Here is a 250-word essay on the topic: The world's oceans provide immense benefits but face serious threats if not properly managed. Major problems encountered in managing marine resources include overfishing, pollution, and climate change impacts. Overfishing has depleted fish stocks around the globe. Decades of unsustainable fishing practices have pushed some commercially valuable species to the brink of extinction. If left unaddressed, overfishing could seriously undermine food security for coastal communities and damage marine ecosystems. International cooperation on setting sustainable catch limits and regulating fishing fleets is needed. Pollution from multiple sources also endangers the oceans. Plastic waste has become a pervasive and persistent pollutant, harming wildlife through ingestion and

1. Gr1
Land management in Vietnam has a long process of formation and development,
however, the development of the Land Management industry also faces many
challenges.
Firstly, due to the characteristics of the history and land-use practices of different
regions, it is difficult to make policies and develop laws suitable for all regions. For
example, both Kinh and ethnic minorities have their own customary local land use
practices. Kinh people have the village's wish. These conventions guarantee the
autonomy of land use within a certain limit, regulate social relations within the village
according to the laws and regulations of the state. Ethnic minorities have a system of
customary law. These customary laws detail the relationship between the community
and the natural environment, how to use land and forests to sustain life, and spiritual
needs. Thus, the custom of the Kinh people emphasizes social relations while the
customary law of the minorities includes both natural and cultural factor. (It takes too
much space to discuss this point, need to be shorten)
Secondly, under great pressure on land use demand in urban space, the exploitation of
underground space to build underground works on a large scale has become a reality
requiring spatial land management, stratification. This is a new problem in Vietnam,
requiring the development of an appropriate methodology, legal framework, technical
process, and management process from the outset.
Last but not least, the staff (of what organization?) has been trained and developed
through many different stages and under different conditions, so their qualifications
are uneven, especially in the application of new technologies. This is a great difficulty
in realizing the goal of modernization.
In conclusion, there are many negative problems in contemporary land-use in Viet
Nam. Therefore, the government should give out urgent solutions to develop the Land
Management industry in the direction of modernization the economy and serving the
goal of sustainable social-economic development to catch up the trend of land
management of countries around the world.

2. Gr 2: Write an essay of at least 250 words with the following topic: “Identify major problems
encountered in managing the world’s biodiversity”.
Biodiversity is essential for economic, social, and environmental development because it
ensures food security, preserves genetic resources for farms and plants, and provides
construction materials and other resources. Nowadays, however, the world’s biodiversity
management is facing with loads of problems and challenges.
First of all, awareness of people is still insufficient and comprehensive; it is biased towards
short-term economic benefits, and sustainable development is ignored. Many people are
willing to break the law in order to maximize their profit from biodiversity resources.
Another factor to consider is the impact of climate change, which puts pressure on not only
ecosystems and species but also human life. Human health and biodiversity conservation are
both at risk as a result of climate change. Increased numbers of extreme climate events, such
as heat waves, droughts, and flooding, pose a direct and indirect threat to human health and
well-being by decreasing ecosystem functioning and reducing ecosystem services.
Furthermore, the prevalence of noncommunicable illnesses is increasing, resulting in ill
health and increasing health-care expenses.
Lastly, inconsequential government policies also cause negative impact on managing
biodiversity. In most developing countries, governance is poor in terms of human capability
on one hand and lack of transparency and accountability on the other. For example, in
Vietnam, state administration has a disjointed and disconnected organizational structure, a
lack of focus in the functions and authority of biodiversity management, biodiversity
conservation policy and law are complicated and difficult to implement.
In conclusion, to solve problems in managing biodiversity, management agencies in
countries all over the world have to adopt clear and realistic rules and strategies in order to
properly manage biodiversity.

3. Topic: Identify several micro factors affecting forest resources in Vietnam.
Forest resources have a very important role for Vietnam, however forest
resources are affected by a number of factors such as human activities and natural
phenomena. This essay will discuss these factors and offer some measures to address
them.
There are a number of natural factors affecting forest resources. Vietnam’
geographical structure, there are many types of natural disasters such as storms,
droughts, saltwater intrusions,.... Natural phenomena such as lightning can also
cause forest fires. As a result, forest resources are reduced in terms of quality and
area.
Besides natural factors, a number of human activities cause depletion of forest
resources. Actions such as clearing forests, logging, gathering firewood, mining or
dumping cigarette butts can also be the causes of large-scale wildfires. To solve this
problem, the government has issued a number of policies to review, supplement and
perfect the legal system... The solution for this is that the government could step up
propaganda and education, create a strong change in awareness, consciousness and
responsibility of officials, party members, businesses and communities for forest
protection and development.
Additionally, there are several factors that cause forest degradation.
Deforestation, encroachment on forest land, illegal exploitation of forest products
has reduced the forest area. The solution for these cases is that the government
should put sanction on such violations.
In short, there are many factors that affect water resources. In conclusion, the
government as well as the people must protect forest resources together.

