Environmental economics is an area of economics that studies the financial impact of environmental policies. Environmental economists perform studies to determine the theoretical or empirical effects of environmental policies on the economy. This helps governments design appropriate environmental policies and analyze the effects and merits of existing or proposed policies. Environmental economics studies the impact of environmental policies and devises solutions to problems resulting from them. Environmental economics can either be prescriptive based or incentive based. A major subject of environmental economics is externalities, the additional costs of doing business that are not paid by the business or its consumers. Another major subject of environmental economics is placing a value on public goods, such as clean air, and calculating the costs of losing those goods. Since some environmental goods are not limited to a single country, environmental economics often requires a transnational approach. Dr. Shahina Parvin "Environmental Economics - A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51699.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/51699/environmental-economics--a-review/dr-shahina-parvin
Green growth can be seen as a way to pursue economic growth and development, while preventing environmental degradation, biodiversity loss, and unsustainable natural resource use.
For the short term, green growth can transform the opportunity of the crisis to ensure a more sustainable economic recovery.
For the long term, it will promote new, greener sources of growth.
The OECD is working on policy recommendations to help governments achieve greener growth. The presentation gives an overview of the findings to date and the next steps. It mentions innovation, taxes, jobs and development issues, as well as how to measure progress towards greener growth.
This document discusses whether the Covid-19 pandemic has increased the importance of green business strategies. It begins with an abstract that outlines the paper's argument that the pandemic has brought environmental protection to the forefront for both individuals and businesses. It then provides context on the pandemic's economic impacts and reviews literature on green business strategies and practices. Specifically, it discusses lean production, production management systems, energy management, and environmental management as important green practices. The document argues that adopting a green business strategy can help companies survive the pandemic crisis and facilitate decisions that improve the environment.
Environmental economics seeks to quantify environmental losses and determine efficient ways to reduce them. It compares the costs of environmental damage to the costs of mitigation. Environmental economics analyzes how changes in economic well-being today impact future generations' economic well-being. The environment provides resources for the economy and absorbs waste, so the environment and economy are interdependent. Environmental economics examines this relationship and how policies can reduce environmental degradation.
The document discusses different perspectives on the relationship between business and the environment. Several experts were interviewed and offered the following views:
- Win-win solutions that benefit both the environment and business's financial interests should be the goal, but are rare in practice. Regulations often impose real costs on companies to force them to address environmental externalities.
- Flexible, market-based policy instruments can help reduce costs of environmental regulations for businesses while still achieving policy goals. Farsighted companies that anticipate future market and social trends have been able to adapt successfully to changing environmental standards.
- Effective corporate environmental management systems are needed to take advantage of opportunities created by flexible government policies to continuously improve performance in a cost-effective
The commitment of the jordanian industrial companies in applying environmenta...Alexander Decker
This document provides an overview of environmental accounting and its importance. It discusses how accounting practices are expanding to include environmental costs and impacts. The document also examines the general framework of environmental accounting and relevant legislation. It analyzes Jordanian industrial companies' commitment to environmental accounting principles and how their financial departments address environmental aspects. The study found that Jordanian industrial companies generally commit to environmental accounting and keep pace with developments in the field. Their environmental accounting functions also keep up with global changes in the area.
This document provides an overview of economics related to waste management. It discusses key concepts like market failures related to waste externalities, the waste hierarchy, and different policy interventions to address waste issues. The objectives are to examine how firms manage waste and how it impacts profitability. It hypothesizes that waste management could impact profitability by reducing material costs if benefits outweigh costs. The methodology will use secondary data sources to analyze this. The document provides context on waste economics and outlines the research approach.
This document proposes a methodology to assess sustainable development in the context of green technology adoption. It analyzes indicators from the Sustainable Development Goals Index for 20 countries, focusing on environmental goals. It calculates an Averaging Sustainable Development Index and Normalized Sustainable Development Index for each country. Russia had the highest ASDI relative to its SDGI, indicating a positive trend in green tech. However, most developing countries showed unfavorable conditions for green tech adoption as their NSDI increasingly differed from their SDGI. The methodology aims to identify gaps between index values to contribute to assessing potential for green technology development.
Green growth can be seen as a way to pursue economic growth and development, while preventing environmental degradation, biodiversity loss, and unsustainable natural resource use.
For the short term, green growth can transform the opportunity of the crisis to ensure a more sustainable economic recovery.
For the long term, it will promote new, greener sources of growth.
The OECD is working on policy recommendations to help governments achieve greener growth. The presentation gives an overview of the findings to date and the next steps. It mentions innovation, taxes, jobs and development issues, as well as how to measure progress towards greener growth.
This document discusses whether the Covid-19 pandemic has increased the importance of green business strategies. It begins with an abstract that outlines the paper's argument that the pandemic has brought environmental protection to the forefront for both individuals and businesses. It then provides context on the pandemic's economic impacts and reviews literature on green business strategies and practices. Specifically, it discusses lean production, production management systems, energy management, and environmental management as important green practices. The document argues that adopting a green business strategy can help companies survive the pandemic crisis and facilitate decisions that improve the environment.
Environmental economics seeks to quantify environmental losses and determine efficient ways to reduce them. It compares the costs of environmental damage to the costs of mitigation. Environmental economics analyzes how changes in economic well-being today impact future generations' economic well-being. The environment provides resources for the economy and absorbs waste, so the environment and economy are interdependent. Environmental economics examines this relationship and how policies can reduce environmental degradation.
The document discusses different perspectives on the relationship between business and the environment. Several experts were interviewed and offered the following views:
- Win-win solutions that benefit both the environment and business's financial interests should be the goal, but are rare in practice. Regulations often impose real costs on companies to force them to address environmental externalities.
- Flexible, market-based policy instruments can help reduce costs of environmental regulations for businesses while still achieving policy goals. Farsighted companies that anticipate future market and social trends have been able to adapt successfully to changing environmental standards.
