The document summarizes the history and revisions of the International League Against Epilepsy's (ILAE) classification of seizures and epilepsies from 1981 to 2010. Key points include:
- The 1981 classification separated seizures into partial and generalized and was revised in 1989 to classify epilepsies.
- Revisions in 2005-2009 simplified terminology, recognized new seizure types, and de-emphasized localization in favor of etiology and syndromes.
- The 2010 classification aims to be flexible and responsive to new evidence, organizing epilepsies by dimensions like age of onset, etiology, and impairment rather than rigid categories. Future classifications may be organized by specific causes like ion channel genes.
This document provides information on epilepsy including:
1. Definitions and classifications of seizures and epilepsies according to the revised ILAE classification system.
2. Descriptions of different types of seizures including partial, generalized, and unclassified seizures.
3. Etiologies and pathophysiologies of epilepsy including acquired focal lesions, genetic factors, and developmental abnormalities.
4. Overview of common anti-epileptic drug therapies and considerations for selection of treatment.
This CME presentation on epilepsy provided an overview of the disorder, including definitions, epidemiology, pathophysiology, classification, diagnosis, and management. Some key points included:
- Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders worldwide, affecting over 50 million people.
- It is characterized by recurrent seizures that can be focal or generalized.
- Evaluation involves a detailed history, physical exam, EEG, and neuroimaging to determine the underlying cause and guide treatment.
- Management consists of pharmacotherapy with antiepileptic drugs as first-line treatment. For refractory cases, surgical options like resection or vagus nerve stimulation may be considered.
- Seizures are caused by abnormal excessive neuronal activity in the brain. Epilepsy is defined as a tendency to have recurrent unprovoked seizures.
- Seizures can be focal, starting in one area of the brain, or generalized, involving both hemispheres. Common seizure types include tonic-clonic, absence, and complex partial seizures.
- Epilepsy has no cure but can often be controlled with anti-seizure medications or surgery. Lifestyle advice is also important to reduce risks. Prognosis depends on seizure type, cause, and response to treatment.
Epilepsy is a disease of the brain defined by recurrent seizures that are not caused by an immediate brain insult. A seizure involves abnormal neuronal activity in the brain, while epilepsy describes the underlying brain condition causing recurrent seizures. Epilepsy is generally diagnosed after a person experiences at least two unprovoked seizures more than 24 hours apart or one unprovoked seizure and at least a 60% risk of having another within ten years. Epilepsy can be caused by genetic and structural/metabolic factors and in some cases the cause is unknown. Seizures are classified as generalized or partial based on where they originate in the brain. Diagnosing epilepsy involves taking a detailed history, physical exam, EEG, and brain imaging.
This document discusses psychiatric presentations in epilepsy. It begins by noting the increased prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with epilepsy compared to the general population. It then categorizes psychiatric disorders seen in epilepsy into several groups: disorders related to the underlying brain pathology causing epilepsy, disorders related to the seizure occurrence itself (pre-ictal, ictal, post-ictal), and interictal psychiatric disorders not clearly related to seizures. Specific syndromes and disorders are discussed within each category. Ictal phenomena include epileptic auras, automatisms, and non-convulsive status epilepticus, which can resemble psychiatric symptoms but are distinguished by their brief and stereotyped nature.
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Classification
Diagnosis
Treatment
Anti Seizure Drugs Prices in Jordan
Two Medical cases
New drug approvals
This document discusses seizures and epilepsy in children. It defines a seizure as abnormal excessive neuronal activity in the brain and epilepsy as two or more unprovoked seizures occurring more than 24 hours apart. Seizures can be focal, originating in one area of the brain, or generalized, involving both hemispheres simultaneously. Epilepsy syndromes are described. Imaging and EEG play roles in evaluating seizures, with MRI being preferred and EEG showing localized or generalized abnormalities.
This document summarizes the etiologic classification of epilepsy put forth by the ILAE Commission for Classification of the Epilepsies. It divides epilepsies into four main categories: idiopathic, symptomatic, provoked, and cryptogenic. Idiopathic epilepsy is of genetic origin with no anatomical abnormalities. Symptomatic epilepsy has an identifiable acquired or genetic cause and associated abnormalities. Provoked epilepsy has a specific environmental trigger as the predominant cause. Cryptogenic epilepsy is presumed to be symptomatic but the cause is unknown. The categories aim to classify epilepsies by their underlying cause or etiology.
This document provides information on epilepsy including:
1. Definitions and classifications of seizures and epilepsies according to the revised ILAE classification system.
2. Descriptions of different types of seizures including partial, generalized, and unclassified seizures.
3. Etiologies and pathophysiologies of epilepsy including acquired focal lesions, genetic factors, and developmental abnormalities.
4. Overview of common anti-epileptic drug therapies and considerations for selection of treatment.
This CME presentation on epilepsy provided an overview of the disorder, including definitions, epidemiology, pathophysiology, classification, diagnosis, and management. Some key points included:
- Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders worldwide, affecting over 50 million people.
- It is characterized by recurrent seizures that can be focal or generalized.
- Evaluation involves a detailed history, physical exam, EEG, and neuroimaging to determine the underlying cause and guide treatment.
- Management consists of pharmacotherapy with antiepileptic drugs as first-line treatment. For refractory cases, surgical options like resection or vagus nerve stimulation may be considered.
- Seizures are caused by abnormal excessive neuronal activity in the brain. Epilepsy is defined as a tendency to have recurrent unprovoked seizures.
