1. Entrepreneurship and
the Entrepreneur
Entrepreneurial Management

2. Learning Objectives
To understand:
1. Entrepreneurship as a Self-employment
Decision
2. The Concept of Entrepreneurship
3. The Entrepreneur: The Individual that
Steers
4. The Myths, Fears and Excuses of People
who are NOT Entrepreneurs
5. The Advantage of becoming an
Entrepreneur
Entrepreneurship 2

3. Entrepreneurship as a Self-
employment Decision
 Entrepreneurship
 the ability of an individual to determine and
come up with the proper combination of the
resources available in his environment and
transform this into an output of either goods
or services, and obtain a fair profit at the
price the entrepreneur sets.
 It entails the activities of spotting opportunities,
conceptualizing these ideas into business
opportunities, identifying and using resources in
his environment, and making use of these
resources to produce products and makes profits
out of them.
Entrepreneurship 3

4. Entrepreneurship as a Self-
employment Decision
 Idea - A clear blueprint in the entrepreneur’s mind. It is
the entrepreneur’s first investment in his business
enterprise.
 Raw materials - are the basic inputs the entrepreneur
uses to come up with his products.
 Capital - refers to the buildings, machinery, equipment
and tools used in the course of production.
 Laborers -people directly responsible in the production
process.
 Plant - the place where physical factors used in
production are found
 Market - the buyers and users of the entrepreneur’s
product.
 Customers - people who buy the product.
 Consumers or end-users – people who use the product.
Entrepreneurship 4

5. Entrepreneurship as a Self-
employment Decision
 Entrepreneurship…
 Aimed to gear someone towards self-
employment.
 It pertains to engaging in small and
medium-sized business.
 Things to Consider as an Entrepreneur
 The various government regulatory bodies;
 The suppliers who control material flow and its
credit and sales policies;
 The financial creditors and stakeholders;
 The demands and cycles of the market; and
 The demands on the entrepreneur’s personal.
Entrepreneurship- 5

6. Entrepreneurship as a Self-
employment Decision
 Table 1.1 Age of
Business Failures
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Source: A.J. Williams, “Why Small business Fail”, Real Estate Journal,
April 1995, p18
Age of Business
(Years)
Failure Rate
%
Cumulative (%)
Under 1 27.6 27.6
1-2 13.8 41.4
2.3 11.2 52.6
3-4 10.1 62.7
4-5 6.4 69.1
5-10 9.3 78.4
10-20 8.7 87.1
Over 20 12.9 100
 Table 1.2 Causes of
Business Failures
%
Neglect 3.0
Fraud 1.1
Lack of Technical
Expertise
8.5
Lack of Management
Expertise
17.4
Lack of Experience 21.2
Incompetence 44.9
Disaster and other
reasons
3.9
100.0
Source: A.J. Williams, “Small Business Caught in Squeeze”’ The Sun-
Herald, 8 May 1997, p122.

7. Entrepreneurship as a Self-
employment Decision
 Why Small Businesses
Fail
 Lack of experience
 Insufficient capital (money)
 Poor location
 Poor inventory management
 Over-investment in fixed assets
 Poor credit arrangements
 Personal use of business funds
 Unexpected growth
 Competition
 Low sales
 According to the U.S. Small Business
Administration, over 50% of small
businesses fail in the first year and 95%
fail within the first five years.
Entrepreneurship 7
Source: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/000216/dq000216b-
eng.htm
Source: Michael Ames, “Small Business Management; Gustav Berlle
“The Do It Yourself Business Book”,
http://www.moyak.com/papers/small-business-failure.html

8. The Concept of
Entrepreneurship
 Historical Context
 Entrepreneurship started in France after the
French Revolution
 The word entrepreneur originated from the
French word entreprende, which means, “to
undertake”. It was coined by Jean Baptiste Say,
a renowned French economist.
 Evolution of the Term Entrepreneurship
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CONTRIBUTOR AND
YEAR OF
CONTRIBUTION
CONTRIBUTION TO ENTREPRENEURSHIP THOUGHT
Jean Baptiste Say
(1800)
Entrepreneurship refers to the shifting of economic resources out of an area of
lower and into higher productivity and greater yield.
Carl Menger
(1871)
Entrepreneurship involves obtaining information, calculation, an act of will and
supervision.