- Effective corporate environmental management systems are needed to take advantage of opportunities created by flexible government policies to continuously improve performance in a cost-effective
The commitment of the jordanian industrial companies in applying environmenta...Alexander Decker
This document provides an overview of environmental accounting and its importance. It discusses how accounting practices are expanding to include environmental costs and impacts. The document also examines the general framework of environmental accounting and relevant legislation. It analyzes Jordanian industrial companies' commitment to environmental accounting principles and how their financial departments address environmental aspects. The study found that Jordanian industrial companies generally commit to environmental accounting and keep pace with developments in the field. Their environmental accounting functions also keep up with global changes in the area.
This document provides an overview of economics related to waste management. It discusses key concepts like market failures related to waste externalities, the waste hierarchy, and different policy interventions to address waste issues. The objectives are to examine how firms manage waste and how it impacts profitability. It hypothesizes that waste management could impact profitability by reducing material costs if benefits outweigh costs. The methodology will use secondary data sources to analyze this. The document provides context on waste economics and outlines the research approach.
This document proposes a methodology to assess sustainable development in the context of green technology adoption. It analyzes indicators from the Sustainable Development Goals Index for 20 countries, focusing on environmental goals. It calculates an Averaging Sustainable Development Index and Normalized Sustainable Development Index for each country. Russia had the highest ASDI relative to its SDGI, indicating a positive trend in green tech. However, most developing countries showed unfavorable conditions for green tech adoption as their NSDI increasingly differed from their SDGI. The methodology aims to identify gaps between index values to contribute to assessing potential for green technology development.
Letter from global investor networks to the governments of the worlds largest...Dr Lendy Spires
This letter is from several global institutional investor networks representing over $22.5 trillion in assets to the governments of major economies. It calls for a new dialogue between investors and governments on climate policy to reduce climate risk and encourage low-carbon investment. Specifically, the letter urges governments to implement strong, predictable policies that incentivize low-carbon investments through mechanisms like emissions reductions targets and carbon pricing, while also phasing out fossil fuel subsidies. Investors note they are already taking action on climate change but governments must do more to transition economies to low-carbon through supportive policy frameworks.
Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. It balances human needs with environmental protection. Key dimensions are social, economic, environmental, and institutional. Sustainable development in the petrochemical industry can generate value through cost reduction, brand enhancement, and revenue generation from new products, differentiation, and leveraging downstream pricing. Radical changes in energy technology are needed to address economic, social and environmental challenges through technological innovation, especially in developing countries which account for most energy demand growth.
Global climate change threatens to disrupt the well-being of society, undermine economic development and alter the natural environment, making it an urgent policy priority for the 21st century. Governments around the world have reached consensus on the need to achieve large cuts in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions over the coming decades, to adapt to the impacts of climate change, and to ensure the necessary financial and technical support for developing countries to take action.
This document summarizes an article about the diffusion of environmental management in Greece through ISO 14001 certification. It discusses how globalization trends have led to harmonized environmental policy initiatives and regulations across countries. ISO 14001 is presented as an example of these global standards. The summary explores whether Greece adopted ISO 14001 to promote environmental sustainability or as a result of economic globalization pressures. It notes that proper institutions and legal frameworks are needed to facilitate environmental progress.
The document discusses the relationship between climate change, the environment, and the global financial system. It argues that policymakers need to take greater account of environmental factors when making decisions that impact finance and the economy. The G20 is positioned to advance this by taking three steps: 1) Asking the FSB to consider the impact of climate change on financial stability. 2) Encouraging environmental stress testing of financial policies like Basel III. 3) Exploring how central banks can green their asset purchasing activities. Aligning finance more with environmental sustainability would improve the stability of the global economic system in the long run.
This document provides an overview and critique of Australia's carbon tax, which was implemented in 2012 to address climate change by putting a price on carbon emissions. The summary discusses:
1) The carbon tax aimed to implement the "polluter pays principle" but faced political and economic challenges due to Australia's reliance on fossil fuel exports and domestic use.
2) The development of the carbon tax was a drawn out political process without bipartisan support, undermining its effectiveness.
3) The carbon tax design exempted some high-polluting industries and penalized lower emitters, failing to properly implement the polluter pays principle.
- Climate change presents risks and opportunities to investors through physical, technological, regulatory and social changes. Physical risks include more frequent extreme weather events. Technological risks include disruption from renewable energy and electric vehicles. Regulatory risks include tighter emissions standards. Social risks include changing consumer preferences.
- Meeting emissions reduction targets will require large investments in green infrastructure but current infrastructure spending is insufficient. Removing fossil fuel subsidies could save governments money while incentivizing green technologies.
- All investors should consider how to manage climate-related risks, exploit opportunities, and potentially have a positive impact through climate-aware investing strategies.
Expert Insight from IBM Institute of Business Value
Environmental sustainability is no longer just a corporate social responsibility (CSR) issue. Nor is it important only for compliance and reporting purposes. It is, in fact, an imperative in the fullest sense of the word.
Digital technologies—especially exponential ones—make possible many market-based mechanisms that drive change and innovation. In particular, they can support incentive mechanisms for action at a scale and speed that would be impossible through the traditional means of regulations and government intervention.
Business case for carbon roadmap development - RSM GCPravin Jadhav
The document discusses the impacts of climate change according to the IPCC, including impacts on hydrological systems, species, agriculture, health, and extreme weather events. It outlines India's acknowledgement of climate change and policies to reduce emissions, including renewable energy promotion. The document argues that calculating carbon emissions and developing carbon reduction roadmaps will help businesses prepare for a carbon-constrained future with emerging regulations and stakeholder pressures. Monitoring emissions and reduction efforts can help businesses gain competitive advantages.
“Green Environment” relates to the concerns for environmental conservation and improved health of the environment. This includes supporting practices like informed consumption, conservation practices and investment in renewable energy.Why is green environment important?
