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Insect pollinators, their management and role in crop production
This document discusses insect pollinators and their role in crop production. It notes that pollinators like bees, birds, and bats affect 35% of world crop production by increasing the output of 87 leading food crops. Food security and prices rely strongly on animal pollinators. In India, over 55 million hectares of cropped area depends on bee pollination, including many fruits, vegetables, oilseeds, legumes, and pulses. The document emphasizes that pollination management can significantly increase crop yields, with some crops seeing over 1000% increases from bee pollination compared to self-pollination. It outlines the pollination needs of various Indian crops. Maintaining pollinator populations is important for sustainable
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Chemical control of pest management
Chemical pest control uses chemical pesticides to prevent, destroy, or repel pests that affect crops, livestock, and possessions. Pesticides are classified based on their sphere of activity (such as insecticides, fungicides, herbicides), mode of action (contact, systemic, fumigants), and chemical constituents (botanical, synthetic organic, microbial). They come in various formulations like dusts, granules, emulsifiable concentrates that are applied by methods like knapsack spraying. Chemical pest control is cost effective and provides quality produce but overuse can harm non-target species and contaminate food, water and the environment. Proper pesticide usage balances the benefits of pest control with environmental
Greenhouse technology
Greenhouses provide a controlled environment for crop growth. They allow sunlight to enter while protecting crops from outside environmental factors like cold, heat, and rain. This controlled environment allows for higher crop yields year-round. Greenhouse technologies regulate temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide levels, and protect from pests and diseases. Components include the structural framework, covering materials, and environmental control systems.
Germplasm maintenance
This document discusses the maintenance of germplasm at a seed bank. It involves monitoring seed viability every 5-10 years, monitoring seed quantity annually, and regenerating accessions when viability or quantity is low. Regeneration involves sowing seeds of cereals with tractors or legumes by hand. Care is taken to avoid cross-contamination and maintain genetic integrity. Seed from individual plants is bulked and species not producing seed are maintained as live plants.
Biological control of pest
Biological pest control uses living organisms to reduce pest populations. There are three types of biological control strategies - importation, augmentation, and conservation. Importation involves introducing a pest's natural enemies into an area where they are not found naturally. Augmentation supplements existing natural enemy populations through additional releases. Conservation enhances conditions for natural enemies to survive and reproduce. Common natural enemies used in biological control include predators, parasites, and pathogens.
Effective microorganisms
EM stands for Effective Microorganisms, which are beneficial microbes found in nature that can be applied to soil to increase microbial diversity. EM is a liquid containing lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, photosynthetic bacteria, and actinomycetes that suppress pathogens, decompose organic matter, and support nutrient availability for plants. EM can be applied to soil, foliage, and compost to improve soil health and plant growth while reducing the need for chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
Recommended
Insect pollinators, their management and role in crop production
This document discusses insect pollinators and their role in crop production. It notes that pollinators like bees, birds, and bats affect 35% of world crop production by increasing the output of 87 leading food crops. Food security and prices rely strongly on animal pollinators. In India, over 55 million hectares of cropped area depends on bee pollination, including many fruits, vegetables, oilseeds, legumes, and pulses. The document emphasizes that pollination management can significantly increase crop yields, with some crops seeing over 1000% increases from bee pollination compared to self-pollination. It outlines the pollination needs of various Indian crops. Maintaining pollinator populations is important for sustainable
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In this presentation, I have described the definition, aim, principle, different methods of integrated pest management with photograph and charts.
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This document discusses the culture of microalgae, which serve as an important food source in mariculture. It describes the optimal physical and chemical conditions for culturing microalgae, such as temperature, salinity, light, pH, nutrients, and aeration. The major classes and genera of commonly cultured microalgae are identified. Techniques for culturing microalgae range from controlled indoor methods to less predictable outdoor methods. Indoor culture allows more control but is more expensive, while outdoor culture is cheaper but harder to control.
Chemical control of pest management
Chemical pest control uses chemical pesticides to prevent, destroy, or repel pests that affect crops, livestock, and possessions. Pesticides are classified based on their sphere of activity (such as insecticides, fungicides, herbicides), mode of action (contact, systemic, fumigants), and chemical constituents (botanical, synthetic organic, microbial). They come in various formulations like dusts, granules, emulsifiable concentrates that are applied by methods like knapsack spraying. Chemical pest control is cost effective and provides quality produce but overuse can harm non-target species and contaminate food, water and the environment. Proper pesticide usage balances the benefits of pest control with environmental
Greenhouse technology
Greenhouses provide a controlled environment for crop growth. They allow sunlight to enter while protecting crops from outside environmental factors like cold, heat, and rain. This controlled environment allows for higher crop yields year-round. Greenhouse technologies regulate temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide levels, and protect from pests and diseases. Components include the structural framework, covering materials, and environmental control systems.
Germplasm maintenance
This document discusses the maintenance of germplasm at a seed bank. It involves monitoring seed viability every 5-10 years, monitoring seed quantity annually, and regenerating accessions when viability or quantity is low. Regeneration involves sowing seeds of cereals with tractors or legumes by hand. Care is taken to avoid cross-contamination and maintain genetic integrity. Seed from individual plants is bulked and species not producing seed are maintained as live plants.
