the government. It allows for price control, licensing of trades, and seizure of commodities in cases of non-compliance. Violations are punishable with imprisonment and fines, with higher penalties for repeat offenses. The act aims to ensure fair prices and equitable distribution of essential goods.
This document summarizes the key points of The Essential Commodities Act, 1955 in India. The act provides for the control of the production, supply, and distribution of certain commodities deemed essential. It gives the Central Government the power to regulate or prohibit the production, supply, and distribution of essential commodities to maintain adequate supplies, ensure equitable distribution, and control prices. The act defines essential commodities and provides details on the powers of the Central Government to issue orders to control essential commodities, including orders related to production, pricing, licensing, and requisitioning supplies from producers. It also covers payment for requisitioned supplies and the establishment of authorized controllers. State amendments to the act are also noted.
The Seeds Act of 1966 was enacted by the Government of India to regulate the quality of seeds during production and marketing. Some key aspects of the Act include:
- Establishing committees and agencies at central and state levels to oversee certification of seed varieties and testing.
- Granting powers to notify specific seed varieties and set minimum standards for germination and purity.
- Requiring labeling of certified seed packages and allowing for inspection and testing of seeds.
- Providing for appeals process and penalties for non-compliance with the Act.
The Act aims to promote quality control of seeds and provides the framework for regulation of the seed industry in India.
The Seeds Act of 1966 was enacted by the Government of India to regulate the quality of seeds during production and marketing. Some key aspects of the Act include establishing a Central Seed Committee, allowing for certain seed varieties to be notified for regulation, setting minimum standards for seed certification, and making seed labeling compulsory. The Act provides for various authorities like seed inspectors, seed analysts, certification agencies, and appellate bodies to facilitate its implementation and ensure compliance. It also outlines penalties for offenses committed under the Act.
This document outlines the Black-marketing and Some Other Social Offenses and Punishment Act of 2032 (1975) in Nepal. The key points are:
1. The act aims to control black-marketing, profiteering, adulteration and other social offenses to protect public health, convenience and economics.
2. It defines various offenses like black-marketing, profiteering, deflection of goods, hoarding, artificial shortage, misrepresentation and adulteration of medicines.
3. Punishments for offenses include fines, imprisonment up to 10 years, or life imprisonment in some cases of medicine adulteration. The act also describes procedures for filing cases and adjudicating authorities.
The Plantations Labour Act of 1951 aimed to regulate conditions of work in plantations and provide for worker welfare in India. Some key points:
1) It applied initially to tea, coffee, rubber and cinchona plantations but states could extend it to other crops.
2) It provided for inspectors to ensure compliance and certifying surgeons for worker medical examinations.
3) Provisions addressed health, sanitation, medical facilities, canteens, creches, housing and other welfare measures for plantation workers.
4) It regulated work hours and holidays, prohibited night work for some, and banned employment of young children.
The document provides an overview of the Factories Act of 1948 in India. Some key points:
- The act aims to ensure safety measures and promote health/welfare of factory workers.
- It applies to manufacturing establishments with 10+ workers using power or 20+ without power.
- States have powers to enforce the act through inspectors, certifying surgeons, and welfare/safety officers.
- The act establishes standards for facilities, hygiene, ventilation, lighting, drinking water etc. It also regulates working hours, overtime pay, and restricts employment of women and children.
The document summarizes key sections of the Factories Act of 1948 in India. It defines important terms like adult, adolescent, child, factory, occupier, and manufacturing process. It outlines general duties of the occupier to ensure worker health and safety. It also describes duties of manufacturers regarding designing and testing articles used in factories to minimize health and safety risks to workers.
This document outlines the Plantations Labour Act of 1951 in India. Some key points:
- It aims to regulate conditions of work and provide welfare for plantation laborers.
- It applies initially to tea, coffee, rubber and cinchona plantations employing 30+ people. States can extend it to other crops.
- It establishes roles like inspectors to examine plantations and ensure compliance with the act.
- It mandates facilities like drinking water, sanitation, medical aid, canteens, creches and housing to be provided for workers.
- It limits work hours to 54 per week for adults and 40 for adolescents/children, and provides for holidays and rest intervals.
This document summarizes the key points of The Essential Commodities Act, 1955 in India. The act provides for the control of the production, supply, and distribution of certain commodities deemed essential. It gives the Central Government the power to regulate or prohibit the production, supply, and distribution of essential commodities to maintain adequate supplies, ensure equitable distribution, and control prices. The act defines essential commodities and provides details on the powers of the Central Government to issue orders to control essential commodities, including orders related to production, pricing, licensing, and requisitioning supplies from producers. It also covers payment for requisitioned supplies and the establishment of authorized controllers. State amendments to the act are also noted.