Going green reduces air pollution and environmental toxins that could affect our body's immune system that fights infections, and that could expose us to diseases and fatal illnesses
The document discusses indicators for measuring progress towards a green economy. It outlines a framework using
environmental issues as an entry point, beginning with indicators to identify priority issues and set targets. Broad
environmental issues that could be covered include climate change, ecosystem management, resource efficiency, and
chemicals and waste management. Leading indicators are then identified for each issue, such as carbon emissions and
renewable energy use for climate change. The framework also examines indicators for policy interventions and their
impacts on well-being and equity.
The document discusses indicators for measuring progress towards a green economy. It outlines a framework using
environmental issues as an entry point, beginning with indicators to identify priority issues and set targets. Broad
environmental issues that could be covered include climate change, ecosystem management, resource efficiency, and
chemicals and waste management. Leading indicators are then identified to track each issue, such as carbon emissions,
renewable energy use, and resource productivity. The framework also examines indicators for policy interventions and their
impacts on well-being and equity.
The document provides an overview of the OECD's work on environmental issues from 2013-2014. It discusses the OECD's peer reviews of countries' environmental performance, indicators and outlooks projecting future environmental trends. Specific areas of focus include climate change, biodiversity, water issues, eco-innovation, environmental policy tools and sectoral policies related to transport and agriculture. The OECD aims to promote sustainable economic growth that balances environmental, economic and social considerations.
The Impacts of EnvironmentalRegulations on Competitiveness.docxarnoldmeredith47041
The Impacts of Environmental
Regulations on Competitiveness
Antoine Dechezleprêtre* and Misato Sato
†
Introduction
Ever since the first major environmental regulations were enacted in the 1970s, there has been
much debate about their potential impacts on the competitiveness of affected firms. Businesses
and policy makers fear that in a world that is increasingly characterized by the integration of trade
and capital flows, large asymmetries in the stringency of environmental policies could shift
pollution-intensive production capacity toward countries or regions with less stringent regula-
tion, altering the spatial distribution of industrial production and the subsequent international
trade flows. This has caused concern, particularly among countries that are leading the action
against climate change, because their efforts to achieve deep emission reductions could put their
own pollution-intensive producers at a competitive disadvantage in the global economy.
There are two different views in the environmental economics literature on the effects of
asymmetric policies on the performance of companies competing in the same market: the
pollution haven hypothesis and the Porter hypothesis. The pollution haven hypothesis, which
is based on trade theory, predicts that more stringent environmental policies will increase
compliance costs and, over time, shift pollution-intensive production toward low abatement
cost regions, creating pollution havens and causing policy-induced pollution leakage
(e.g., Levinson and Taylor, 2008). This is a particularly troubling problem for global pollutants
such as carbon dioxide, because it means that on top of the economic impacts on domestic
firms, abatement efforts will be offset to some extent by increasing emissions in other regions.
*Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics,
Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom. Tel:þ44 (0)207 852 3626; e-mail: [email protected]
lse.ac.uk.
†
Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics,
Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom. Tel: þ44 (0)207 107 5412; e-mail: [email protected]
lse.ac.uk.
We would like to thank Milan Brahmbhatt, Raphael Calel, Baran Doda, Damien Dussaux, Carolyn Fischer,
Matthieu Glachant, Colin McCormick, and Dimitri Zenghelis for helpful comments on an earlier version of
this article. We are grateful to three anonymous referees for very constructive comments and suggestions.
Financial support has come from the Global Green Growth Institute, the Grantham Foundation for the
Protection of the Environment, the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)
under grant agreement no. 308481 (ENTRACTE), and the UK Economic and Social Research Council
through the Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy.
Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, volume 11, issue 2, Summer 2017, pp. 183–206
doi: 10.109.
The Impacts of EnvironmentalRegulations on Competitiveness.docxrtodd33
The Impacts of Environmental
Regulations on Competitiveness
Antoine Dechezleprêtre* and Misato Sato
†
Introduction
Ever since the first major environmental regulations were enacted in the 1970s, there has been
much debate about their potential impacts on the competitiveness of affected firms. Businesses
and policy makers fear that in a world that is increasingly characterized by the integration of trade
and capital flows, large asymmetries in the stringency of environmental policies could shift
pollution-intensive production capacity toward countries or regions with less stringent regula-
tion, altering the spatial distribution of industrial production and the subsequent international
trade flows. This has caused concern, particularly among countries that are leading the action
against climate change, because their efforts to achieve deep emission reductions could put their
own pollution-intensive producers at a competitive disadvantage in the global economy.
There are two different views in the environmental economics literature on the effects of
asymmetric policies on the performance of companies competing in the same market: the
pollution haven hypothesis and the Porter hypothesis. The pollution haven hypothesis, which
is based on trade theory, predicts that more stringent environmental policies will increase
compliance costs and, over time, shift pollution-intensive production toward low abatement
cost regions, creating pollution havens and causing policy-induced pollution leakage
(e.g., Levinson and Taylor, 2008). This is a particularly troubling problem for global pollutants
such as carbon dioxide, because it means that on top of the economic impacts on domestic
firms, abatement efforts will be offset to some extent by increasing emissions in other regions.
*Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics,
Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom. Tel:þ44 (0)207 852 3626; e-mail: [email protected]
lse.ac.uk.
†
Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics,
Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom. Tel: þ44 (0)207 107 5412; e-mail: [email protected]
lse.ac.uk.
We would like to thank Milan Brahmbhatt, Raphael Calel, Baran Doda, Damien Dussaux, Carolyn Fischer,
Matthieu Glachant, Colin McCormick, and Dimitri Zenghelis for helpful comments on an earlier version of
this article. We are grateful to three anonymous referees for very constructive comments and suggestions.
Financial support has come from the Global Green Growth Institute, the Grantham Foundation for the
Protection of the Environment, the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)
under grant agreement no. 308481 (ENTRACTE), and the UK Economic and Social Research Council
through the Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy.
Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, volume 11, issue 2, Summer 2017, pp. 183–206
doi: 10.109.
