Environmental accounting in china the influence of
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This document summarizes a study that examines the influences on how Chinese accountants formulate environmental accounting practices, with a focus on philosophical influences from Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. The study uses interviews from accountants in Shenyang and Shanghai to understand how they measure environmental costs and impacts. While some accountants expressed personal philosophies related to harmony with nature, most saw government regulations, markets, and scandals as bigger influences than philosophy on their environmental accounting work.
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Week 9: Ethics, Social Responsibility, and Environmental Sustainability. The students examine the triple bottom li ...
Compare and contrast between duty ethics and divine command
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Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the concept of global “strategic sustainability”,
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routes, solutions and a vision for corporate strategic sustainability in the macro context of the global
physical environment and the planet. This builds on previous research identifying key drivers and
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Design/methodology/approach – The paper is conceptual in nature and underpinned by Gaia
theory, ecosystems theory and the laws of thermodynamics. These three offer specific foci for
sustainability research including holism, integration and synthesis: without which, sustainability
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Findings – The paper identifies two major domains – “corporate” and “consumer” strategic
sustainability. It examines the corporate domain in which routes are identified through responses to
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Research limitations/implications – The paper provides insight and preliminary conceptual
development towards a full theoretical model of corporate and consumer strategic sustainability. The
framework will guide future conceptual and empirical investigations and broaden and deepen our
understanding of how firm’s can construct strategic business models that incorporate sustainability.
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sustainability into business models. It also challenges the current dominant socio-economic paradigm
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planet, environment, businesses and human society.
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integration of the principles of sustainability with corporate strategic management
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and functional level strategies (Stead and Stead, 2004, 2008; Parnell, 2008; Shrivastava,
1995). The aim of this paper is to deepen our understanding of the integrated,
systems-based and holistic nature that is required in corporate decision making to
create sustainable solutions for the future. Using principles from ecological and
environmental sciences, to provide a broad platform (Shrivastava, 1995; Capra, 1997;
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Compare and Contrast Between Duty Ethics and Divine Command
Compare and Contrast Between Duty Ethics and Divine Command
Duty Ethics is the ethical theory that was began with the teaching of Immanuel Kant, who was a German philosopher that lived from 1724 to 1804. He believed that a sense of duty should be the main concept of a person’s beliefs. Basically, Kant believed that a person should be guided by principles that they would like everyone else to live by.1 In the theory of duty ethics, a person is to act in a certain way, because it is the correct way to act. Duty ethics define the good as treating others in a respectful humane manner, since that is how you would want to be treated. A weakness of the Duty Ethics theory is that not every person has the same understanding or belief of what is right or wrong.
Divine Command is that ethical theory that believes what is good is good because it was commanded by God.2 As it explains in a conversation someone had with Jesus, in Matthew 19:17. “Why do you ask me about what is good? He said to him. “There is only one who is good. If you want to enter life, keep the commandments.”3 This theory teaches that people cannot live a moral life, unless they follow the moral teachings of God.4 A weakness that I think the Divine Command theory has is that if a person is not a believer, why would they follow the instructions of the deity giving the commands? When God created humankind, He gave us the freedom of choice. With this choice He also instilled in us the basic understanding of what is morally right or wrong.
Both theories teach us to do what is right, to treat other people, how we would want to be treated, with kindness and respect. Duty Ethics Theory teaches us to do the right thing no matter what the outcome is. Divine Command Theory teaches to what is right because it is what God commanded. Another difference is where Duty Ethics can change with the morals of society, Divine Command does not change because God’s commands do not change.
The Divine Command Theory is a stronger ethical theory than Duty Ethics Theory. It is the stronger theory, because it teaches people to follow the commandments of God and the teachings of the Bible. When a person follows the teaches of God and the bible, they will have a stronger understanding of what is morally right and wrong. With this understand they will make better ethical choices and decisions. Through these teachings we know that it is not right to cheat, steal, or commit murder, et cetera. The commandments and the instructions of God and the Bible are not open to change and cannot be change in order to fit the circumstances. When a person follows these commandments, they can live a life that is both morally ethical and pleasing to God.
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Compare and contrast between duty ethics and divine command
The document compares and contrasts duty ethics and divine command theory. Duty ethics is based on Immanuel Kant's view that people should act according to principles that everyone should live by, treating others with respect. A weakness is that people may have different views of right and wrong. Divine command theory holds that something is good because God commanded it. It teaches following God's moral teachings, but non-believers may not be motivated to follow a deity's commands. Both theories say to treat people with kindness, but divine command theory bases morality on God's unchanging commands while duty ethics can change with societal morals.
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- 2. It seeks to explain for the first time the ways in which Chinese accountants formulate environmental accounting responses/practices/mechanisms and the influences over their work (in particular philosophical influences).
- 3. Research on influences on the development of environmental accounting has mainly taken a Western perspective and focused on environmental impacts or broader social accounting in countries such as USA, UK, Germany, Portugal, Australia and New Zealand (see (Adams 2002) as an example). The key influences identified link to legitimacy and institutional theory and include regulatory pressures (Deegan 2002; Holland and Foo 2003; Cho and Patten 2007).
- 4. Existing research and scholarship suggest that the central strands of Chinese philosophy (Taoism, Buddhism and Confucianism) have strong links to ecology in their ideas (Berthrong 2003; Miller 2003; Sponsel and Natadecha-Sponsel 2003). Many researchers and commentators suggest that these philosophies are very influential in Chinese life today (see Bell 2008).
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- 6. accounting to the government – in China represented by the Provincial or State Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) information on costs involved with waste water treatment measurement of pollution related costs of new factories in business planning identification of costs of equipment recycling estimates of remediation costs associated with incineration plants with associated liabilities accounting and reporting on bottle recycling projects measurement of energy reduction initiatives and the reporting thereon detailed data generated on energy usage and pollutants.
- 7. “respect, responsibility, reduce and recycle”. “outside, inside, whole society, sustainable development of China”; “seeking to maximise social benefit from our activities”
- 8. “a strong desire to keep the earth beautiful” “if you want to do things – do good deeds” “the environment is important to everybody and needs protecting” “human beings should live harmoniously with Nature” “Nature will punish mankind if yin and yang are not kept in harmony” “we must preserve the environment for our children” “Nature must be respected” “I would stress the harmony between humans and Nature from ancient times”
- 9. Only three of the interviewees identified themselves as champions of environmental accounting in their organisations. Of these there seemed to be a separation of personal philosophy from that of the organisation and no acknowledged link between personal philosophy and environmental accounting activities.
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