The Seeds Act of 1966 was enacted by the Government of India to regulate the quality of seeds during production and marketing. Some key aspects of the Act include:
- Establishing committees and agencies at central and state levels to oversee certification of seed varieties and testing.
- Granting powers to notify specific seed varieties and set minimum standards for germination and purity.
- Requiring labeling of certified seed packages and allowing for inspection and testing of seeds.
- Providing for appeals process and penalties for non-compliance with the Act.
The Act aims to promote quality control of seeds and provides the framework for regulation of the seed industry in India.
The Seeds Act of 1966 was enacted by the Government of India to regulate the quality of seeds during production and marketing. Some key aspects of the Act include establishing a Central Seed Committee, allowing for certain seed varieties to be notified for regulation, setting minimum standards for seed certification, and making seed labeling compulsory. The Act provides for various authorities like seed inspectors, seed analysts, certification agencies, and appellate bodies to facilitate its implementation and ensure compliance. It also outlines penalties for offenses committed under the Act.
This document outlines the Black-marketing and Some Other Social Offenses and Punishment Act of 2032 (1975) in Nepal. The key points are:
1. The act aims to control black-marketing, profiteering, adulteration and other social offenses to protect public health, convenience and economics.
2. It defines various offenses like black-marketing, profiteering, deflection of goods, hoarding, artificial shortage, misrepresentation and adulteration of medicines.
3. Punishments for offenses include fines, imprisonment up to 10 years, or life imprisonment in some cases of medicine adulteration. The act also describes procedures for filing cases and adjudicating authorities.
The Plantations Labour Act of 1951 aimed to regulate conditions of work in plantations and provide for worker welfare in India. Some key points:
1) It applied initially to tea, coffee, rubber and cinchona plantations but states could extend it to other crops.
2) It provided for inspectors to ensure compliance and certifying surgeons for worker medical examinations.
3) Provisions addressed health, sanitation, medical facilities, canteens, creches, housing and other welfare measures for plantation workers.
4) It regulated work hours and holidays, prohibited night work for some, and banned employment of young children.
The document provides an overview of the Factories Act of 1948 in India. Some key points:
- The act aims to ensure safety measures and promote health/welfare of factory workers.
- It applies to manufacturing establishments with 10+ workers using power or 20+ without power.
- States have powers to enforce the act through inspectors, certifying surgeons, and welfare/safety officers.
- The act establishes standards for facilities, hygiene, ventilation, lighting, drinking water etc. It also regulates working hours, overtime pay, and restricts employment of women and children.
The document summarizes key sections of the Factories Act of 1948 in India. It defines important terms like adult, adolescent, child, factory, occupier, and manufacturing process. It outlines general duties of the occupier to ensure worker health and safety. It also describes duties of manufacturers regarding designing and testing articles used in factories to minimize health and safety risks to workers.
This document outlines the Plantations Labour Act of 1951 in India. Some key points:
- It aims to regulate conditions of work and provide welfare for plantation laborers.
- It applies initially to tea, coffee, rubber and cinchona plantations employing 30+ people. States can extend it to other crops.
- It establishes roles like inspectors to examine plantations and ensure compliance with the act.
- It mandates facilities like drinking water, sanitation, medical aid, canteens, creches and housing to be provided for workers.
- It limits work hours to 54 per week for adults and 40 for adolescents/children, and provides for holidays and rest intervals.
This document outlines the Plantations Labour Act of 1951 in India. Some key points:
- It aims to regulate conditions of work and provide welfare for plantation laborers.
- It applies initially to tea, coffee, rubber and cinchona plantations employing 30+ people, and can be extended to other crops.
- It establishes requirements for things like drinking water, sanitation, medical facilities, canteens, creches, housing and more.
- It limits the work week to 54 hours for adults and 40 hours for adolescents/children, and provides for holidays and intervals of rest.
- It prohibits employment of children under 12 and restricts night work for women and children. Medical certification
This document outlines The Lakshadweep Animal Preservation Regulation, 2021 which was promulgated by the President of India. The key points are:
1) The regulation aims to provide for the preservation of animals suitable for milch, breeding or agricultural purposes in Lakshadweep.
2) It prohibits the slaughter of certain animals like cows, calves, and bulls without obtaining a certificate from the competent authority.
3) The transportation or sale of beef or beef products is also prohibited.
4) Severe penalties including imprisonment up to life are prescribed for violations of the regulations.