This document presents an analysis of options for reducing Australia's greenhouse gas emissions and their associated costs. It finds that significant reductions are possible through existing technologies, including reducing emissions 30% below 1990 levels by 2020 and 60% by 2030. Many options have net savings, while the average cost to households would be around $290 per year to achieve the 2020 target. Prompt action is needed from government, businesses, and consumers to pursue opportunities and establish policies to reduce emissions in an affordable way.
An Economic View of Environmental ProtectioneAmbiente
Robert N. Stavins
Albert Pratt Professor of Business and Government
John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
Conference on Sustainability in Manufacturing
Assoreca and the Green Economy Network
Assolombarda Auditorium, Milano
November 20, 2014
11/2014convegno su Green Economy e industria manifatturiera in Italia. Presen...Gabriella Foglio
Eccellente inquadramento della problematica "Sviluppo economico e protezione ambientale" da parte del Prof. Stavins/Harvard University. Uomo simpatico oltre che acuto
1. Green accounting is a new system that records the costs and benefits of an ecosystem for businesses. It aims to account for the environment and its well-being.
2. The document discusses the history, types, benefits and limitations of green accounting. It provides insights on green accounting practices in India, which is still in a preliminary stage.
3. Implementing green accounting can help identify resource use, costs to the environment, and make more sustainable decisions, though challenges with valuation and long-term impacts remain.
ELEEP Policy Recommendations: Economic and Monetary PolicyELEEP Network
The document summarizes recommendations from a study tour focused on economic and monetary policy in England. It outlines several policy recommendations for building foundations in economics for environmental leaders, understanding absolute environmental limits, looking for alternative progress indicators beyond GDP, promoting diversity in a green economy, redirecting investment to the green economy, decentralizing and democratizing finance, addressing challenges for firms in achieving sustainability, and taking a multi-phase approach to transition.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Letter from global investor networks to the governments of the worlds largest...Dr Lendy Spires
This letter is from several global institutional investor networks representing over $22.5 trillion in assets to the governments of major economies. It calls for a new dialogue between investors and governments on climate policy to reduce climate risk and encourage low-carbon investment. Specifically, the letter urges governments to implement strong, predictable policies that incentivize low-carbon investments through mechanisms like emissions reductions targets and carbon pricing, while also phasing out fossil fuel subsidies. Investors note they are already taking action on climate change but governments must do more to transition economies to low-carbon through supportive policy frameworks.
Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. It balances human needs with environmental protection. Key dimensions are social, economic, environmental, and institutional. Sustainable development in the petrochemical industry can generate value through cost reduction, brand enhancement, and revenue generation from new products, differentiation, and leveraging downstream pricing. Radical changes in energy technology are needed to address economic, social and environmental challenges through technological innovation, especially in developing countries which account for most energy demand growth.
Global climate change threatens to disrupt the well-being of society, undermine economic development and alter the natural environment, making it an urgent policy priority for the 21st century. Governments around the world have reached consensus on the need to achieve large cuts in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions over the coming decades, to adapt to the impacts of climate change, and to ensure the necessary financial and technical support for developing countries to take action.
This document summarizes an article about the diffusion of environmental management in Greece through ISO 14001 certification. It discusses how globalization trends have led to harmonized environmental policy initiatives and regulations across countries. ISO 14001 is presented as an example of these global standards. The summary explores whether Greece adopted ISO 14001 to promote environmental sustainability or as a result of economic globalization pressures. It notes that proper institutions and legal frameworks are needed to facilitate environmental progress.
The document discusses the relationship between climate change, the environment, and the global financial system. It argues that policymakers need to take greater account of environmental factors when making decisions that impact finance and the economy. The G20 is positioned to advance this by taking three steps: 1) Asking the FSB to consider the impact of climate change on financial stability. 2) Encouraging environmental stress testing of financial policies like Basel III. 3) Exploring how central banks can green their asset purchasing activities. Aligning finance more with environmental sustainability would improve the stability of the global economic system in the long run.
This document provides an overview and critique of Australia's carbon tax, which was implemented in 2012 to address climate change by putting a price on carbon emissions. The summary discusses:
1) The carbon tax aimed to implement the "polluter pays principle" but faced political and economic challenges due to Australia's reliance on fossil fuel exports and domestic use.
2) The development of the carbon tax was a drawn out political process without bipartisan support, undermining its effectiveness.
3) The carbon tax design exempted some high-polluting industries and penalized lower emitters, failing to properly implement the polluter pays principle.
- Climate change presents risks and opportunities to investors through physical, technological, regulatory and social changes. Physical risks include more frequent extreme weather events. Technological risks include disruption from renewable energy and electric vehicles. Regulatory risks include tighter emissions standards. Social risks include changing consumer preferences.
- Meeting emissions reduction targets will require large investments in green infrastructure but current infrastructure spending is insufficient. Removing fossil fuel subsidies could save governments money while incentivizing green technologies.
- All investors should consider how to manage climate-related risks, exploit opportunities, and potentially have a positive impact through climate-aware investing strategies.
Expert Insight from IBM Institute of Business Value
Environmental sustainability is no longer just a corporate social responsibility (CSR) issue. Nor is it important only for compliance and reporting purposes. It is, in fact, an imperative in the fullest sense of the word.
Digital technologies—especially exponential ones—make possible many market-based mechanisms that drive change and innovation. In particular, they can support incentive mechanisms for action at a scale and speed that would be impossible through the traditional means of regulations and government intervention.
Business case for carbon roadmap development - RSM GCPravin Jadhav
The document discusses the impacts of climate change according to the IPCC, including impacts on hydrological systems, species, agriculture, health, and extreme weather events. It outlines India's acknowledgement of climate change and policies to reduce emissions, including renewable energy promotion. The document argues that calculating carbon emissions and developing carbon reduction roadmaps will help businesses prepare for a carbon-constrained future with emerging regulations and stakeholder pressures. Monitoring emissions and reduction efforts can help businesses gain competitive advantages.