- Seizures can be focal, starting in one area of the brain, or generalized, involving both hemispheres. Common seizure types include tonic-clonic, absence, and complex partial seizures.
- Epilepsy has no cure but can often be controlled with anti-seizure medications or surgery. Lifestyle advice is also important to reduce risks. Prognosis depends on seizure type, cause, and response to treatment.
Epilepsy is a disease of the brain defined by recurrent seizures that are not caused by an immediate brain insult. A seizure involves abnormal neuronal activity in the brain, while epilepsy describes the underlying brain condition causing recurrent seizures. Epilepsy is generally diagnosed after a person experiences at least two unprovoked seizures more than 24 hours apart or one unprovoked seizure and at least a 60% risk of having another within ten years. Epilepsy can be caused by genetic and structural/metabolic factors and in some cases the cause is unknown. Seizures are classified as generalized or partial based on where they originate in the brain. Diagnosing epilepsy involves taking a detailed history, physical exam, EEG, and brain imaging.
This document discusses psychiatric presentations in epilepsy. It begins by noting the increased prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with epilepsy compared to the general population. It then categorizes psychiatric disorders seen in epilepsy into several groups: disorders related to the underlying brain pathology causing epilepsy, disorders related to the seizure occurrence itself (pre-ictal, ictal, post-ictal), and interictal psychiatric disorders not clearly related to seizures. Specific syndromes and disorders are discussed within each category. Ictal phenomena include epileptic auras, automatisms, and non-convulsive status epilepticus, which can resemble psychiatric symptoms but are distinguished by their brief and stereotyped nature.
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Classification
Diagnosis
Treatment
Anti Seizure Drugs Prices in Jordan
Two Medical cases
New drug approvals
This document discusses seizures and epilepsy in children. It defines a seizure as abnormal excessive neuronal activity in the brain and epilepsy as two or more unprovoked seizures occurring more than 24 hours apart. Seizures can be focal, originating in one area of the brain, or generalized, involving both hemispheres simultaneously. Epilepsy syndromes are described. Imaging and EEG play roles in evaluating seizures, with MRI being preferred and EEG showing localized or generalized abnormalities.
This document summarizes the etiologic classification of epilepsy put forth by the ILAE Commission for Classification of the Epilepsies. It divides epilepsies into four main categories: idiopathic, symptomatic, provoked, and cryptogenic. Idiopathic epilepsy is of genetic origin with no anatomical abnormalities. Symptomatic epilepsy has an identifiable acquired or genetic cause and associated abnormalities. Provoked epilepsy has a specific environmental trigger as the predominant cause. Cryptogenic epilepsy is presumed to be symptomatic but the cause is unknown. The categories aim to classify epilepsies by their underlying cause or etiology.
The document provides information about epilepsy including:
1. It defines epilepsy as a condition with recurrent seizures due to an underlying chronic process, and classifies seizures as either partial or generalized depending on where they originate in the brain.
2. Common epilepsy syndromes are described such as temporal lobe epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and West syndrome. Causes of epilepsy include genetic factors, injuries, infections, and tumors.
3. The diagnosis involves evaluating the patient's medical history and performing tests like an EEG to determine the seizure type and localization. Differential diagnoses include syncope, migraines, and psychogenic seizures.
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. It affects people of all ages and is caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. There are many types of seizures which can vary depending on which part of the brain is involved. Epilepsy is diagnosed if a person has two or more unprovoked seizures. It can be treated but not cured, with medication and other therapies aiming to control seizures. The causes of epilepsy are diverse and include genetic factors, brain injury, infections, and tumors.
2017 revised ILEA classification of seizuresDhaval Modi
The document summarizes the 2017 revised classification of seizures by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). The classification was updated to better reflect current understanding and includes the following key changes:
1. Seizures are classified based on where they begin in the brain, level of awareness during the seizure, and other features.
2. New terminology is introduced, such as "focal aware" and "focal impaired awareness" seizures instead of "simple partial" and "complex partial".
3. Epilepsy syndromes are defined as clusters of features rather than approved entities. Old terms like "idiopathic generalized epilepsies" are replaced.
4. The classification aims to be applicable
Non-epileptic paroxysmal disorders can mimic seizures. Careful history and examination is often sufficient to differentiate them from epilepsy, though sometimes EEG or other testing is needed. They can be classified by age of presentation and symptoms. Conditions discussed include breath holding spells, prolonged QT syndrome, hyperekplexia, alternating hemiplegia of childhood, motor tics, episodic ataxias, spasmus nutans, opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, sleep related disorders like benign sleep myoclonus, sleep transition disorder, and narcolepsy-cataplexy. Differentiation from epilepsy is important to avoid unnecessary treatment while ensuring appropriate management of the underlying
This document provides information about epilepsy, including its definition, types of seizures, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and classification of antiepileptic drugs. Some key points:
- Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures. Seizures have focal or generalized onset in the brain.
- Common causes include genetic factors, brain injury, infections, tumors and metabolic imbalances. Symptoms vary depending on the seizure type and location in the brain.
- Diagnosis involves patient history, physical exam, EEG, imaging and lab tests. Treatment involves antiepileptic drugs to reduce seizures, with drug choices based on seizure type.