The Farmers' Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act, 2020 aims to create an ecosystem where farmers have freedom of choice in sale and purchase of produce. It facilitates inter-state and intra-state trade of farmers' produce outside government-regulated markets. The Act defines key terms, provides for electronic trading platforms, prohibits certain fees for trade in designated areas, and establishes dispute resolution mechanisms. It also outlines penalties for non-compliance and provides the Central Government with powers to issue directions and remove difficulties in implementing the Act.
- The document discusses The Essential Commodities Act, 1955 which aims to ensure easy availability and affordability of essential commodities for consumers in India by controlling their production, supply, and distribution.
- It lists seven essential commodities currently scheduled under the Act: drugs, fertilizers, foodstuffs, hank yarn, petroleum products, raw jute, and seeds.
- The Act delegates powers to state governments to issue control orders regulating aspects of trading these commodities and empowers authorities to inspect supplies, seize items, and prosecute violators.
The document discusses the statutory agencies and their powers for enforcing the Factories Act of 1948 in India. The main statutory agency is the State Government, which is responsible for administering the Act and its provisions using the powers vested in it. These powers include:
- Referencing time of day for factories in areas not observing standard time
- Declaring different departments as separate factories or combining multiple factories
- Exempting factories from provisions during public emergencies
- Making rules regarding factory approval, licensing, and registration
The State Government appoints inspectors like the Chief Inspector to enforce the Act. Inspectors have investigation and enforcement powers like examining premises, seizing documents, and requiring production of registers.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act of 1954 in India. The Act was passed to prevent adulteration of food and establishes definitions of adulterated food. It outlines the roles and powers of central and state food standards committees, public analysts, and food inspectors to analyze foods, inspect premises, seize adulterated foods, and take actions to prohibit sale of adulterated foods in the interest of public health.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act of 1954 in India. The Act was passed to prevent adulteration of food and establishes definitions of adulterated food. It outlines the roles and powers of central and state food standards committees, public analysts, and food inspectors to analyze foods, inspect premises, seize adulterated foods or documents, and take actions to prohibit sale of adulterated foods. The Act provides a legal framework to regulate food quality and safety in India.
The beedi and cigar workers (conditions of employment) amendment act, 1993UllalNews
ಬೀಡಿ ಉಧ್ಯಮವನ್ನೇ ನಂಬಿರುವ ಸಂಸಾರಗಳು ಬೀದಿ ಪಾಲಾಗುವ ಸಾಧ್ಯತೆ ಇದೆ. ಆದಷ್ಟು ಬೇಗ ಸರಕಾರಕ್ಕೆ ಹತ್ತಿರ ಇರುವ ಜನರ ಸೇವಕ ಶಾಸನ ಸಭೆಗೆ ಆಯ್ಕೆ ಆದ ಜನಪ್ರತಿನಿದಿಗಳು ಕೂಡಲೇ ಸ್ಪಂದಿಸಬೇಕಾಗಿದೆ
This document is the Weekly Holidays Act of 1942 which provides for granting weekly holidays to employees in shops, restaurants, and theaters in India. Some key points:
- It requires all shops to remain closed one day per week as specified by the shopkeeper. The day cannot be changed more than once every 3 months.
- It provides that every employee, other than those in confidential or managerial roles, shall be allowed a full day holiday each week.
- State governments can require additional afternoon closings or half-day holidays for certain shops, restaurants, or theaters.
- No wages can be deducted for holidays allowed under the Act. Inspectors can enforce the Act and penalties are
The proposed GIPSA rule aims to define unfair practices under the Packers and Stockyards Act. It proposes that practices can violate the Act without harming competition, including unjustified contract breaches, retaliatory actions, and limiting producers' legal rights. However, Congress placed restrictions on the rule's implementation through appropriations riders, preventing funds from being used to finalize or enforce certain proposed provisions. The document discusses these congressional restrictions and their implications for the future of the livestock and poultry industries.
This document is the Weekly Holidays Act of 1942 which provides for granting weekly holidays to employees in shops, restaurants, and theaters in India. Some key points:
- It requires all shops to remain closed one day per week as specified by the shop owner. This day cannot be changed more than once every 3 months.
- It entitles all non-managerial employees in shops, restaurants, and theaters to one paid holiday per week.
- It allows state governments to require additional afternoon closings or half-day holidays for certain establishments.