“Green Environment” relates to the concerns for environmental conservation and improved health of the environment. This includes supporting practices like informed consumption, conservation practices and investment in renewable energy.Why is green environment important?
Going green reduces air pollution and environmental toxins that could affect our body's immune system that fights infections, and that could expose us to diseases and fatal illnesses
The document discusses indicators for measuring progress towards a green economy. It outlines a framework using
environmental issues as an entry point, beginning with indicators to identify priority issues and set targets. Broad
environmental issues that could be covered include climate change, ecosystem management, resource efficiency, and
chemicals and waste management. Leading indicators are then identified for each issue, such as carbon emissions and
renewable energy use for climate change. The framework also examines indicators for policy interventions and their
impacts on well-being and equity.
The document discusses indicators for measuring progress towards a green economy. It outlines a framework using
environmental issues as an entry point, beginning with indicators to identify priority issues and set targets. Broad
environmental issues that could be covered include climate change, ecosystem management, resource efficiency, and
chemicals and waste management. Leading indicators are then identified to track each issue, such as carbon emissions,
renewable energy use, and resource productivity. The framework also examines indicators for policy interventions and their
impacts on well-being and equity.
The document provides an overview of the OECD's work on environmental issues from 2013-2014. It discusses the OECD's peer reviews of countries' environmental performance, indicators and outlooks projecting future environmental trends. Specific areas of focus include climate change, biodiversity, water issues, eco-innovation, environmental policy tools and sectoral policies related to transport and agriculture. The OECD aims to promote sustainable economic growth that balances environmental, economic and social considerations.
The Impacts of EnvironmentalRegulations on Competitiveness.docxarnoldmeredith47041
The Impacts of Environmental
Regulations on Competitiveness
Antoine Dechezleprêtre* and Misato Sato
†
Introduction
Ever since the first major environmental regulations were enacted in the 1970s, there has been
much debate about their potential impacts on the competitiveness of affected firms. Businesses
and policy makers fear that in a world that is increasingly characterized by the integration of trade
and capital flows, large asymmetries in the stringency of environmental policies could shift
pollution-intensive production capacity toward countries or regions with less stringent regula-
tion, altering the spatial distribution of industrial production and the subsequent international
trade flows. This has caused concern, particularly among countries that are leading the action
against climate change, because their efforts to achieve deep emission reductions could put their
own pollution-intensive producers at a competitive disadvantage in the global economy.
There are two different views in the environmental economics literature on the effects of
asymmetric policies on the performance of companies competing in the same market: the
pollution haven hypothesis and the Porter hypothesis. The pollution haven hypothesis, which
is based on trade theory, predicts that more stringent environmental policies will increase
compliance costs and, over time, shift pollution-intensive production toward low abatement
cost regions, creating pollution havens and causing policy-induced pollution leakage
(e.g., Levinson and Taylor, 2008). This is a particularly troubling problem for global pollutants
such as carbon dioxide, because it means that on top of the economic impacts on domestic
firms, abatement efforts will be offset to some extent by increasing emissions in other regions.
*Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics,
Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom. Tel:þ44 (0)207 852 3626; e-mail: [email protected]
lse.ac.uk.
†
Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics,
Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom. Tel: þ44 (0)207 107 5412; e-mail: [email protected]
lse.ac.uk.
We would like to thank Milan Brahmbhatt, Raphael Calel, Baran Doda, Damien Dussaux, Carolyn Fischer,
Matthieu Glachant, Colin McCormick, and Dimitri Zenghelis for helpful comments on an earlier version of
this article. We are grateful to three anonymous referees for very constructive comments and suggestions.
Financial support has come from the Global Green Growth Institute, the Grantham Foundation for the
Protection of the Environment, the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)
under grant agreement no. 308481 (ENTRACTE), and the UK Economic and Social Research Council
through the Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy.
Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, volume 11, issue 2, Summer 2017, pp. 183–206
doi: 10.109.
The Impacts of EnvironmentalRegulations on Competitiveness.docxrtodd33
The Impacts of Environmental
Regulations on Competitiveness
Antoine Dechezleprêtre* and Misato Sato
†
Introduction
Ever since the first major environmental regulations were enacted in the 1970s, there has been
much debate about their potential impacts on the competitiveness of affected firms. Businesses
and policy makers fear that in a world that is increasingly characterized by the integration of trade
and capital flows, large asymmetries in the stringency of environmental policies could shift
pollution-intensive production capacity toward countries or regions with less stringent regula-
tion, altering the spatial distribution of industrial production and the subsequent international
trade flows. This has caused concern, particularly among countries that are leading the action
against climate change, because their efforts to achieve deep emission reductions could put their
own pollution-intensive producers at a competitive disadvantage in the global economy.
There are two different views in the environmental economics literature on the effects of
asymmetric policies on the performance of companies competing in the same market: the
pollution haven hypothesis and the Porter hypothesis. The pollution haven hypothesis, which
is based on trade theory, predicts that more stringent environmental policies will increase
compliance costs and, over time, shift pollution-intensive production toward low abatement
cost regions, creating pollution havens and causing policy-induced pollution leakage
(e.g., Levinson and Taylor, 2008). This is a particularly troubling problem for global pollutants
such as carbon dioxide, because it means that on top of the economic impacts on domestic
firms, abatement efforts will be offset to some extent by increasing emissions in other regions.
*Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics,
Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom. Tel:þ44 (0)207 852 3626; e-mail: [email protected]
lse.ac.uk.
†
Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics,
Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom. Tel: þ44 (0)207 107 5412; e-mail: [email protected]
lse.ac.uk.
We would like to thank Milan Brahmbhatt, Raphael Calel, Baran Doda, Damien Dussaux, Carolyn Fischer,
Matthieu Glachant, Colin McCormick, and Dimitri Zenghelis for helpful comments on an earlier version of
this article. We are grateful to three anonymous referees for very constructive comments and suggestions.