- Major antiepileptic drug classes work
This document provides an overview of epilepsy, including definitions, types of seizures, diagnosis, treatment and implications. It defines epilepsy as recurring unprovoked seizures and describes the different types of generalized and focal seizures. It outlines the diagnostic process including clinical evaluation, EEG and neuroimaging. It discusses treatment with antiepileptic drugs and risk of seizure recurrence. The document also covers refractory epilepsy, implications of an epilepsy diagnosis, and provides statistics on treatment effectiveness.
More than 10 million people suffer from epilepsy in India.Seizures impact the lives of people with epilepsy and their family in many ways including creating barriers to employment and education and facing a sense of discrimination and isolation from their peers who donʼt understand what happens when they see a seizure occur. In India, epilepsy is still thought of as mental illness mainly due to lack of information on the condition among the general public.
This presentation touches every aspect of epilepsy
1. Overview of Epilepsy;
2. Type of Seizures;
3. Diagnosis and Management;
4. Psychological Issues; and
5. Social Perspectives.
This document provides an overview of various epilepsy syndromes classified by onset in the brain and cause of seizures. It describes several generalized and focal epilepsy syndromes including childhood absence epilepsy, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes, Panayiotopoulos syndrome, autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, Doose's syndrome, Dravet's syndrome, infantile spasms/West syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and Ohtahara syndrome. For each syndrome, it covers key characteristics, EEG findings, treatment approaches, and typical prognosis.
Epilepsy by hosam Maarouf Alhussin.. typesHosamAlhussin
Epilepsy is defined as two or more unprovoked seizures occurring more than 24 hours apart or one unprovoked seizure with a high risk of further seizures. Seizures occur due to abnormal excessive firing of neurons in the brain. Epilepsy can be focal, originating in one area of the brain, or generalized, engaging networks across both hemispheres. Treatment involves medications to prevent seizures as well as surgery for drug-resistant focal epilepsies.
This document discusses the classification and treatment of myoclonic seizures in childhood. It classifies myoclonus into physiological, essential, epileptic, and secondary categories. It describes several epilepsy syndromes that involve myoclonic seizures, including West syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Doose syndrome, and Dravet syndrome. Treatment depends on the specific syndrome but may include valproic acid, clonazepam, vigabatrin, ACTH, a ketogenic diet, and avoiding medications like lamotrigine that can exacerbate seizures.
This document provides information on the classification and psychiatric presentations of epilepsy. It begins by defining epilepsy as a neurological disorder causing seizures or abnormal behavior due to abnormal brain activity. It then discusses the causes of febrile and non-febrile seizures. The document outlines various types of seizures and their presentations. It also discusses the pre-ictal, ictal, and post-ictal phases of seizures. Finally, it examines the psychiatric manifestations that can be related to epilepsy, including those resulting from seizures, the underlying cause of epilepsy, and effects of treatment.
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND CHILD HEALTH DISORDERS IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #HEALTH,#NEW,#BORN,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
This document provides information on seizures and epilepsy, including:
- Definitions of seizure types such as generalized, focal, absence, myoclonic, tonic-clonic, and others.
- Classification systems for seizures and epilepsies.
- Common precipitants and comorbidities of epilepsy.
- Diagnostic tests for epilepsy including EEG, MRI, and bloodwork.
- Syndromes associated with different seizure types such as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
- Features of post-ictal states, epilepsy diagnosis, and co-morbid conditions.
This document outlines a proposed classification system for epilepsies from the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). The system aims to provide clear and transparent terminology for clinical diagnosis. It classifies epilepsies based on etiology, seizure type, epilepsy type, epilepsy syndrome, and developmental or epileptic encephalopathies. The classification seeks to simplify frameworks, consider etiology at all stages, and update terminology to reflect current scientific advances and clinical practice.
Seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain and can be classified as generalized or partial based on where they originate. Common types include generalized tonic-clonic, absence, myoclonic, and complex partial seizures. Seizures have various causes like genetics, head trauma, infections, and developmental disorders. Diagnosis involves a medical history, neurological exam, EEG, and imaging tests. Treatment primarily consists of anti-seizure medications to control seizures, while management focuses on preventing complications and improving quality of life.
Neuropsychiatric aspects of epilepsy osmanaliOSMAN ALI MD
This document provides an overview of neuropsychiatric aspects of epilepsy. It discusses the epidemiology of epilepsy and describes different types of seizures. It covers psychiatric manifestations like ictal, perictal, and interictal features. It also addresses behavioral disturbances variably related to seizures, like mood disorders. The document outlines management implications and describes evaluating epilepsy versus non-epileptic seizures through tools like EEG, imaging, and response to medication.
Epilepsy is a disorder in which nerve cell activity in the brain is disturbed, causing seizures. Epilepsy may occur as a result of a genetic disorder or an acquired brain injury, such as a trauma or stroke. To join our daily online lessons on WhatsApp, send us a message now on +260977353901
nursing management of patient with Empyema pptblessyjannu21
prepared by Prof. BLESSY THOMAS, SPN
Empyema is a disease of respiratory system It is defines as the accumulation of thick, purulent fluid within the pleural space, often with fibrin development.
Empyema is also called pyothorax or purulent pleuritis.
It’s a condition in which pus gathers in the area between the lungs and the inner surface of the chest wall. This area is known as the pleural space.
Pus is a fluid that’s filled with immune cells, dead cells, and bacteria.
Pus in the pleural space can’t be coughed out. Instead, it needs to be drained by a needle or surgery.
Empyema usually develops after pneumonia, which is an infection of the lung tissue. it is mainly caused due in infectious micro-organisms. It can be treated with medications and other measures.