4. Gr 4: Write an essay of at least 250 words with the following topic: “Discuss
the benefits of sustainable agriculture”.
Nowadays, industrial farming methods are depleting our natural resources while leaving
people with unequal access to food and nutrition around the world. As the world's
population grows, the need for sustainable resource management is increasingly urgent. It
is becoming clearer by the day that sustainable agriculture has brought a wide range of
advantages to human life.
Firstly, it contributes to environmental protection and pollution prevention. Farmers will
reduce their dependency on nonrenewable energy while cutting chemical use and
conserving rare resources. Maintaining soil quality, reducing soil degradation and erosion,
and saving water also benefits the environment. When considering the expanding
population and demand for food, keeping the land healthy and refilled can go a long way.
Secondly, local communities can be greatly encouraged with the concept of local food
production. When food systems are local, money can be reinvested in the communities,
subsequently flows through the local area. As a result, this provides job opportunities to a
very large percentage of residents in this area. The biodiversity can also be protected,
fostering the growth and maintenance of healthy ecosystems.
Lastly, sustainable agriculture has had positive impacts on human health. Due to the lack
of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, people are not being exposed to or consuming
synthetic materials. This reduces the likelihood of people becoming ill as a result of their
exposure to these chemicals. Furthermore, because sustainable agriculture produces
healthier and more natural crops, the crops produced through it might be more nutritious.
To sum up, sustainable farming plays an important role in protecting the environment,
fostering the development of local communities and doing good for our health. It's the only

5. possible answer to deal with the world's expanding population and the current climate
change.

6. Gr 5 Write an essay of at least 250 words with the following topic: “Major problems
encountered in managing forest resources in Vietnam”.
Over the past few decades, forest resources has been a topic of greatest interest. In
fact, some people contend that the domestic forest management has faced a lot of
hindrances and this essay will present the underlying problem of the mentioned
phenomenon
The first problem I would like to talk about is the threat of losing forest due to the
deforestation. It is squeeze out the forest resource rapidly. Deforestation could be regarded
as a national disaster. The forest natural such as wood, sap, and plant have become scarce
than ever. However the poachers are exploiting the forest at the higher rate. We must
strengthen the capacity of the forestry force, such as train them, and provide fund for forest
resource management… spend more fund on the forest resource managing to prevent this
national disaster.
Secondly, I would like to discuss about the recession in soil quality and the farmland
acreage recently. Desertification and recession are problems with global scale and
security…Desertification has spreaded widely not only at wasteland but also the humid
climate due to the inefficient and prodigal in spend forest resource.
Last but not least is the pollution with complicated development and lots of hotspot.
Environmental quanlity in many location have decreased significantly. The number of
environmental incidents is alarming, many cases have wide negative effect which is
extremely difficult to deal with.
There are many problems encountered in managing forest resource so I only named the top
3 typical one. These problem can’t be fixed overmight but I hope we can find our way to
minimize the consequence

7. Group 6: Write an essay of at least 250 words with the following topic: “Major problems
encountered in managing the world’s marine resources”.
Since marine resources are threatened by several humans’ forces, people are coping
with mounting pressure to manage this vital resource. This essay will explain key issues
in the management of the world's marine resources and what governments and individuals
can do to address these problems.
The first and foremost growing problem is marine pollution, which mostly comes
from land-based sources. According to a 2021 report from the International Union for
Conservation of Nature, at least 14 million tons of plastic are dumped in the ocean
annually. That enormous amount of plastic waste poses a threat to marine life as marine
organisms ingest plastic or get entangled in it.
The second threat is the over-exploitation of marine organisms due to subsidies and
illegal fishing. In terms of subsidies, many governments support fisheries by reducing
their operating costs, causing fisheries to increase their activities which might lead to
depletion of fish stocks. Likewise, illegal fishing refers to fishing without a license,
fishing in a closed area, fishing with prohibited gear, which prevents the fish stocks from
recovering.
Third, there are defects existing in the current legal system that force governments
to pay more attention to new governance tools. For instance, the management of marine
resources in Viet Nam has an inappropriate approach whilst the exploitation and
utilization have not been based on a comprehensive analysis of functions of each marine
area.
Some possible solutions to these problems are adhering to and strengthening
existing frameworks, also promoting awareness among people. Individuals can reduce
waste by applying 3R’s on daily basis and participating in beach and community clean-
up. Governments could save the ocean by reforming, ending subsidies, and declaring
certain areas for fishing.
In conclusion, both governments and individuals must acknowledge their impact on
marine resources and take action to minimize the consequences.