Financial support has come from the Global Green Growth Institute, the Grantham Foundation for the
Protection of the Environment, the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)
under grant agreement no. 308481 (ENTRACTE), and the UK Economic and Social Research Council
through the Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy.
Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, volume 11, issue 2, Summer 2017, pp. 183–206
doi: 10.109.
This document presents an analysis of options for reducing Australia's greenhouse gas emissions and their associated costs. It finds that significant reductions are possible through existing technologies, including reducing emissions 30% below 1990 levels by 2020 and 60% by 2030. Many options have net savings, while the average cost to households would be around $290 per year to achieve the 2020 target. Prompt action is needed from government, businesses, and consumers to pursue opportunities and establish policies to reduce emissions in an affordable way.
An Economic View of Environmental ProtectioneAmbiente
Robert N. Stavins
Albert Pratt Professor of Business and Government
John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
Conference on Sustainability in Manufacturing
Assoreca and the Green Economy Network
Assolombarda Auditorium, Milano
November 20, 2014
11/2014convegno su Green Economy e industria manifatturiera in Italia. Presen...Gabriella Foglio
Eccellente inquadramento della problematica "Sviluppo economico e protezione ambientale" da parte del Prof. Stavins/Harvard University. Uomo simpatico oltre che acuto
1. Green accounting is a new system that records the costs and benefits of an ecosystem for businesses. It aims to account for the environment and its well-being.
2. The document discusses the history, types, benefits and limitations of green accounting. It provides insights on green accounting practices in India, which is still in a preliminary stage.
3. Implementing green accounting can help identify resource use, costs to the environment, and make more sustainable decisions, though challenges with valuation and long-term impacts remain.
ELEEP Policy Recommendations: Economic and Monetary PolicyELEEP Network
The document summarizes recommendations from a study tour focused on economic and monetary policy in England. It outlines several policy recommendations for building foundations in economics for environmental leaders, understanding absolute environmental limits, looking for alternative progress indicators beyond GDP, promoting diversity in a green economy, redirecting investment to the green economy, decentralizing and democratizing finance, addressing challenges for firms in achieving sustainability, and taking a multi-phase approach to transition.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
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Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
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(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
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With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
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These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
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THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
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industries, or require certain emissions-controlling
technologies.
Market-based Regulations
Market-based policies use economic incentives to
encourage desired behaviors. For example, cap-and-
trade regulations do not prohibit companies from
pollution, but they place a financial burden on those
who do. These incentives reward companies for
reducing their emissions, without dictating the
method they use to do so.[3,4]
Because the nature and economic value of environmental goods often transcend national boundaries,
environmental economics frequently requires a transnational approach.
For example, an environmental economist could identify overfishing as a negative externality to be addressed.
The United States could impose regulations on its own fishing industry, but the problem wouldn't be solved
without similar action from many other nations. The global character of such environmental issues has led to
the rise of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) like the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC), which organizes annual forums for heads of state to negotiate international environmental policies.
Another challenge of environmental economics is the degree to which its findings affect other industries. More
often than not, findings from environmental economists can result in controversy, and their policy prescriptions
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may be difficult to implement due to the complexity of the world market. [5,6] The presence of multiple
marketplaces for carbon credits is an example of the chaotic transnational implementation of ideas stemming
from environmental economics. Fuel economy standards set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
are another example of the balancing act required by policy proposals related to environmental economics. In
the U.S., policy proposals stemming from environmental economics tend to cause contentious political debate.
Leaders rarely agree about the degree of externalized environmental costs, making it difficult to craft
substantive environmental policies. The EPA uses environmental economists to conduct analysis-related policy
proposals. These proposals are then vetted and evaluated by legislative bodies. The EPA oversees a National
Center for Environmental Economics, which emphasizes market-based solutions like cap and trade policies for
carbon emissions. Their priority policy issues are encouraging biofuel use, analyzing the costs of climate
change, and addressing waste and pollution problems[7,8]
Discussion
A prominent contemporary example of the use of environmental economics is the cap and trade system.
Companies purchase carbon offsets from developing countries or environmental organizations to make up for
their carbon emissions. Another example is the use of a carbon tax to penalize industries that emit carbon.
Corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) regulations are another example of environmental economics at work.
These regulations are prescriptive and specify the gallons per mile of gas for cars for car makers. They were
introduced during the 1970s to promote fuel efficiency in an era of gas shortages. Environmental and ecological
economics are both sub-fields of economic thought that study the interactions between human activity and the
natural environment. The difference is that environmental economics studies the relationship between the
environment and the economy, while ecological economics considers the economy to be a subsystem of the
wider ecosystem. Neoclassical economics is a broad theory that focuses on supply and demand as the driving
forces of economic activity. Environmental economics is based on the neoclassical model but places a greater
emphasis on negative externalities, such as pollution and ecosystem loss.[9,10]
Environmental economists may find ready employment at the Environmental Protection Agency, or other
environmental bodies at the state or local level. These specialists are responsible for enforcing regulations to
protect the environment and calculating the economic costs of enforcing regulations.
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The origins of environmental economics date back to
the 1960s, when industrialization was experiencing a
boom, particularly in the western world, and pollution
from industrial activity became an increasing
concern. Environmental activism also started to
increase due to the perceived negative consequences
of environmental degradation. The world became
aware of rapid economic growth and its consequences
to the environment. Environmental economists see
the environment as a form of natural capital that
provides amenities and life support functions to the
earth’s inhabitants. Environmental economics was
premised on the neoclassical approach dealing with
issues such as inefficient natural resource allocation,
market failure, negative externalities, and
management of public goods. As the movement
developed over time, other intricate details on the
relationship between the environment and the
economy became apparent. The study brought about
powerful environmental arguments and propositions,
which gave rise to contemporary environmental
policies and regulations around the world. It led to the
establishment of new environmental bodies – chief
among them, the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP) in 1972.[11,12]
Scope of Environmental Economics
The role of environmental economics in the design of
environmental policies and their implementation is
the major concern of the discipline. Three important
questions arise in environmental economics:
What causes environmental challenges in terms of
economic and institutional affairs? The question
explores the concept of market failure, which is
premised on the fact that there are either non-
existence or incomplete markets for
environmental goods, such as unpolluted air,
clean environment, scenic nature views, etc.;
hence, there is likely to be no efficient allocation
of environmental resources.