The document provides information about epilepsy including:
1. It defines epilepsy as a condition with recurrent seizures due to an underlying chronic process, and classifies seizures as either partial or generalized depending on where they originate in the brain.
2. Common epilepsy syndromes are described such as temporal lobe epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and West syndrome. Causes of epilepsy include genetic factors, injuries, infections, and tumors.
3. The diagnosis involves evaluating the patient's medical history and performing tests like an EEG to determine the seizure type and localization. Differential diagnoses include syncope, migraines, and psychogenic seizures.
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. It affects people of all ages and is caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. There are many types of seizures which can vary depending on which part of the brain is involved. Epilepsy is diagnosed if a person has two or more unprovoked seizures. It can be treated but not cured, with medication and other therapies aiming to control seizures. The causes of epilepsy are diverse and include genetic factors, brain injury, infections, and tumors.
2017 revised ILEA classification of seizuresDhaval Modi
The document summarizes the 2017 revised classification of seizures by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). The classification was updated to better reflect current understanding and includes the following key changes:
1. Seizures are classified based on where they begin in the brain, level of awareness during the seizure, and other features.
2. New terminology is introduced, such as "focal aware" and "focal impaired awareness" seizures instead of "simple partial" and "complex partial".
3. Epilepsy syndromes are defined as clusters of features rather than approved entities. Old terms like "idiopathic generalized epilepsies" are replaced.
4. The classification aims to be applicable
Non-epileptic paroxysmal disorders can mimic seizures. Careful history and examination is often sufficient to differentiate them from epilepsy, though sometimes EEG or other testing is needed. They can be classified by age of presentation and symptoms. Conditions discussed include breath holding spells, prolonged QT syndrome, hyperekplexia, alternating hemiplegia of childhood, motor tics, episodic ataxias, spasmus nutans, opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, sleep related disorders like benign sleep myoclonus, sleep transition disorder, and narcolepsy-cataplexy. Differentiation from epilepsy is important to avoid unnecessary treatment while ensuring appropriate management of the underlying
This document provides information about epilepsy, including its definition, types of seizures, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and classification of antiepileptic drugs. Some key points:
- Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures. Seizures have focal or generalized onset in the brain.
- Common causes include genetic factors, brain injury, infections, tumors and metabolic imbalances. Symptoms vary depending on the seizure type and location in the brain.
- Diagnosis involves patient history, physical exam, EEG, imaging and lab tests. Treatment involves antiepileptic drugs to reduce seizures, with drug choices based on seizure type.
- Major antiepileptic drug classes work
This document provides an overview of epilepsy, including definitions, types of seizures, diagnosis, treatment and implications. It defines epilepsy as recurring unprovoked seizures and describes the different types of generalized and focal seizures. It outlines the diagnostic process including clinical evaluation, EEG and neuroimaging. It discusses treatment with antiepileptic drugs and risk of seizure recurrence. The document also covers refractory epilepsy, implications of an epilepsy diagnosis, and provides statistics on treatment effectiveness.
More than 10 million people suffer from epilepsy in India.Seizures impact the lives of people with epilepsy and their family in many ways including creating barriers to employment and education and facing a sense of discrimination and isolation from their peers who donʼt understand what happens when they see a seizure occur. In India, epilepsy is still thought of as mental illness mainly due to lack of information on the condition among the general public.
This presentation touches every aspect of epilepsy
1. Overview of Epilepsy;
2. Type of Seizures;
3. Diagnosis and Management;
4. Psychological Issues; and
5. Social Perspectives.
This document provides an overview of various epilepsy syndromes classified by onset in the brain and cause of seizures. It describes several generalized and focal epilepsy syndromes including childhood absence epilepsy, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes, Panayiotopoulos syndrome, autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, Doose's syndrome, Dravet's syndrome, infantile spasms/West syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and Ohtahara syndrome. For each syndrome, it covers key characteristics, EEG findings, treatment approaches, and typical prognosis.
Epilepsy by hosam Maarouf Alhussin.. typesHosamAlhussin
Epilepsy is defined as two or more unprovoked seizures occurring more than 24 hours apart or one unprovoked seizure with a high risk of further seizures. Seizures occur due to abnormal excessive firing of neurons in the brain. Epilepsy can be focal, originating in one area of the brain, or generalized, engaging networks across both hemispheres. Treatment involves medications to prevent seizures as well as surgery for drug-resistant focal epilepsies.
This document discusses the classification and treatment of myoclonic seizures in childhood. It classifies myoclonus into physiological, essential, epileptic, and secondary categories. It describes several epilepsy syndromes that involve myoclonic seizures, including West syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Doose syndrome, and Dravet syndrome. Treatment depends on the specific syndrome but may include valproic acid, clonazepam, vigabatrin, ACTH, a ketogenic diet, and avoiding medications like lamotrigine that can exacerbate seizures.
This document provides information on the classification and psychiatric presentations of epilepsy. It begins by defining epilepsy as a neurological disorder causing seizures or abnormal behavior due to abnormal brain activity. It then discusses the causes of febrile and non-febrile seizures. The document outlines various types of seizures and their presentations. It also discusses the pre-ictal, ictal, and post-ictal phases of seizures. Finally, it examines the psychiatric manifestations that can be related to epilepsy, including those resulting from seizures, the underlying cause of epilepsy, and effects of treatment.