9. The Concept of
Entrepreneurship
CONTRIBUTOR AND YEAR OF
CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTION TO ENTREPRENEURSHIP THOUGHT
Joseph Schumpeter (1910) Entrepreneurship is, in its essence, the finding and promoting new combinations of
productive factors.
Harvey Liebenstein (1970) Entrepreneurship is the reduction of organizational inefficiency.
Israel Kirzner (1975) Entrepreneurship is the identification of market arbitrage opportunities
Albert Shapiro (1975) Entrepreneurship involves a kind of behavior that includes initiative taking,
organizing and recognizing social mechanism to turn resources and situations to
practical account, and the acceptance of risks and failures.
Karl Vesper (1980) Entrepreneurship is the dynamic process of creating incremental wealth
W. Ed Mc Mullan and
Wayne A. Long (1990)
Entrepreneurship is the building of new growth organization.
Howard Stevenson (1992) Entrepreneurship is the pursuit of opportunity beyond the resources currently under
one’s control
Jeffrey Timmons (1994) Entrepreneurship is the ability to create and build a vision from practically nothing.
Peter Drucker ( 1998) Entrepreneurship is the process of starting one’s own, new and small business. It is
also the process of innovation and new venture creation through four major
dimensions-individual, organizational, environmental, process – aided by
collaborati8ve networks in government, education and institutions.
Robert Hisrish (2001) Entrepreneurship involves the creation process, requires the devotion
of the necessary time and effort, assumes the accompanying financial
psychic and social risks, and receives the resulting rewards of
monetary and personal satisfaction and independence.
Entrepreneurship 9

10. The Entrepreneur: The
Individual that Steers
 Who is the Entrepreneur
 Entrepreneurs take and accept risks.
 Entrepreneurs own ventures
 Entrepreneurs are managers.
 Entrepreneurs establish new ventures and develop
existing ones.
 Entrepreneurs identify opportunities in the market.
 Entrepreneurs apply their expertise.
 Entrepreneurs process market information.
 Entrepreneurs bring innovations.
 Entrepreneurs provide market efficiency.
 Entrepreneurs maximize investment returns.
 Entrepreneurs provide leadership.
Entrepreneurship 10

11. The Entrepreneur: The
Individual that Steers
Entrepreneurship 11
 Entrepreneurs are managers
 Guidelines that Differentiate the Managerial
mindset from the Entrepreneurial mindset
 The entrepreneur is a creator; the manager is a
custodian.
 The entrepreneur takes risks; the manager seeks
stability.
 The entrepreneur is personally responsible; the manager
is merely responsible.
 The entrepreneurs achieve; managers attain targets.
 The entrepreneurs are future oriented; managers are now
oriented.
 The entrepreneurs thrive on chaos; managers thrive on
structure.

12. The Entrepreneur: The
Individual that Steers
 What Makes the Successful Entrepreneur?
 People who worked hard to attain their dream as
entrepreneurs.
 People who came from all walks of life and decided to
take control of their lives.
 People who wanted to explore and test their limits.
 Characteristics of the Entrepreneur
1. Entrepreneurs are in good physical health.
2. Entrepreneurs have superior conceptual abilities.
3. Entrepreneurs have the broad thinking of the
generalist.
4. Entrepreneurs have high self-confidence.
5. Entrepreneurs have strong personal drive.
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13. The Entrepreneur: The
Individual that Steers
 Characteristics of the Entrepreneur (cont…)
6. Entrepreneurs need to control and direct.
7. Entrepreneurs have moderate interpersonal
skills.
8. Entrepreneurs are moderate risk takers.
9. Entrepreneurs have a realistic outlook.
10. Entrepreneurs have a high degree of
emotional stability
11. Entrepreneurs have low need-level for
status.
Entrepreneurship 13

14. The Entrepreneur: The
Individual that Steers
 Personal Prerequisites that Characterize an
Entrepreneurial Personality
1. Unencumbered personal life.
2. Monomania.
3. Plenty of staying power.
4. High energy level, nurtured by periods of relaxation.
5. Good judgement about people.
o Other Essential Characteristics Needed to
Become a Successful entrepreneur:
1) A positive can-do attitude.
2) Psychological preparedness to lose the business.
3) Sufficient start-up money.
4) A determination to make your first product profitable.
5) A pragmatic approach to business and life.
Source: Warren Avis of Avis Rentr-A-Car
Entrepreneurship 14