What is the monetary value of environmental
degradation through pollution and other agents, as
well as the value of developments in the
prevention and eradication of environmental
harm? The methods of measurement and
estimation of the variables are an important aspect
of environmental economics.
How can economic incentives and environmental
policies be effectively designed to improve
environmental quality and deter environmental
damage? Critical evaluation of economic
incentives and environmental policies and
regulations is crucial to find out if they are
yielding the intended objectives.
Environmental economics encompasses the
following concepts:
1. Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is defined by UNEP as
“development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.” The concept
analyzes the role of economic development in
supporting sustainable development.
The four basic components of sustainable
development are economic growth, environmental
protection, social equity, and institutional capacity.
2. Market Failure
Market failure occurs if the functioning of a perfect
market is compromised; hence, it is unable to
efficiently allocate scarce resources at a given price as
conditions for laws of demand and supply are not
met.
An example can be an environmental good such as
clean oceans. It is difficult to price the value of clean
seas and oceans, and there exist no markets for clean
water bodies where it is traded depending on the
degree of cleanliness. It is a standard case of market
failure.[13,14]
3. Externalities
Externalities are inadvertent consequences of
economic activity that affect people over and above
those directly involved in it. Externalities are also
another form of market failure. They can either be
negative or positive.
A negative externality creates unplanned outcomes
that are harmful to the environment or directly to the
general public. An example can be pollution through
industrial production, which results in unclean air and
water and other health risks. The polluting entities
may not incur any costs to address the pollution, even
though their activities harm the environment and
negatively affect the surrounding community.
A positive externality is a benefit to other people not
directly involved in its generation. A community
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nature park can benefit people outside the community
who visit family and friends in the area and would not
have contributed to its development. People who
benefit from an economic resource without
contributing to its establishment are called “free
riders.”
4. Valuation
Valuation is an important aspect of environmental
economics, as it helps to evaluate a variety of options
in managing challenges with the use of environmental
and natural resources. The valuation of ecological
resources is a complex process, as it is difficult to
assign value to intangible benefits, such as clean air
and an unpolluted environment.
Resources that offer multiple benefits are difficult to
value – for example, mountains may prevent
flooding, provide scenic beauty, direct river flow
patterns, and provide fertile soils for agriculture.
Environmental resources can be assigned values
depending on use and non-use methods. It’s easier to
assign value to a product in use by observing what
consumers are willing to pay.
Opportunity cost pricing, replacement cost, and
hedonic pricing techniques can be employed in the
“use” method. The contingent valuation technique is
used for the “non-use” method by measuring what
consumers are willing to pay for a product they do not
use or enjoy.
5. Cost-Benefit Analysis
Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) involves weighing the
benefits arising from a policy against the perceived
benefits. Hence, the best policy is one in which there
is the greatest surplus of benefits over costs.
CBA starts with a base policy where no changes are
made to the status quo. A time horizon is selected
where the perceived costs and benefits are expected to
be realized. Benefits are instances where human well-
being is improved, and costs decrease human well-
being.[15,16]
Costs and benefits to be realized in the future are
discounted using a discount factor to cater to the time
value of money. Benefits include extra income,
improved quality of life, clean water, and beaches,
and costs include opportunity costs, internal and
external costs, and externalities.
Results
Environmental economists research the economics of
environmental issues such as renewable energy use,
construction of new hydroelectric power plants or
transnational pipelines, and pollution control
measures. They may conduct cost-benefit analyses of
industrial activities or proposed regulations involving
natural resources, usually using a suite of advanced
statistical and computer software programs. They
may also run sophisticated environmental modeling
programs. Based on these analyses, they may develop
cost-effective and sustainable policy
recommendations, and communicate them to
policymakers through reports and presentations.
Environmental economists may study or develop
policy recommendations relating to:
Externalities, or unintentional effects on the
environment or human health resulting from
economic activity
Permit trading, also referred to “cap and trade”.
This approach was successfully used to address
acid rain in the 1990s. It's also been proposed as a
policy tool to address release of the greenhouse
gases that cause global warming.
Cost-benefit analysis of environmental
regulations
The economics of biofuels, waste management,
land cleanup and other environmental
technologies and industries
Valuation, which aims to assign dollar values to
natural resources. Valuation also deals with
nature-provided “ecosystem services”, such as
erosion prevention by trees or water filtering by
plants.[17,18]
Like all subdisciplines of economics, environmental
economics borrowed heavily from thought of its
precursors. The idea of an externality, a detrimental
(or beneficial) effect to a third party for which no
price is exacted, was already familiar from the work
of Pigou in the 1920s. Pollution damage fitted neatly
into this framework. Polluters cause damage to third
parties but may not be required to pay for that
damage. Because market-oriented economic systems
did not account for externalities (any more than
planned ones such as the former Soviet Union did in
practice), those systems could not be maximizing
human well-being. Intervention in some form to
internalize the externality—to get the third-party
effect included in the internal costs of the polluter—
was justified.
That policies could be evaluated in terms of their
costs and benefits, with costs and benefits defined in
terms of human preferences and willingness to pay,
was established by Dupuit in the nineteenth century .