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND CHILD HEALTH DISORDERS IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #HEALTH,#NEW,#BORN,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
This document provides information on seizures and epilepsy, including:
- Definitions of seizure types such as generalized, focal, absence, myoclonic, tonic-clonic, and others.
- Classification systems for seizures and epilepsies.
- Common precipitants and comorbidities of epilepsy.
- Diagnostic tests for epilepsy including EEG, MRI, and bloodwork.
- Syndromes associated with different seizure types such as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
- Features of post-ictal states, epilepsy diagnosis, and co-morbid conditions.
This document outlines a proposed classification system for epilepsies from the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). The system aims to provide clear and transparent terminology for clinical diagnosis. It classifies epilepsies based on etiology, seizure type, epilepsy type, epilepsy syndrome, and developmental or epileptic encephalopathies. The classification seeks to simplify frameworks, consider etiology at all stages, and update terminology to reflect current scientific advances and clinical practice.
Seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain and can be classified as generalized or partial based on where they originate. Common types include generalized tonic-clonic, absence, myoclonic, and complex partial seizures. Seizures have various causes like genetics, head trauma, infections, and developmental disorders. Diagnosis involves a medical history, neurological exam, EEG, and imaging tests. Treatment primarily consists of anti-seizure medications to control seizures, while management focuses on preventing complications and improving quality of life.
Neuropsychiatric aspects of epilepsy osmanaliOSMAN ALI MD
This document provides an overview of neuropsychiatric aspects of epilepsy. It discusses the epidemiology of epilepsy and describes different types of seizures. It covers psychiatric manifestations like ictal, perictal, and interictal features. It also addresses behavioral disturbances variably related to seizures, like mood disorders. The document outlines management implications and describes evaluating epilepsy versus non-epileptic seizures through tools like EEG, imaging, and response to medication.
Epilepsy is a disorder in which nerve cell activity in the brain is disturbed, causing seizures. Epilepsy may occur as a result of a genetic disorder or an acquired brain injury, such as a trauma or stroke. To join our daily online lessons on WhatsApp, send us a message now on +260977353901
nursing management of patient with Empyema pptblessyjannu21
prepared by Prof. BLESSY THOMAS, SPN
Empyema is a disease of respiratory system It is defines as the accumulation of thick, purulent fluid within the pleural space, often with fibrin development.
Empyema is also called pyothorax or purulent pleuritis.
It’s a condition in which pus gathers in the area between the lungs and the inner surface of the chest wall. This area is known as the pleural space.
Pus is a fluid that’s filled with immune cells, dead cells, and bacteria.
Pus in the pleural space can’t be coughed out. Instead, it needs to be drained by a needle or surgery.
Empyema usually develops after pneumonia, which is an infection of the lung tissue. it is mainly caused due in infectious micro-organisms. It can be treated with medications and other measures.
Fit to Fly PCR Covid Testing at our Clinic Near YouNX Healthcare
A Fit-to-Fly PCR Test is a crucial service for travelers needing to meet the entry requirements of various countries or airlines. This test involves a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for COVID-19, which is considered the gold standard for detecting active infections. At our travel clinic in Leeds, we offer fast and reliable Fit to Fly PCR testing, providing you with an official certificate verifying your negative COVID-19 status. Our process is designed for convenience and accuracy, with quick turnaround times to ensure you receive your results and certificate in time for your departure. Trust our professional and experienced medical team to help you travel safely and compliantly, giving you peace of mind for your journey.www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
India Home Healthcare Market: Driving Forces and Disruptive Trends [2029]Kumar Satyam
According to the TechSci Research report titled "India Home Healthcare Market - By Region, Competition, Forecast and Opportunities, 2029," the India home healthcare market is anticipated to grow at an impressive rate during the forecast period. This growth can be attributed to several factors, including the rising demand for managing health issues such as chronic diseases, post-operative care, elderly care, palliative care, and mental health. The growing preference for personalized healthcare among people is also a significant driver. Additionally, rapid advancements in science and technology, increasing healthcare costs, changes in food laws affecting label and product claims, a burgeoning aging population, and a rising interest in attaining wellness through diet are expected to escalate the growth of the India home healthcare market in the coming years.
Browse over XX market data Figures spread through 70 Pages and an in-depth TOC on "India Home Healthcare Market”
https://www.techsciresearch.com/report/india-home-healthcare-market/15508.html
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The Ultimate Guide in Setting Up Market Research System in Health-TechGokul Rangarajan
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
"Market Research it too text-booky, I am in the market for a decade, I am living research book" this is what the founder I met on the event claimed, few of my colleagues rolled their eyes. Its true that one cannot over look the real life experience, but one cannot out beat structured gold mine of market research.
Many 0 to 1 startup founders often overlook market research, but this critical step can make or break a venture, especially in health tech.
But Why do they skip it?
Limited resources—time, money, and manpower—are common culprits.
"In fact, a survey by CB Insights found that 42% of startups fail due to no market need, which is like building a spaceship to Mars only to realise you forgot the fuel."
Sudharsan Srinivasan
Operational Partner Pitchworks VC Studio
Overconfidence in their product’s success leads founders to assume it will naturally find its market, especially in health tech where patient needs, entire system issues and regulatory requirements are as complex as trying to perform brain surgery with a butter knife. Additionally, the pressure to launch quickly and the belief in their own intuition further contribute to this oversight. Yet, thorough market research in health tech could be the key to transforming a startup's vision into a life-saving reality, instead of a medical mishap waiting to happen.