15. The Entrepreneur: The
Individual that Steers
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Important Entrepreneurial Traits
Self awareness Courage
Self motivation Confidence
Patience Risk-taking
Decisiveness Hard-work
Experience Vision
Knowledge Optimism
Perseverance Creativity
Drive Resourcefulness
Total commitment Innovation
Maturity Emotional balance
Integrity

16. The Entrepreneur: The
Individual that Steer
 Categories of an Entrepreneur
 The Intrapreneur
 He is an entrepreneur within an existing organization,
referred to as the corporate entrepreneur.
 The Solo Self-Employed Individual
 Includes all agents, repairmen, brokers, accountants
and physicians who operate alone or with only few
employees and perform work personally.
 The Dealers to Dealers
 Include highly knowledgeable businessmen engaged in
various forms of trades frequently, directly or indirectly
related to their line of work.
 The Team Builders
 Individuals who go on building larger companies using hiring
and delegation.
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17. The Entrepreneur: The
Individual that Steer
 Categories of an Entrepreneur (Cont….)
 The Independent Innovators
 Include persons who hit upon ideas for better
products or services and then create companies to
develop, produce, and sell these products.
 The Pattern Multipliers
 Entrepreneurs who spot an effective business
pattern, quite possibly originated by someone else,
and multiply it to realize profits.
 The Economy of Scale Exploiters
 Entrepreneurs who locate their business in lower
rent and tax areas.
Entrepreneurs hip 17

18. The Entrepreneur: The
Individual that Steer
 Categories of an Entrepreneur (Cont….)
 The Capital Aggregators
 Smart entrepreneurs who use their
experience and expertise n pooling a group
of financiers to engage in a business.
 The Acquirers
 Entrepreneurs who acquire businesses.
 The Independent Inventors
 They include pure inventors who really
developed their own product or invention
and take care of marketing them.
Entrepreneurship 18

19. The Entrepreneur: The
Individual that Steer
 Categories of an Entrepreneur (Cont….)
 The Buy and Sell Artists
 They include wise guys referred to as
corporate raiders and brokers who turn
around, sell and
liquidate
 Other Categories of Entrepreneur
 Immigrant Entrepreneurs, Corporate
Castoffs, Copreneurs, Cyber
Entrepreneurs, Part time Entrepreneurs,
Home-based Business Owners.
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20. The Myths, Fears and Excuses of
People Who Are Not Entrepreneurs.
 Entrepreneurs are born.
 Entrepreneurs are super humans.
 Entrepreneurs are inventors.
 Entrepreneur inherit business traits
 Entrepreneurs possess a definite characteristic profile.
 The gender-difference myths (men are better
entrepreneurs)
 Entrepreneurs are academic and social misfits.
 Entrepreneurs are gamblers and risk takers.
 Luck and money are the only things needed to become
entrepreneurs.
 Entrepreneurs experience a lot of failures.
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21. The Myths, Fears and Excuses of
People Who Are Not Entrepreneurs.
 The Fears and Excuses
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Risks Excuses
Financial Risk “I do not have the money”
“I do not know where to get the capital”
“I am afraid to lose my house, car properties, etc.
Career Risks “I can not risk my promotion”
“I can not afford not to have salary”
“What would happen to me if I don’t have a job.”
Family Risks “My kids are still young”
“My spouse and I are not doing well”
“My spouse and I are just getting to know each other”
Social Risks “What would my friends say?”
“What if nobody buys it?”
“ How am I supposed to beat the large companies?”
Psychic Risks “I am too young”
“I am too old for that”
“I lack experience”
“I can not handle the pressure”
“I can not do it”

22. The Advantage and
Disadvantages of Becoming
Entrepreneurs
Entrepreneurship 22
 Advantages
 Have the opportunity to create your own destiny.
 Have the opportunity to be financially well-off.
 Have the opportunity of knowing yourself better.
 Have the opportunity to excel, be recognized and
contribute to society.
 Disadvantages
 Uncertainty of income.
 Risk of losing your entire invested capital.
 Long hours of work.
 Lower quality of life until the business gets established.
 High levels of stress.
 Complete responsibility.
 Confrontation with various risks.

23. References
 Entrepreneurship for Modern Business
Camposano, Jorge A., 2007
 Entrepreneurship Principles and Practices (A
Modular Approach)
Azarcon, Ernie Roy S., et al., 2008
 Entrepreneurship and Small Business
Management
Second Edition
Medina, Robert G., 2010
 Entrepreneurship
Eighth Edition
Hisrich, Robert D., et al., 2010