ENVIRONMENT TERM 2 FULL SUNIL PANDA_730644d0-71ed-47d3-b2a0-31bb22f3987d.pptx

ENVIRONMENT
& SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
PART 1
SUNIL PANDA COMMERCE CLASSES
XII ECONOMICS
TERM 2
INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Environment is the sum of all social, economical, biological,
physical and chemical components which constitute the
surrounding of man.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT
(i) Biotic components: It includes all living elements, like Flora
(Tress & Plants), Fauna (animals) and man.
(ii) Abiotic components: It includes non living elements, like
Lithosphere (solid earth), Hydrosphere (water component),
Atmosphere (gaseous envelope).
(iii)Energy: Like solar energy, geochemical, thermo electrical,
hydroelectrical and nuclear atomic energy.

FUNCTIONS OF THE ENVIRONMENT
(i) Provide resources for production: It supplies raw material
from the natural resources of soil, water, forests, minerals and
marine life. Resources include both renewable and non
renewable (Renewable resources are those which can be used
without the possibility of the resource becoming depleted or
exhausted, like trees, animals etc. Non renewable resources
are those which get exhausted with extraction and use. They
are found in the ground. These are not living things. There are
fixed amounts of these resources and they are sometimes hard
to find. These are fossil fuels we burn for energy (natural gas,
coal, and oil).

(ii)Environment sustains life: Environment includes sun, soil, water
and air which are necessities of life. Biotic components cannot
survive without these elements.
(iii)Environment Assimilates waste: Production and consumption
activities generate waste. This generate lot of garbage. These are
absorbed by the environment

(iv) Environment enhances the quality to life: Environment includes land,
forests, oceans, mountains and deserts. People enjoy the beauty of
these elements such elements help in improving the quality of life. As we
already studied that environment provide resources for production and
it also assimilates the waste this capacity of environment is known as
carrying capacity due to these carrying capacity environment sustains life
and it also enhance the quality of life. We must ensure that exploitation
of resources does not exceed the regeneration of resources and
generation of waste does not exceed the absorption capacity of
environment, so that environment is not polluted.
When this is not so, the environment fails to perform rest functions. This
is the situation today all over the world. The rising population of the
developing countries, excessive use of natural resources, huge stress on
the earth, excessive waste generation and pollution. These results
environmental crises.

Two basic problems related to environment:
(i) Problem of pollution, and
(ii) Problem of excessive exploitation of natural resources

I. POLLUTION
Pollution refers to these activities of production and
consumption which challenge purity of air and water.
Pollution can be in form of air pollution, water pollution and
noise pollution.

Air pollution
Air pollution is a mixture of solid particles and gases in the air

Causes of Air pollution are
(ii)
(iii)
(i) Emission of gases by the motor vehicles due to increase in number of
motor vehicles air pollution rises in urban area.
Smoke emitted by the industries, particularly those using coal as an
energy. Manufacturing industries can be found at every corner of the
earth they release a large amount of Carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons
and chemicals into the air. This reduce the quality of air.
Agricultural activities like use of insecticides, pesticides and
fertilizers. They emit harmful chemicals into the air and can also
cause water pollution.
(iv) Air pollution also caused by the process of mining. Where in minerals
below the earth are extracted using large equipment during the
process dust and chemicals are released in the air cause massive air
pollution.

(v) Indoor air pollution like House cleaning products, painting
supplies emit toxic chemicals in the air and cause air pollution. Have
you ever noticed that once you paint walls of your house, it creates
some sort of smell which makes it difficult for you to breathe. (Air
pollution causes hypertension, asthma, heart disease, stroke,
pneumonia and cancer)

Some ways to control Air Polliution:
(i) Encourage people to use more and more public modes of
transportation to reduce pollution, also try to make use of
carpooling. If you and your colleagues comes from the same
locality and have same timings you can explore this option to
save energy and money.
(ii) Promotion of clearer foels in vehicles, like use of electric cars,
CNG instead of petrol and Diesel.
(iii) Switch off fans and lights when you are going out. A large
number of fossil fuels are burnt to produce electricity.
(iv) Use of clean energy technologies like solar energy.
(v) Use of cleaner fuels such as LPG in household to reduce indoor
air pollution.