- No wages can be deducted if an establishment closes on its weekly holiday. Inspectors can enforce the law and penalties apply for violations
The document summarizes key aspects of The Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Act, 2020 in India. It received presidential assent on September 24, 2020 and aims to empower and protect farmers by allowing them to engage in contracts with agribusiness firms for farm services and future crop sales. Key points covered include definitions, provisions regarding farming agreements including minimum/maximum periods, price determination, quality standards, exemptions, and prohibitions on sponsors acquiring ownership rights to farmer land or premises.
ARREST AND PROSECUTION under custom.pptxMohit Singhal
1. The document discusses arrest and prosecution under the Customs Act of 1962 in India. [2] It outlines the sections of the Act that allow for arrest (104) and the offenses for which a person can be arrested, such as smuggling or evading customs duties. [3] It also discusses the procedures that must be followed for a valid arrest, such as informing the person of the grounds for arrest and bringing them promptly before a magistrate.
The Payment of Wages Act, 1936 outlines regulations for timely payment of wages to workers in India. Some key points:
- It applies to workers in factories, railways, and other specified industries.
- Employers are responsible for paying all wages required by the Act to their employees. In some cases, managers or supervisors may also be responsible.
- Wage periods cannot exceed one month. Wages must be paid within 7-10 days of the last day of the wage period.
- Employers must maintain registers and records of employees, work performed, wages paid, and deductions made for 3 years.
- Inspectors can investigate compliance and require production of records. Pen
The Consumer Protection Act of 1986 established consumer protection councils and authorities at the central and state levels to protect consumer interests and settle consumer disputes. Key aspects of the act include:
1) Establishing the Central Consumer Protection Council and State Consumer Protection Councils to promote and protect consumer rights related to product quality and safety, transparency, competitive prices, redressal mechanisms, and consumer education.
2) Establishing three-tier quasi-judicial consumer dispute redressal mechanisms - District Forums, State Commissions, and the National Commission - to provide simple and inexpensive redressal of consumer grievances.
3) Defining terms related to consumers, goods and services, defects, deficiencies, complaints, unfair
The bhopal gas leak disaster(processing of claims) act, 1985Leo Lukose
This document is the Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster (Processing of Claims) Act of 1985 passed by the Indian Parliament. It grants powers to the central government to represent all claimants affected by the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy in legal proceedings to ensure claims are addressed effectively and equitably. Key aspects include the central government exclusively representing over 200,000 claimants, framing a scheme to register and process claims, and establishing a commissioner role to administer the scheme and provide assistance to victims.
The bhopal gas leak disaster(processing of claims) act, 1985Leo Lukose
This document is the Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster (Processing of Claims) Act of 1985 passed by the Indian Parliament. It grants powers to the central government to represent all claimants affected by the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy in legal proceedings to ensure claims are addressed effectively and equitably. Key aspects include appointing a commissioner to oversee claims, allowing claimants legal representation, and framing a scheme for registering, processing and disbursing funds to claimants through a dedicated fund.
This document outlines the Plantations Labour Act of 1951 in India. Some key points:
- It aims to regulate conditions of work and provide welfare for plantation laborers.
- It applies initially to tea, coffee, rubber and cinchona plantations employing 30+ people, and can be extended to other crops.
- It establishes requirements for things like drinking water, sanitation, medical facilities, canteens, creches, housing and more.
- It limits the work week to 54 hours for adults and 40 hours for adolescents/children, and provides for holidays and intervals of rest.
- It prohibits employment of children under 12 and restricts night work for women and children. Medical certification
This document outlines The Lakshadweep Animal Preservation Regulation, 2021 which was promulgated by the President of India. The key points are:
1) The regulation aims to provide for the preservation of animals suitable for milch, breeding or agricultural purposes in Lakshadweep.
2) It prohibits the slaughter of certain animals like cows, calves, and bulls without obtaining a certificate from the competent authority.
3) The transportation or sale of beef or beef products is also prohibited.
4) Severe penalties including imprisonment up to life are prescribed for violations of the regulations.
The Farmers' Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act, 2020 aims to create an ecosystem where farmers have freedom of choice in sale and purchase of produce. It facilitates inter-state and intra-state trade of farmers' produce outside government-regulated markets. The Act defines key terms, provides for electronic trading platforms, prohibits certain fees for trade in designated areas, and establishes dispute resolution mechanisms. It also outlines penalties for non-compliance and provides the Central Government with powers to issue directions and remove difficulties in implementing the Act.
- The document discusses The Essential Commodities Act, 1955 which aims to ensure easy availability and affordability of essential commodities for consumers in India by controlling their production, supply, and distribution.
- It lists seven essential commodities currently scheduled under the Act: drugs, fertilizers, foodstuffs, hank yarn, petroleum products, raw jute, and seeds.