Example of Market Research working
Innovaccer, founded by Abhinav Shashank in 2014, focuses on improving healthcare delivery through data-driven insights and interoperability solutions. Before launching their platform, Innovaccer conducted extensive market research to understand the challenges faced by healthcare organizations and the potential for innovation in healthcare IT.
Identifying Pain Points: Innovaccer surveyed healthcare providers to understand their difficulties with data integration, care coordination, and patient engagement. They found widespread frustration with siloed systems and inefficient workflows.
Competitive Analysis: Analyzed competitors offering similar solutions in healthcare analytics and interoperability. Identified gaps in comprehensive data aggregation, real-time analytics, and actionable insights.
Regulatory Compliance: Ensured their platform complied with HIPAA and other healthcare data privacy regulations. This compliance was crucial to gaining trust from healthcare providers wary of data security issues.
Customer Validation: Conducted pilot programs with several healthcare organizations to validate the platform's effectiveness in improving care outcomes and operational efficiency. Gathered feedback to refine features and user interface.
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2. Topic outlines
• History of ILAE
• Classification -1981
• Classification-1989
• Revised terminology and concepts:2005-2009
• Classifications in the future
3. HISTORY
• First attempt to classify epilepsies was
carried out by Gastaut in 1970
• Initial classification were primarily on an
organic basis and hysterical basis
• Classifications of Gowers was in to
grand mal,petit mal,and hysteroid.
• ILAE was established in 1909 in
Budapest
4. HISTORY
• 1969 : ILAE published a scheme for
classification of epileptic seizures
• Updated officially in 1981 for seizures
(Commission on Classification and
Terminology of the [ILAE], 1981)
• 1989 for epilepsies (Commission on
Classification and Terminology of the
International League Against Epilepsy,
1989),
5. • ILAE classifications are based on
concepts that, for the most part, predate
modern neuroimaging, genomic
technologies, and concepts in molecular
biology.
• The original authors foresaw that
changes to the classification would be
needed as new information was
acquired and as new investigative
technologies were developed.
6. Proposal for revised clinical and
electroencephalographic
classification of epileptic seizures
Epilepsia 22:489-501,1981
• Only clinical seizure type & ictal and
interictal EEG expressions have been
retained
• The anatomical substrate ,etiology,age
factors have been deleted as they were
based on historical or speculative
information rather than direct
observation.
7. Classification : 1981
• Partial seizures
Simple(Retention of consciousness)
Complex(disturbances in the
consciousness)
Complex : Refers to higher cortical
integrative functional disturbances and
would prefer to abandon the term
8. PARTIAL SEIZURES
A. Simple partial seizure
• 1. With motor signs( Focal motor without
march,with
march,Versive,Postural,Phonatory)
• 2.With somatosensory or special sensory
symptoms(Somatosensory,Visual,Auditory,
Olfactory,Gustatory,Vertiginous)
• 3. With autonomic symptoms or signs
• 4. With Psychic symptoms
9. B. Complex partial seizures:
• 1.Simple partial onset followed by
impairment of consciousness
• With impairment of consciousness at
onset
C. Partial seizures evolving to secondarily
generalised seizures
( May be generalised tonic-clonic,tonic,or
clonic
11. • III. UNCLASSIFIED EPILEPTIC
SEIZURES:
• eg, Neonatal seizures
• IV ADDENDUM
• 1. Cyclic attacks
• 2.Provoking seizures: Nonsensory factors
• & Sensory Factors
• 3. Status epilepticus
12. Proposal for revised
classification of epilepsies and
epileptic syndromes
Epilepsia 30:389-399,1989
• Two divisions used
• 1. generalized seizures
Partial or Focal seizures
• 2. Etiology: Symptomatic or Secondary
Idiopathic or Primary
13. CLASSIFICATIONS
• 1.Localization – related (Focal,local,Partial)
• 1.1 Idiopathic
BECTS
Childhood epilepsy with occipital
paroxysms
Primary reading epilepsy
1.2 Symptomatic
Chronic progressive epilepsia partialis continua
of childhood
Specific modes of precipitation
1.3 Cryptogenic
14. 2.Generalised epilepsies & synd
• 2.1 Idiopathic
• Benign neonatal familial convulsion
• Benign neonatal convulsion
• Benign myoclonic epilepsy in infancy
• Childhood absence epilepsy
• Juvenile absence epilepsy
• Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
• Epilepsy with GTCS on awakening
• Other generalised idiopathic seizures
• Precipitated by specific modes of activation
15. • 2.2 Cryptogenic or Symptomatic
• West`s syndrome
• Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
• Epilepsy with myoclonic –astatic
seizures
• Epilepsy with myoclonic absence
• 2.3 Symptomatic
• 2.3.1 Non specific aetiology :
• Early myoclonic encephalopathy
• Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy
• 2.3.2 : Specific Syndromes
16. 3.UNDETERMINED
• 3.1 With both generalized and focal
seizures
• Neonatal seizures
• Severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy
• Epilepsy with continuous spike-waves
during slow wave sleep
• Landau-Kleffner syndrome
• 3.2 Without unequivocal generalized or
focal features
17. 4. SPECIAL SYNDROMES
• Febrile convulsion
• Isolated seizures or Isolated status
epilepticus
• Acute metabolic and toxic events
predisposing
18. Revised terminology and concepts for
organization of seizures
and epilepsies: Report of the ILAE Commission,
2005–2009
Epilepsia, 51(4):676–685, 2010
The order and organization of the list of
recognized syndromes need not be
singular, constrained, or rigid but should
be flexible to reflect our best current
understanding of the neurobiology, the
clinical features, prognostic implications,
and any other features relevant to
clinical practice or research.