The body of modern-day welfare economics was
established by Hicks, Kaldor, and others in the 1930s
and 1940s. Practical guidelines for using welfare
economics in the guise of cost-benefit analysis were
drawn up first for the water sector in the United
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States. Considerable attention was also being devoted
to the wider issue of efficiency in government,
especially military spending, by bodies such as the
Rand Corporation. In 1958 three seminal works
appeared: Eckstein's Water Resource Development,
Krutilla & Eckstein's Multipurpose River
Development, and McKean's Efficiency in
Government Through Systems Analysis . The feature
of these works was the synthesis of practical concerns
with the theoretical welfare economics literature. The
essential step was the justification for the benefit-cost
principle: justifying projects or policies on the basis
that benefits exceed costs is wholly consistent with
there being losers, i.e., those who suffer the costs. The
Kaldor-Hicks compensation criterion had established
that projects were nonetheless justified because
gainers could compensate losers, such that losers
would be no worse off, and gainers would still have a
net benefit. This implies that, provided the
compensation takes place, no one is actually worse
off, thus meeting the long-established Pareto criterion
for an improvement in overall well-being. However,
actual compensation need not occur: It is necessary
only that it could take place.
In a separate strand of intellectual development, the
idea that any natural resource had some optimal rate
of use had been established formally by Gray in the
early twentieth century and later by Hotelling
.Initially, these optimal use theorems were confined
to natural resource economics as opposed to
environmental economics. The distinction between
the two was that the former was mainly concerned
with rates of exhaustible resource depletion and the
determination of optimal harvest rates for renewable
resources. Environmental economics, on the other
hand, focused on pollution. The distinction largely
broke down once it was recognized that theorems
from the former were applicable to the latter contexts,
especially where pollutants were cumulative, and also
in the context of the theory of optimal economic
growth. The growth theory contributions culminated
in elegant if demanding treatises in the 1970s, e.g.,
Dasgupta & Heal . Mathematical models of
economies with single exhaustible natural resources
were in turn stimulated by real world issues. In 1973
the first Organization of the Petroleum Exporting
Countries' (OPEC) oil price increase occurred, which
prompted concerns about the stability of fossil fuel–
dependent economic systems. The optimal use rate
for a renewable resource, such as a fishery, was the
subject of a separate literature dating mainly from
Gordon's 1954 paper on fisheries as a common
property resource . Gordon also explained why a
fishery faced with open access, i.e., totally absent
property rights as opposed to common property where
rights exist for a defined community, could be
exploited to the point where all economic rents were
dissipated. By implication, if certain other conditions
are present, open access may be consistent with
extinction of the resource. Interestingly, the paper that
commanded substantially more attention for saying
the same thing (although confusing common property
and open access) was Hardin's 1968 paper “The
Tragedy of the Commons” . Hardin is a human
ecologist, and “Tragedy” has been one of the most
reprinted articles in the environmental
literature.[19,20]
Conclusions
The Environmental Economics and Management
(EEM) program prepares you for a career that
requires balancing environmental sustainability and
economic development goals. The major is a broad,
integrated study of environmental economics, public
finance, economic development, community and
regional studies and environmental science. [21]
The major also offers students the opportunity to
prepare for graduate study in environmental
economics or environmental policystudies programs.
Core areas of study include:
Economic analysis.
Basic environmental science.
Environmental law and policy.
Micro- and macroeconomics.
Environmental economists and policymanagers are in
high demand, and an increasing amount of pressure is
applied on environmental issues.
Environmental and Economics Management prepares
students for a variety of career paths.
Environmental consultant.
Environmental economics analyst.
Environmental or industry lobbyist.
Land conservancy director.
Legislative assistant.
Resource management specialist.
Faculty members and advisors maintain close
relationships with environmental economics
professionals, which can help with internships,
scholarships and employment in environmental
economics and management fields.[22]
References
[1] "Understanding Environmental Economics".
Investopedia. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
[2] "Environmental Economics". NBER Working
Group Descriptions. National Bureau of
Economic Research. Retrieved 2006-07-23.
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[3] Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh (2001).
"Ecological Economics: Themes, Approaches,
and Differences with Environmental
Economics, " Regional Environmental Change,
2(1), pp. 13-23 Archived 2008-10-31 at the
Wayback Machine (press +).
[4] Illge L, Schwarze R. (2009). A Matter of
Opinion: How Ecological and Neoclassical
Environmental Economists Think about
Sustainability and Economics . Ecological
Economics.
[5] Pearce, David (2002). "An Intellectual History
of Environmental Economics". Annual Review
of Energy and the Environment. 27 (1): 57–81.
doi:10.1146/annurev.energy.27.122001.083429
. ISSN 1056-3466.
[6] Rosser, Jr., Barkley (September 13, 1998).
"Paul Davidson's Economics" (PDF). Working
Paper No. 251.
[7] Hanley, N., J. Shogren, and B. White (2007).
Environmental Economics in Theory and
Practice, Palgrave, London.
[8] Anderson, D. (2019). Environmental
Economics and Natural Resource Management,
[1] Routledge, New York.
[9] Rita Yi Man Li (2012), The Internalisation Of
Environmental Externalities Affecting
Dwellings: A Review Of Court Cases In Hong
Kong, Economic Affairs, Volume 32, Issue 2,
pages 81–87
[10] Chapman, Same (May 3, 2012).
"Environmental degradation replaces classic
imperialism". The Whitman College Pioneer:
Whitman College.
[11] Heller, Walter P. and David A. Starrett (1976),
On the Nature of Externalities, in: Lin, Stephen
A. Y. (ed.), Theory and Measurement of
Economic Externalities, Academic Press, New
York, p. 10
[12] Ostrom, E. 1990. Governing the Commons.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[13] UK Government Official Documents, February
2021, "The Economics of Biodiversity: The
Dasgupta Review Headline Messages"
[14] Harris J. (2006). Environmental and Natural
Resource Economics: A Contemporary
Approach. Houghton Mifflin Company.
[15] UK Government Official Documents, February
2021, "The Economics of Biodiversity: The
Dasgupta Review Headline Messages" p. 2
[16] Kishtainy, Niall (2018-02-27). A little history
of economics. ISBN 9780300234527. OCLC
1039849897.
[17] Myerson, Roger B; Satterthwaite, Mark A
(1983). "Efficient mechanisms for bilateral
trading" (PDF). Journal of Economic Theory.
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