- The Act delegates powers to state governments to issue control orders regulating aspects of trading these commodities and empowers authorities to inspect supplies, seize items, and prosecute violators.
The document discusses the statutory agencies and their powers for enforcing the Factories Act of 1948 in India. The main statutory agency is the State Government, which is responsible for administering the Act and its provisions using the powers vested in it. These powers include:
- Referencing time of day for factories in areas not observing standard time
- Declaring different departments as separate factories or combining multiple factories
- Exempting factories from provisions during public emergencies
- Making rules regarding factory approval, licensing, and registration
The State Government appoints inspectors like the Chief Inspector to enforce the Act. Inspectors have investigation and enforcement powers like examining premises, seizing documents, and requiring production of registers.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act of 1954 in India. The Act was passed to prevent adulteration of food and establishes definitions of adulterated food. It outlines the roles and powers of central and state food standards committees, public analysts, and food inspectors to analyze foods, inspect premises, seize adulterated foods, and take actions to prohibit sale of adulterated foods in the interest of public health.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act of 1954 in India. The Act was passed to prevent adulteration of food and establishes definitions of adulterated food. It outlines the roles and powers of central and state food standards committees, public analysts, and food inspectors to analyze foods, inspect premises, seize adulterated foods or documents, and take actions to prohibit sale of adulterated foods. The Act provides a legal framework to regulate food quality and safety in India.
The beedi and cigar workers (conditions of employment) amendment act, 1993UllalNews
ಬೀಡಿ ಉಧ್ಯಮವನ್ನೇ ನಂಬಿರುವ ಸಂಸಾರಗಳು ಬೀದಿ ಪಾಲಾಗುವ ಸಾಧ್ಯತೆ ಇದೆ. ಆದಷ್ಟು ಬೇಗ ಸರಕಾರಕ್ಕೆ ಹತ್ತಿರ ಇರುವ ಜನರ ಸೇವಕ ಶಾಸನ ಸಭೆಗೆ ಆಯ್ಕೆ ಆದ ಜನಪ್ರತಿನಿದಿಗಳು ಕೂಡಲೇ ಸ್ಪಂದಿಸಬೇಕಾಗಿದೆ
This document is the Weekly Holidays Act of 1942 which provides for granting weekly holidays to employees in shops, restaurants, and theaters in India. Some key points:
- It requires all shops to remain closed one day per week as specified by the shopkeeper. The day cannot be changed more than once every 3 months.
- It provides that every employee, other than those in confidential or managerial roles, shall be allowed a full day holiday each week.
- State governments can require additional afternoon closings or half-day holidays for certain shops, restaurants, or theaters.
- No wages can be deducted for holidays allowed under the Act. Inspectors can enforce the Act and penalties are
The proposed GIPSA rule aims to define unfair practices under the Packers and Stockyards Act. It proposes that practices can violate the Act without harming competition, including unjustified contract breaches, retaliatory actions, and limiting producers' legal rights. However, Congress placed restrictions on the rule's implementation through appropriations riders, preventing funds from being used to finalize or enforce certain proposed provisions. The document discusses these congressional restrictions and their implications for the future of the livestock and poultry industries.
This document is the Weekly Holidays Act of 1942 which provides for granting weekly holidays to employees in shops, restaurants, and theaters in India. Some key points:
- It requires all shops to remain closed one day per week as specified by the shop owner. This day cannot be changed more than once every 3 months.
- It entitles all non-managerial employees in shops, restaurants, and theaters to one paid holiday per week.
- It allows state governments to require additional afternoon closings or half-day holidays for certain establishments.
- No wages can be deducted if an establishment closes on its weekly holiday. Inspectors can enforce the law and penalties apply for violations
The document summarizes key aspects of The Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Act, 2020 in India. It received presidential assent on September 24, 2020 and aims to empower and protect farmers by allowing them to engage in contracts with agribusiness firms for farm services and future crop sales. Key points covered include definitions, provisions regarding farming agreements including minimum/maximum periods, price determination, quality standards, exemptions, and prohibitions on sponsors acquiring ownership rights to farmer land or premises.
ARREST AND PROSECUTION under custom.pptxMohit Singhal
1. The document discusses arrest and prosecution under the Customs Act of 1962 in India. [2] It outlines the sections of the Act that allow for arrest (104) and the offenses for which a person can be arrested, such as smuggling or evading customs duties. [3] It also discusses the procedures that must be followed for a valid arrest, such as informing the person of the grounds for arrest and bringing them promptly before a magistrate.
The Payment of Wages Act, 1936 outlines regulations for timely payment of wages to workers in India. Some key points:
- It applies to workers in factories, railways, and other specified industries.