19. Specific changes to the 1981
classification
1. Neonatal seizures : No longer regarded as
a separate entity. can be classified within
the proposed scheme.
2. The previous subclassification of absence
seizures : simplified and altered. Myoclonic
absence seizures & eyelid myoclonia
recognized.
3. Epileptic Spasms included. .
20. 4. For focal seizures, the distinction
between the different types (e.g.,
complex partial and simple partial) is
eliminated.
• It is important, however, to recognize
that impairment of
consciousness/awareness or other
dyscognitive features, localization, and
progression of ictal events.
21. 5. Myoclonic atonic (previously called
‘‘myoclonic astatic’’) seizures are now
recognized.
22. ETIOLOGICAL
CLASSIFICATION
• Genetic – idiopathic:
direct result of a known or
presumed genetic defect(s) in
which seizures are the core
symptom of the disorder
e.g.,SCNIA, Dravet syndrome
22
23. • Structural/metabolic - symptomatic:
distinct structural/metabolic condition
associated with a increased risk of
developing epilepsy e.g., stroke,
trauma and infection.
• Unknown cause – cryptogenic:
Nature of the underlying cause is as
yet unknown( Epilepsy of infancy with migrating
focal seizures,Myoclonic epilepsy in infancy,Benign
rolandic epilepsy,Panayiotopoulos syndrome) 23
24. CLASSIFICATION OF SEIZURES
• Generalized seizures
• Tonic–clonic (in any Combination)
• Absence
• Typical
• Atypical
• Absence with special features
• Myoclonic absence
• Eyelid Myoclonia
• Myoclonic
• Myoclonic
• Myoclonic atonic
• Myoclonic tonic
• Clonic
• Tonic
• Atonic
• Focal seizures
• Unknown
• Epileptic spasms
25. Descriptors of focal seizures according to
degree of impairment during seizure
• Without impairment of consciousness or
awareness
• With observable motor or autonomic
components. : concept of ‘‘simple partial
seizure.
• Involving subjective sensory or psychic
phenomena only.: concept of an aura, a
termendorsed in the 2001Glossary.
26. • With impairment of consciousness or
awareness.: concept of complex partial
seizure.
• ‘‘Dyscognitive’’ is a term that has been
proposed for this concept (Blume et al.,
2001).
• Evolving to a bilateral, convulsive
seizure: (involving tonic, clonic,
• or tonic and clonic components).
replaces the term ‘‘secondarily
generalized seizure.’’
27. Electroclinical syndromes
• A complex of clinical features, signs, and
symptoms that together define a
distinctive, recognizable clinical disorder.
• Whose epilepsy does not fit the criteria for a
specific electroclinical syndrome can be
described with respect to a variety of
clinically relevant factors (e.g., known
etiology and seizure types).
28. Electroclinical syndromes
• focus of treatment trials as well as of
genetic, neuropsychological, and
neuroimaging investigations
• implications for treatment, management,
and prognosis
29. Constellations:
• clinically distinctive constellations on the
basis of specific lesions or other causes.
• Diagnostically meaningful forms of
epilepsy and may have implications for
clinical treatment, particularly surgery.
30. • Epilepsies associated with structural or
metabolic conditions:
• Previously, many such epilepsies were
grouped together as ‘‘symptomatic focal
epilepsies’’ and distinguished on the
basis of localization.
• Less emphasis be given to localization
and more to the underlying structural or
metabolic cause.
31. • Terms such as‘‘symptomatic temporal
lobe epilepsy’’ are replaced by longer
but more precise expressions such as
‘‘epilepsy with focal seizures secondary
to cortical dysplasia in the temporal
lobe.’’
32. Epilepsies of unknown cause:
• Account for one-third or more of all
epilepsy,
• Most poorly understood, and represent
perhaps the most fertile area for future
research in imaging and genetics.
33. Electroclinical syndromes and
other epilepsies
• Electroclinical syndromes arranged by
age at onset
• Neonatal period
• Benign familial neonatal epilepsy (BFNE)
• Early myoclonic encephalopathy (EME)
• Ohtahara syndrome
34. • Infancy
• Epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal
seizures
• West syndrome
• Myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (MEI)
• Benign infantile epilepsy
• Benign familial infantile epilepsy
• Dravet syndrome
• Myoclonic encephalopathy in
nonprogressive disorders
35. • Childhood
• Febrile seizures plus (FS+)
• Panayiotopoulos syndrome
• Epilepsy with myoclonic atonic (previously astatic)
seizures
• Benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS)
• ADNFLE
• Late onset childhood occipital epilepsy (Gastaut type)
• Epilepsy with myoclonic absences
• Lennox-Gastaut syndrome
• Epileptic encephalopathy with continuous spike-and-
wave during sleep (CSWS)
• Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS)
• Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE)
36. • Adolescence –
• Adult Juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE)
• Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME)
• Epilepsy with generalized tonic–clonic seizures
alone
• Progressive myoclonus epilepsies (PME)
• Autosomal dominant epilepsy with auditory
features (ADEAF)
• Other familial temporal lobe epilepsies
• Less specific age relationship
• Familial focal epilepsy with variable foci
(childhood to adult)
• Reflex epilepsies
37. • Distinctive constellations
• Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with
hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE with HS)
• Rasmussen syndrome
• Gelastic seizures with hypothalamic
hamartoma
• Hemiconvulsion–hemiplegia–epilepsy
38. • Epilepsies attributed to and organized by
structural-metabolic causes
• Malformations of cortical development
(hemimegalencephaly, heterotopias, etc.)
