The document discusses how innovation often arises from error or unintended discoveries rather than planned ideas. It provides examples of penicillin, Post-It notes, and chocolate chip cookies - all of which were invented by accident. The author argues that embracing error and trial-and-error can create conditions for innovative ideas to emerge, as inventors who take advantage of unexpected results may stumble upon new solutions. Framing mistakes as learning opportunities rather than failures can also benefit students by encouraging creative problem-solving.