- Employers are responsible for paying all wages required by the Act to their employees. In some cases, managers or supervisors may also be responsible.
- Wage periods cannot exceed one month. Wages must be paid within 7-10 days of the last day of the wage period.
- Employers must maintain registers and records of employees, work performed, wages paid, and deductions made for 3 years.
- Inspectors can investigate compliance and require production of records. Pen
The Consumer Protection Act of 1986 established consumer protection councils and authorities at the central and state levels to protect consumer interests and settle consumer disputes. Key aspects of the act include:
1) Establishing the Central Consumer Protection Council and State Consumer Protection Councils to promote and protect consumer rights related to product quality and safety, transparency, competitive prices, redressal mechanisms, and consumer education.
2) Establishing three-tier quasi-judicial consumer dispute redressal mechanisms - District Forums, State Commissions, and the National Commission - to provide simple and inexpensive redressal of consumer grievances.
3) Defining terms related to consumers, goods and services, defects, deficiencies, complaints, unfair
The bhopal gas leak disaster(processing of claims) act, 1985Leo Lukose
This document is the Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster (Processing of Claims) Act of 1985 passed by the Indian Parliament. It grants powers to the central government to represent all claimants affected by the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy in legal proceedings to ensure claims are addressed effectively and equitably. Key aspects include the central government exclusively representing over 200,000 claimants, framing a scheme to register and process claims, and establishing a commissioner role to administer the scheme and provide assistance to victims.
The bhopal gas leak disaster(processing of claims) act, 1985Leo Lukose
This document is the Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster (Processing of Claims) Act of 1985 passed by the Indian Parliament. It grants powers to the central government to represent all claimants affected by the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy in legal proceedings to ensure claims are addressed effectively and equitably. Key aspects include appointing a commissioner to oversee claims, allowing claimants legal representation, and framing a scheme for registering, processing and disbursing funds to claimants through a dedicated fund.
Similar to Essential commodities act 1955 Anil.pptx (20)
Our backs are like superheroes, holding us up and helping us move around. But sometimes, even superheroes can get hurt. That’s where slip discs come in.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Hiranandani Hospital in Powai, Mumbai, is a premier healthcare institution that has been serving the community with exceptional medical care since its establishment. As a part of the renowned Hiranandani Group, the hospital is committed to delivering world-class healthcare services across a wide range of specialties, including kidney transplantation. With its state-of-the-art facilities, advanced medical technology, and a team of highly skilled healthcare professionals, Hiranandani Hospital has earned a reputation as a trusted name in the healthcare industry. The hospital's patient-centric approach, coupled with its focus on innovation and excellence, ensures that patients receive the highest standard of care in a compassionate and supportive environment.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
2. Essential commodity Act (background):
The ECA was legislated at a time when the
country was facing scarcity of foodstuff due
to persistent low levels of foodgrains
production in 1955.
It aims to prevent hoarding and black
marketing of foodstuffs .
The act gives power to central govt to add or
remove a commodity in the Schedule.
3. Defination of Essential Commodity :
There is no specific definition of essential commodity in this act but section
2(A) of the act states that an essential commodity means a commodity
specified in the schedule of the said act.
The ECA Act is used to curb inflation by allowing centre to enable control by
state govt of trade
By declaring a commodity as essential, the govt can control the production,
supply and distribution and impose a stock limit.
Schedule is annexed in next slide.
4.
5. Section 3. Powers to control production, supply,
distribution etc. of essential commodities.-
1. If the Central Government is of opinion that it is
necessary or expedient so to do for maintaining or
increasing supplies of any essential commodity or for
securing their equitable distribution and availability at
fair prices, or for securing any essential commodity for
the defence of India or the efficient conduct of military
operations], it may, by order, provide for regulating or
prohibiting the production, supply and distribution
thereof and trade and commerce therein.
6. (2) Without prejudice to the generality of the powers conferred by sub-
section (1), an order made thereunder may provide-
a. for regulating by licences, permits or otherwise the production or manufacture of
any essential commodity;
b. for bringing under cultivation any waste or arable land, whether appurtenant to a
building or not, for the growing thereon of food-crops generally or of specified
food-crops, and for otherwise maintaining or increasing the cultivation of food-
crops generally, or of specified food-crops;
c. for controlling the price at which any essential commodity may be bought or sold;
d. for regulating by licences, permits or otherwise the storage, transport,
distribution, disposal, acquisition, use or consumption of, any essential
commodity;
7. (e) for prohibiting the withholding from sale of any essential commodity
ordinarily kept for sale..