Water pollution
It is defined as the presence in ground water of toxic chemicals
found in water. It may consist of chemical introduced into the
water bodies as a result of various human activities. It is
harmful to human health and the environment

Causes of Water pollution:
(i) Domestic sewerage that flows into streams and rivers.
(ii) Industrial waste driven into rivers.
(iii)Insecticides and pesticides flows into rivers and streams.
(iv) Farmers often wash vegetables in untreated sewerage
water this also leads to flow of chemical into water which
was used as insecticides and pesticides if people eat such
vegetable they can suffer. (Polluted water is the principal
cause of diseases like Hepatitis, Typhoid, Diarrhea, Cholera,
Rotavirus, etc.)

Noise pollution
Noise pollution also known as environmental noise or sound
pollution with harmful impact on the activity of human or animal
life. The source of outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by
machines, transport, and million of vehicles fitted with loud horns
and noise generating engines. Excessive noise causes irritation,
hypertension, hearloss, sleep disturbances

Thank You

ENVIRONMENT
PART 2
XII ECONOMICS
TERM 2

II. EXCESSIVE EXPLOITATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Natural resources refer to forests, minerals, soil, etc. in order to
achieve economic growth man needs natural capital (Natural
Resources) along with physical capital (Machinery).
As production increases both get depreciated but provision is
only made for physical capital not for natural capital

EXPLOITATION OF NATURAL RESOURCSES IN INDIA
1. Deforestation
2. Degradation of Land
3. Bio-diversity loss

1. Deforestation
Deforestation is the permanent removal of trees to make room for
something besides forest. This can include clearing the land for agriculture,
using the timber for fuel, construction or manufacturing. Deforestation
leads to land degradation, bio diversity loss, ecological imbalance and air
pollution

2. Degradation of Land
Land degradation refers to a decline in the overall quality of soil, water or
vegetation condition, commonly caused by human activities. Land
degradation is a global challenge that affects everybody through food
insecurity and higher food prices.

Causes of land degradation are as follow:
(i) Soil erosion caused by strong winds or floods. It is the loss
of upper layer of the soil which contains major nutrients
such as nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium for growth of
the plants.
(ii) Overgrazing
(iii) Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides
(iv)Extraction of excess ground water
(v) Improper crop rotation etc.

3. Bio-diversity loss
Bio diversity is the existence of a number of different kinds of animals
and plants which together make a good and healthy environment.
Biodiversity loss is the disappearance of species (plant or animal)
worldwide, and also the local reduction or loss of species in a certain
habitat.
Here are the following reasons for biodiversity loss:
(ii)
(i) Pollution is a major threat to biodiversity, and one of the most
difficult problems to overcome.
Greenhouse effect leads to raise in temperature, which makes
difficult for species two live.
(iii) Population growth and over consumption

GLOBAL WARMING
Global warning is a gradual increase in the average temperature of
the earth’s lower atmosphere as a result of the increase in
greenhouse gases. Among the greenhouse gases, the increase of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the main cause of global
warming. Greenhouse gases cause the greenhouse effect.
The primary greenhouse gases in earth’s atmosphere are water
Vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone but the
major source is carbon dioxide (80%) then methane. But methane
is more powerful. The major source of carbon dioxide is the power
plant, burning fossil fuels for the purpose of electricity generation.
Currently, surface temperature are rising by about 0.2ºC per
decade. Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have
decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased

Consequences of global warming are:
(i) increase in the average temperature of the earth.
(ii) increase in sea level and modifying the quantity and pattern of
rainfall.
(iii) natural calamities such as floods, famines, heatwaves etc.
(iv) Glacier melting
(v) Loss of beauty of nature
(vi) Various new diseases have emerged.
(vii)The global warming is extending the distribution of mosquitoes
due to the increase in humidity levels and their frequent
growth in warmer atmosphere.
(viii) Effect the marine life.

OZONE DEPLETION
Ozone depletion refers to the phenomenon of reductions in the
amount of ozone in the stratosphere. The problem of ozone depletion
is caused by high levels of chlorine and bromine compounds in the
stratosphere. The origins of these compounds are chlorofluorocarbons
(CFC), used as cooling substances in air conditioners and refrigerators.
As a result of depletion of the ozone layer, more ultraviolet (UV)
radiation comes to earth and causes damage to living organisms. UV
rays is responsible for skin cancer in humans. It also lowers production
of phytoplankton and thus affects other aquatic organisms. A
reduction of approximately 5 percent in the ozone layer was detected
from 1979 to 1990. Since the ozone layer prevents most harmful UV
rays and protects us from various diseases.