• Neurocutaneous syndromes (tuberous sclerosis
complex, Sturge-Weber, etc.)
• Tumor
• Infection
• Trauma
• Angioma
• Perinatal insults
• Strokes
39. • Epilepsies of unknown cause
• Conditions with epileptic seizures that
are traditionally not diagnosed as a form
of epilepsy per se
• Benign neonatal seizures (BNS)
• Febrile seizures (FS)
40. Dimensions for classifying epilepsies and
organizing information
• In referring to syndromes, dichotomy of focal
versus generalized will be abandoned.
• Intended to separate manifestations from the
underlying pathology that produced them.
• Include age at onset, cognitive and
developmental antecedents & consequences,
motor, sensory examinations, EEG features,
provoking or triggering factors, & patterns of
seizure with respect to sleep.
41. • Natural evolution of the disorder
• considerable importance in reflecting
growing understanding of full nature of
epilepsies.
• Epileptic encephalopathy.
• Epileptic activity itself may contribute to
severe cognitive and behavioral
impairments above and beyond what
• might be expected from the underlying
pathology alone(e.g., cortical
malformation), and that these can
worsen over.
42. • Terms catastrophic & benign not
recommended.
• First has strong emotional overtones & thus
is not considered an appropriate term for a
diagnostic label or category.
• Second belies growing understanding of
relationship between epilepsies & a wide
variety of brain disorders including cognitive,
behavioral,& psychiatric illnesses as well as
sudden death & suicide.
43. Proposed diagnostic scheme for people
with epileptic seizures and with epilepsy
Epilepsy Research 70S (2006) S5–S10 Jerome Engel
• Described and categorized according to
a system that utilizes standardized
terminology and that is sufficiently
flexible to take into account the
following practical and dynamic aspects
of epilepsy diagnosis:
44. (1) Some patients cannot be given a
recognized syndromic diagnosis.
(2) Seizure types and syndromes change as
new information is obtained.
(3) Complete and detailed descriptions of ictal
phenomenology are not always necessary.
(4) Multiple classification schemes can, and
should, be designed for specific purposes.
This diagnostic scheme is divided into five
parts, or Axes:
45. • Axis 1 : Ictal Phenomenology-From
glossary of Descriptive Ictal
Terminology, can be used to describe
ictal events with any degree of detail
needed.
• Asix 2: Seizure type: from the List of
Epileptic Seizures. Localization within
the brain and precipitating stimuli for
reflex seizures should be specified
when appropriate.
46. • Axis 3: Syndrome: from the List of
Epilepsy Syndromes, with the
understanding that a syndromic
diagnosis may not always be possible.
• Axis 4: Etiology: from a Classification of
Diseases Frequently Associated with
Epileptic Seizures or Epilepsy
Syndromes when possible, genetic
defects, or specific pathological
substrates for symptomatic focal
epilepsies.
47. • Axis 5: Impairment: this optional, but
often useful, additional diagnostic
parameter can be derived from an
impairment classification WHO
48. Classification in the future:
• Previous ‘‘classifications’’ were often treated
as rigid doctrine dominated by expert opinion
& assertion.
• Advances in areas of investigation
(epidemiology, electrophysiology, imaging,
developmental neurobiology, genomics,
computational neuroscience, &
neurochemistry) have made it clear that such
a simple & often autocratic approach does not
do justice to complexity of underlying
developmental and physiologic processes.
49. • Therefore, any classifications put forth
by this Commission should be viewed
as a guide to summarize our current
understanding in a useful manner, one
that is responsive to the needs to which
it is put and flexible enough to
incorporate new information as it
develops.
• Unfortunately, this remains an area
where long-held beliefs and ignorance
often clash with reason and evidence.
50. • We may ultimately classify by specific
cause, for example, ion channelopathies &
by specific ion channel genes.
• Alternatively, could organize a subgroup
by age at onset and association with
specific types of cortical malformations.
• Other dimensions would include but are
not limited to detailed aspects of ictal and
interictal EEG, structural neuroimaging
findings, neurologic examination,
cognitive & psychiatric status.
51. • In the future, the Classification will
essentially be a database.
• we encourage people to conceptualize a
future classification as a flexible,
multidimensional catalog of features for
organizing information as appropriate for
purposes of drug development, clinical
and basic research, and of course, clinical
practice.
52. References
• Blume WT, Luders HO, Mizrahi E, Tassinari C, van Emde Boas W, Engel J.
(2001) Glossary of ictal semiology. Epilepsia 42:1212–1218.
• Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League
Against Epilepsy. (1981) Proposal for revised clinical and electrographic
classification of epileptic seizures. Epilepsia 22:489–501.
• Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League
Against Epilepsy. (1989) Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and
epileptic syndromes. Epilepsia 30:389–399.
• Engel J. (2001) A proposed diagnostic scheme for people with epileptic
seizures and with epilepsy: report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification
and Terminology. Epilepsia 42:796–803.
• Engel J. (2006) Report of the ILAE Classification Core Group. Epilepsia
47:1558–1568.
• Fisher RS, Boas WVE, Blume W, Elger C, Genton P, Lee P, Engel J.(2005)
Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International
League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy
(IBE). Epilepsia 46:470–472.