(f) for requiring any person holding in stock, or engaged in the production,
or in the business of buying or selling, of any essential commodity,-
i. to sell the whole or a specified part of the quantity held in stock or produced or
received by him; or
ii. in the case of any such commodity which is likely to be produced or received by
him, to sell the whole or a specified part of such commodity when produced or
received by him, to the Central Government or a State Government or to an
officer or agent of such government or to a corporation owned or controlled by
such government or to such other person or class of persons and in such
circumstances as may be specified in the order.
8. Explanation 1 :
An order made under this clause in relation to foodgrains, edible
oilseeds or edible oils, may, having regard to the estimated production, in
the concerned area, of such foodgrains, edible oilseeds and edible oils, fix
the quantity to be sold by the producers in such area and may also fix, or
provide for the fixation of, such quantity on a graded basis, having regard to
the aggregate of the area held by, or under the cultivation of, the producers.
Explanation 2 :
For the purpose of this clause "production" with its grammatical
variations and cognate expressions includes manufacture of edible oils and
sugar;
(g) for regulating or prohibiting any class of commercial or financial
transactions relating to food stuffs or cotton textiles which, in the
opinion of the authority making the order, are, or, if unregulated, are
likely to be, detrimental to the public interest;
9. (h) for collecting any information or statistics with a view to regulating or
prohibiting any of the aforesaid matters;
(i) for requiring persons engaged in the production, supply or distribution of
or trade and commerce in any essential commodity to maintain and
produce for inspection such books, accounts and records relating to their
business and to furnish such information relating thereto, as may be
specified in the order;
(j) for the grant or issue of licences, permits or other documents, the
charging of fees therefor, the deposit of such sum, if any, as may be
specified in the order as security for the due performance of conditions
of any such licence, permit or other document, the forfeiture of the sum
so deposited or any part thereof for contravention of any such
conditions, and the adjudication of such forfeiture by such authority as
may be specified in the order;
10. (j) for any incidental and supplementary matters, including, in particular,
the entry, search or examination of premises, aircraft, vessels, vehicles,
or other conveyances and animals, and the seizure by a person
authorised to make such entry, search or examination,-
i. of any article in respect of which such person has reason to believe that a
contravention of the order has been, is being, or is about to be, committed and
any packages, coverings or receptacles in which such articles are found;
ii. of any aircraft, vessel, vehicle or other conveyance or animal used in carrying
such article, if such person has reason to believe that such aircraft, vessel,
vehicles or other conveyance or animal is liable to be forfeited under the
provisions of this Act;
11. (iii) of any books of accounts and documents which in the
opinion of such person, may be useful for, or relevant
to, any proceeding under this Act and the person from
whose custody such books of accounts or documents
are seized shall be entitled to make copies thereof or
to take extracts there from in the presence of an
officer having the custody of such books of accounts
or documents.
(3) Where any person sells any essential commodity in
compliance with an order made with reference to
clause (f) of sub-section (2), there shall be paid to him
the price therefore as hereinafter provided,-
12. (a) where the price can, consistently with the
controlled price, if any, fixed under this section,
be agreed upon, the agreed price;
(b) where no such agreement can be reached, the
price calculated with reference to the
controlled price, if any;
(c) where neither clause (a) nor clause (b) applies,
the price calculated at the market rate
prevailing in the locality at the date of sale.
13. Section 7: Penalties
(1) If any person contravenes any order made under
section 3,-
(a) he shall be punishable,-
(i) in the case of an order made with reference to clause
(h) or clause (i) of sub-section (2) of that section, with
imprisonment for a term which may extend to one
year and shall also be liable to fine, and
(ii) in the case of any other order, with imprisonment for
a term which shall not be less than three months but
which may extend to seven years and shall also be
liable to fine:
14. (b) any property in respect of which the order has
been contravened shall be forfeited to the
government;
(c) any package, covering or receptacle in which the
property is found and any animal, vehicle, vessel
or other conveyance used in carrying the
commodity shall, if the court so orders, be
forfeited to the government.
(2) If any person to whom a direction is given under
clause (b) of sub-section(4) of section 3 fails to
comply with the direction, he shall be punishable
with imprisonment for a term which shall not be
less then three months but which may extend to
seven years and shall also be liable to fine:
15. (2A) If any person convicted of an offence under sub-clause (ii) of clause (a)
of sub-section (1) or under sub-section (2) is again convicted of an
offence under the same provision, he shall be punishable with
imprisonment for the second and for every subsequent offence for a
term which shall not be less than six months but which may extend to
seven years and shall also be liable to fine:
(3) Where a person having been convicted of an offence under sub-section
(1) if again convicted of an offence under that sub-section for
contravention of an order in respect of an essential commodity, the
court by which such person is convicted shall, in addition to any penalty
which may be imposed on him under that sub-section, by order, direct
that, that person shall not carry on any business in that essential
commodity for such period, not being less than six months, as may be
specified by the court in the order.