This led to the adoption of the Montreal protocol banning the use of
chlorofluorocarbon compounds, as well as other ozone depleting
chemicals. (Ozone hole refers to the depletion of the protective ozone
layer in the upper atmosphere over earth’s polar regions i.e. Antarctica
but after the international treaty Montreal protocol in 1987 the ozone
layer is now recovering).

CHIPKO MOVEMENT
The Chipko Movement or Chipko Andolan is a social movement
that practiced the methods of Satyagraha and non violent
resistance. This is mainly done through the act of hugging trees to
protect them from being cut down. The first Chipko action took
place in the village of Mandal in the Alaknanda Valley Uttrakhand in
April 1973 and over the next five years spread to many districts of
the Himalayas in Uttar pradesh. Sundarlal Bahuguna started Chipko
Movement. In Karnataka, a similar movement took a different
name, “Appiko”, which means to hug on 8 September 1983, when
the felling of trees was started to Salkani forest in Sirsi district, 160
men, women and children hugged the trees and forced the
woodcutters to leave

POLLUTION CONTROL BOARDS
In order to address two major environmental concerns in India,
water and air pollution, the government set up the Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in 1974.

Functions of the Pollution Control Board
(i) To promote cleanliness of streams and wells in different
areas of the states by prevention of water pollution.
(ii) To improve the quality of air and control air pollution.
(iii) They organize through mass media a comprehensive
programme towards prevention, control and reduction in
air and water pollution.
(iv) Collect and publish technical and statistical data relating to
air and water pollution and the measures for its effective
prevention, control and reduction

State of Environment in India
India is the habitat of nearly 17.71% of the world population
occupying just 2.4% of the world’s geographical area. In India
approx. 22% of the population lives below the national poverty
line

The state of India’s environment 2019 in figures.
• State of air: Air pollution is responsible for 12.5% of all deaths
in India. Its impact an children is equally worrying over
1,00,000 children below the age of five die due to bad air
quality in the country.
• State of water: Both surface and ground water in the country
are under stress. 86 water bodies are critically polluted. The
bulk of the polluted water bodies are in Karnataka, Telangana
and Kerala.
• State of land and agriculture: India’s farm sector is under
threat. While the input costs for major crops are rising, the
average farmland size is shrinking.

• State of Health: India’s rural health infrastructure is very poor.
There are great inequalities in health between states. The
infant mortality in Kerala is 6 per thousand live births but in
Uttar Pradesh it is 64. The problem of undernutrition and
overweight cases are increasing.
• State of Climate: There has been a 22% increase in India’s
greenhouse gas emission between 2010 and 2014. This has
been emitted by energy sector, which is responsible for 73%
of total GHG emissions.

THANKYOU
SPCC

ENVIRONMENT
PART 3
XII ECONOMICS
TERM 2

Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of
the present without compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs. Increase in population, expanding cities,
use of technology, disappearing forests and shrinking natural
habitats, the last few decade have seen the emerging of debate
over development that is also sustainable. On the one hand there
are those who argue that urbanisation, concrete buildings, and
expanding roadways is the parameter of a development but on the
other is the group that argue that this expansion leads to destroy
the world.

Sustainable development is the balance in at between these two
thought process. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a
collection of 17 global goals designed to be a blueprint to achieve a
better and more sustainable future for all. The SDGs, set by United
Nations on 25th September 2015 in New York. There were 193
countries who signed SDGs. United Nations set 17 goals with 169
targets that all the member countries have agreed to try to achieve
by the year 2030. These goals are social, economical and
environmental objectives. Few of these 17 goals are no poverty,
zero hunger, quality education, gender equality, clean water,
climate action, reduce inequalities, etc.

Sustainable Development Aims
(i) Sustainable and equitable use of resources, to meet the needs
of the present and future generations, without causing damage
to environment.
(ii) To prevent further damage to our life-support systems.
(iii)To conserve and nurture the biodiversity and other resources
for long term food security.

Strategies for Sustainable Development
• Sustainable development does not suggest to slow down the
process fo growth and development. It only suggest a optimum
utilisation of resources and in a manner such that economic
growth is sustained and our future generation will not suffer.