8. Group 7: Write an essay of at least 250 words with the following topic:
“Discuss the policy of Energy Subsidies in the USA and Vietnam”.
In the context that combating climate change and developing a "green economy" are
top priorities for many countries around the world, renewable energy is increasingly being
focused on. However, each country's government has different policies towards subsidies
developed for renewable energy. Today, I will discuss the energy subsidy policy of the US
and Vietnam.
To begin with, the United States is a country that consumes a lot of energy.
However, in the late 1990s, the US energy sector developed relatively slowly, unable to
keep up with the increase in actual demand. Since the Obama presidency, the US has
oriented plans and policies to promote the development of renewable energy. In 2020, US
$550 billion was subsidized in clean energy incentives. Over the last 15 years, these tax
support as well as legal policy have helped grow US renewables into major industries: from
2005 to 2020, national wind and solar power production grew nearly 18-fold. Furthermore,
recently, the US has specially invested and promoted the development of renewable energy
to move towards energy independence.
Moving on to Vietnam, which has a lot of potential for renewable energy
development. Nevertheless, accessing this energy source is still quite late compared to the
US. Looking back at the period from 2016 and earlier, renewable energy in Vietnam has
not developed strongly. Thanks to policy innovations as well as preferential policies,
encouraging the development of renewable energy since 2017, renewable energy sources
such as wind and solar energy have had spectacular growth results in the period 2018-2021.
The development of renewable energy in Vietnam admittedly still has difficulties and
obstacles in terms of policy, finance and technology that need synchronous solutions from
both the government and businesses.
In conclusion, renewable energy development is an energy race of countries around
the world, creating a competitive position in the region and in the world. Therefore,
governments of countries need to come up with and perfect subsidy policies to encourage
development to both create a competitive edge, improve the environment and climate to
protect people's health in the long run.

9. Gr 8: Write an essay of at least 250 words with the following topic: “What are the
similarities and differences of natural resources issues between developing and
developed countries?”.
Natural resources do, without a question, play an essential part in the economic growth of
many countries. As a result, they are seen as a contentious discussion on the parallels and
differences between developing and industrialized countries. In the following essay, I shall
consider them. First of all, I think the first similarity between the two countries is the
conscious awareness that natural resources are being depleted every day. Both developing
and developed countries have witnessed the fact that these resources are non-renewable
and therefore cannot generate sustainable growth in the long run. The second similarity I
can see is that these countries are more or less dependent on natural resources, therefore,
they must pay more attention to the management system of this scarce resource. Third,
developed and developing countries are also wary of fierce conflicts over natural mineral
production. Another difference in how we approach the issue of natural resources. Above
all, poor countries rely much more on natural minerals as economic assets than rich
countries. Developing countries do not have sufficient drop resources, such as human
intellectual investment as developed countries and large amounts of financing, and find it
difficult to rely on many of these sources of funding. Rich countries addressing the shortage
of non-renewable resources will soon implement policies to support research processes to
generate alternative energies such as wind, solar and nuclear that support economic
development. Moreover, the difference is shown in the strict regulations of developed
countries to deal with the shortage of natural resources. In conclusion, it seems clear that
both developing and developed countries have their own similarities and differences in
natural resources. Summarize the natural resources of each country, there are similarities
and differences, but the common goal is to develop the economy, maintain life, and serve
the interests of society. All countries hope to make their country rich and strong through
natural resources, but the results brought by these resources are quite different, because the
efficiency of resource management varies from country to country.

10. Discuss several micro factors affecting water resources in Vietnam
Water exists in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms all over the planet. The total amount
of water on Earth is approximately 1.4x1018
tons, with 97 percent being salt water in the
oceans, 2% being ice at the poles, and 1% being used by humans (30 percent of water is
used for irrigation, 50 percent for energy production, 12 percent for industrial
production, and 7 percent for domestic use). As a result, water is extremely important in
all aspects of life on Earth. Water, despite being a renewable resource, is becoming
increasingly polluted and misused.
Climate change is a significant direct cause of water depletion. Water is, in fact, the
first resource to be impacted by climate change. Because of the influence of climate
change, the rainy season and rainfall in Vietnam tend to change erratically, causing
droughts to occur more frequently and on a larger scale.
In addition to the objective causes of water resource natural law and the impact of climate
change, there are also human impacts such as over-exploitation, wasteful use, and
pollution. Clean water is becoming increasingly scarce. Water security for life, as well as
sustainable economic development and environmental protection, has been and continues
to be a concern in many places.
Along with the country's socioeconomic development, population growth, and
urbanization, the demand for water for production and people's daily lives has increased
in both quantity and quality in recent years. However, development has a negative impact
on the quality and reserves of water resources. The demand for water is increasing, as is
the exploitation and use of water resources.
Water resources are very significant, especially natural water sources in the rural areas of
Vietnam as they are the sources of economic, social and cultural activities. The
government of Vietnam is tackling the water resources management issues in the country
by implementing policies and programs relating to this. Some of the challenges that still
exist include improving access to clean water and sanitation for both urban and rural
population, improving public participation and knowledge and strengthening river basin
management.