16. Section 8. Attempts and abetment.-
Any person who attempts to contravene, or abets a contravention of,
any order made under section 3, shall be deemed to have contravened that
order:
PROVIDED that where a person has abetted the contravention of any order for
the purpose of procuring any essential commodity of the nature mentioned
in sub clause (iva) or sub-clause (v) of clause (a) of section 2 for his own use
or for the use of any member of his family or for the use of any person
dependent on him, and not for the purpose of carrying on any business or
trade in such essential commodity, the court may, notwithstanding anything
contained in section 7 and for reasons to be mentioned in the judgement,
impose a sentence of fine only.
17. Section 9. False statement.- If any person,-
i. when required by any order made under section 3 to make any
statement or furnish any information, makes any statement or furnishes
any information which is false in any material particular and which he
knows or has reasonable cause to believe to be false, or does not believe
to be true, or
ii. makes any such statement as aforesaid in any book, account, record,
declaration, return or other document which he is required by any such
order to maintain or furnish, he shall be punishable with imprisonment
for a term which may extend to five years or with fine, or with both.
18. Section 10. Offences by companies.- (1) If the person contravening an order
made under section 3 is a company, every person who, at the time the
contravention was committed, was in charge of, and was responsible to, the
company for the conduct of the business of the company as well as the
company, shall be deemed to be guilty of the contravention and shall be
liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly:
PROVIDED that nothing contained in this sub-section shall render any such
person liable to any punishment if he proves that the contravention took
place without his knowledge or that he exercised all due diligence to prevent
such contravention.
19. (2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), where an offence
under this Act has been committed by a company and it is proved that the
offence has been committed with the consent or connivance of, or is
attributable to any neglect on the part of, any director, manager, secretary or
other officer of the company, such director, manager, secretary or other
officer shall also be deemed to be guilty of that offence and shall be liable to
be proceeded against and punished accordingly.
Explanation: For the purpose of this section,-
(a) "company" means any body corporate, and includes a firm or other
association of individuals; and
(b) "director" in relation to a firm means a partner in the firm.
20. •Section 10A. Offences to be cognizable and bailable.-
Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of
Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), every offence
punishable under this Act shall be cognizable and non-
bailable.
•Section 10AA. Power to arrest.-
Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of
Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), no officer below
the rank of an officer in charge of a police station or any
police officer authorised by him in this behalf in writing,
shall arrest any person accused of committing an offence
punishable under this Act
21. • Section 10B. Power of court to publish name, place of business, etc. of
companies convicted under the Act.-
1. Where any company is convicted under this Act, it shall be competent for
the court convicting the company to cause the name and place of
business of the company, nature of the contravention, the fact, that the
company has been so convicted and such other particulars as the court
may consider to be appropriate in the circumstances of the case, to be
published at the expense of the company in such newspapers or in such
other manners as the court may direct.
2. No publication under sub-section (1) shall be made until the period for
preferring an appeal against the orders of the court has expired without
any appeal having been preferred, or such an appeal, having been
preferred, has been disposed of.
22. (3) The expenses of any publication under sub-
section (1) shall be recoverable from the
company as if it were a fine imposed by the
court.
Explanation: For the purposes of this section,
"company" has the meaning assigned to it in
clause (a) of the Explanation to section 10.
23. Section 10C. Presumption of culpable mental state.-
1. In any prosecution for any offence under this Act which requires a
culpable mental state on the part of the accused, the court shall presume
the existence of such mental state but it shall be a defence for the
accused to prove the fact that he had no such mental state with respect
to the act charged as an offence in that prosecution.
2. Explanation : In this section, "culpable mental state" includes intention,
motive, knowledge of an act and the belief in, or reason to believe, a fact.
3. For the purposes of this section a fact is said to be proved only when the
court believes it to exist beyond reasonable doubt and not merely when
its existence is established by a preponderance of probability.
24. Section 11. Cognizance of offences.-
No court shall take cognizance of any offence punishable under this Act
except on a report in writing of the facts constituting such offence made by a
person who is a public servant as defined in section 21 of the Indian Penal
Code (45 of 1860) or any person aggrieved or any recognised consumer
association, whether such person is a member of that association or not.
.