These are the following strategies for achieving sustainable development.
(i) Use of non-conventional source of energy: Conventional source of
energy are the natural energy resources which are regularly used for
many years and are accepts as fuel to produce heat, light, food and
electricity. The energy sources include firewood, fossils fuels, cow dung
etc. These fossil fuels are coal, oil (petroleum) and natural gas. The major
disadvantage of these conventional sources is that they causes high
pollution. The burning of firewood and fossil fuels result in air pollution.
This can be avoided by using the non-conventional sources. The energy
derived from wind, tides, sun, geothermal heat and biomass is termed as
non-conventiional source of energy. All these sources are renewable and
environmental friendly. Wind power and solar rays are totally free from
pollution hence we can use these to produce a clean form of energy
without any wastage

(ii) Use of cleaner fuels (CNG, LPG and Gobar gas): In rural areas,
household generally use woods, dung cake or other biomass as fuel this
leas to deforestation and air pollution. Gobar gas and LPG is promoted to
reduce air pollution these are cleaner fuels. Govt. also promote this by
Ujjwala scheme. In Urban areas, use of compressed natural gas (CNG) is
being promoted to be used as fuel. It is low priced and lower carbon
dioxide omissions.

(iii) Shift to organic farming: Excessive use of chemical fertilizers,
insecticides and pesticides has raised the corp. But at a cost of soil
fertility which means a loss of production capacity for future
generations. These chemicals also moves to rivers and canals which
leads to water pollution. People eats those vegetables and suffers
from various diseases. Farmers should switch over to organic
farming which focuses as soil health rather than plant-health.
Organic farming avoids the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides
and insecticides it rely upon crop rotation, animal manures etc.
Organic method can increase farm productivity and repair decades
of environmental damages. Farming without pesticides is also
better for nearly birds and animals as well as people who live close
to farms

(iv) Establishment of mini-hydel plants: In mountainous regions,
streams can be found almost everywhere. Mini hydel plants use
the energy of such streams to move small turbines. The turbines
generate electricity. They generate enough power to meet local
demands. Moreover, largescale transmission towers and cables are
also not requird in such plants.

(v) Wind power: In areas where speed of wind is usually high.
Wind mills can provide electricity without any adverse impact
on the environment. Wind turbines moves with the wind and
electricity is generated. No doubt the initial cost is high. But the
benefits are such that the high costs gets easily absorbed.

(vi) Traditional knowledge and practices: Traditionally, Indian
people have been close to their environment. Traditional
knowledge is valuable not only to those who depend on it in their
daily lives, but to modern industry and agriculture as well. Many
widely used products, such as plant based medicines, health
products and cosmetics are derived from traditional knowledge.
People use handicrafts which contribute to sustainable
development.

(vii) Awareness to conserve natural resources: Sustainable natural
resources conservation is a process of rational use and skillful
management and preservation of the natural environment with all its
resources. By providing environmental education we can aware people to
conserve resources for future generation. People should conserve energy
and water use of solar Pannel, avoid single use plastics, etc. Govt. also
should take various steps to aware people. In few colleges environmental
studies is a compulsory subject. People should understand the benefit of
pure water and air role in their lives. Through awareness we can save our
earth. (Greta Thunberg is a Swedish activist. She is known for her work
against climate change, a popular example of youth activism, she is just 16
year’s old started protesting on 20 Aug 2018, outside the Swedish
Parliament in stockholm. She has received many awards. On 15 March
2019 approximately 14,00,000 people around the world, mainly students,
protested against climate change).

(viii) Use of public transport: Public transport is the system of buses,
sharing taxis, trains, etc. that run according to a series of planned times
and that anyone can use. These public transport are economical,
comfortable, rapid less pollution and less road jam. Government should
extended the metro to the sub-urban areas as well. This will cut the
private vehicular traffic. India has 22 cars per 1000 individuals said by
Niti Aayog, larger ratio of cars leads to more vehicular pollution.
Government should promote the use of public transport by making
laws relating to the protection of environment. (Delhi government has
also started odd-even scheme to reduce the traffic jam and air pollution
in New Delhi. Under the scheme the vehicles with odd last digit in the
registration number will be allowed on roads on odd dates and these
with even last digit will allowed on even dates. Voilation of this rule is
penalised up to Rs. 4000). Environment protection act 1986 is an act of
the parliament of India. In the wake of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy, held on
3 December 1984

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