Biological control of pest
Biological pest control uses living organisms to reduce pest populations. There are three types of biological control strategies - importation, augmentation, and conservation. Importation involves introducing a pest's natural enemies into an area where they are not found naturally. Augmentation supplements existing natural enemy populations through additional releases. Conservation enhances conditions for natural enemies to survive and reproduce. Common natural enemies used in biological control include predators, parasites, and pathogens.
Effective microorganisms
EM stands for Effective Microorganisms, which are beneficial microbes found in nature that can be applied to soil to increase microbial diversity. EM is a liquid containing lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, photosynthetic bacteria, and actinomycetes that suppress pathogens, decompose organic matter, and support nutrient availability for plants. EM can be applied to soil, foliage, and compost to improve soil health and plant growth while reducing the need for chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
Botanical pesticides in pm
This document discusses the prospects and constraints of using botanical pesticides in pest management. It notes that the global biopesticide market is growing significantly faster than the overall pesticide market. While botanical pesticides have advantages like being indigenous, biodegradable and having less harmful effects than synthetic pesticides, they also have drawbacks like being specific to location/target/conditions and having issues with stability, yields and commercialization. The document outlines various criteria for selecting suitable plant parts for pesticides. It also discusses challenges and opportunities in commercializing botanical pesticides, including issues around quality control, registration requirements, intellectual property rights, and potential solutions involving biotechnology, raising plant tolerance and improving production.
Insect pests of apple
This document summarizes several major insect pests that affect apple production worldwide. It discusses the woolly aphid, San Jose scale, cottony cushion scale, European red mite, apple stem borer, codling moth, and tent caterpillar. For each pest, it provides details on distribution, biology, life cycle, damage symptoms, and management approaches. Common management techniques include using resistant rootstocks, pruning infested branches, promoting natural enemies, and applying recommended insecticides at specific timings. The document serves as a comprehensive guide to identifying and controlling key pests that threaten apple crops.
Micropropagation
This document provides an overview of micropropagation techniques. It discusses the 5 main stages of micropropagation: 1) initiation of culture using explants, 2) multiplication of cultures through shoots, 3) in vitro rooting of shoots, 4) hardening of plantlets, and 5) acclimatization. It also covers advantages such as producing large numbers of disease-free clones rapidly and independently of seasons, as well as disadvantages like high costs and difficulty acclimatizing plants. The document gives examples of explants used and techniques for shoot multiplication, and discusses applications of micropropagation.
Synthesis and Actions of Juvenile Hormones In Insect Development (MS Power…
A morphogenetic hormone.
Has multiple functions and a primary role of JH in insect development is to modulate ecdysone action.
Maintains the current commitment of the tissues and cells whereas ecdysone causes both predifferentiative and differentiative cellular events that are necessary for the moult.
When JH is present, a moult to a larval stage ensures.
If JH is absent at the onset of the moult, morphogenesis occurs.
Further studies and researches are still going on that can elucidate new
Aquatic weed management
This document discusses aquatic weeds and their management. It defines aquatic weeds as plants that grow in or near water. It provides examples of common aquatic weed species and classifications including surface, submerged, emersed, dispersed, and shoreline weeds. The document also discusses various mechanical, chemical, and biological control methods for aquatic weeds. It provides details on specific herbicides used to control different weed species and summaries results from studies on the effects of herbicides on weed mortality and growth characteristics.
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deals about bioenrichment and bioencapsulation in rotifers which are generally used as live feed for fishes(generally marine species)
Gene bank.pptx
Gene Banks are a type of bio-repository which preserve genetic material.
A collection of seed plants, tissue cultures etc. from potentially useful species , especially species containing genes of significance to the breeding of crops.
Fish genetic material in a 'gene bank' is preserved at -196° Celsius in Liquid Nitrogen as mature seed (dry) or tissue (meristems).
Gene banks exist to conserve the genetic diversity of wild and domesticated organisms that humans depend on for food, fibre, medicine & energy.
Modification in respiratory organs and respiration in endoparasitic insects
Respiration (physiology), transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells and the external environment.
An insect's respiratory system is the biological system with which it introduces respiratory gases to its interior and performs gas exchange.
The primary goals of the insect respiratory system are to deliver oxygen from the air to the tissues and to transport carbon dioxide from the tissues to air.
In contrast to many other animals, most oxygen and carbon dioxide transport occurs in the gas phase, with gases transported through the tracheal system by diffusion.
Mpeda
MPEDA was established in 1972 by the Government of India to promote and develop the export of marine products from India. It functions under the Department of Commerce and acts as a coordinating agency between central and state governments involved in fisheries. MPEDA's roles include registering fisheries infrastructure, collecting and sharing trade information, promoting Indian seafood overseas, developing fisheries and aquaculture, ensuring quality control, and protecting/developing seafood exports. Its goals are to realize India's full export potential of seafood products in a sustainable manner.
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Insect Metabolism
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Color Pigment
Tritrophic Interactions Mediated By Herbivore Induced Plant Volatiles: Their...
1) The document discusses herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) and their role in tritrophic interactions between plants, herbivores, and natural enemies of herbivores.
2) Case studies show that β-glucosidase from caterpillar oral secretions can induce the production of HIPVs in cabbage plants that attract parasitic wasps. Volatiles induced from lima bean plants by different herbivores involve different hormone signaling pathways.
3) Within-plant signaling experiments demonstrate that HIPVs can be systemically transported within the same plant via air to prime indirect defenses in undamaged parts, such as increased extrafloral nectar secretion. Neighboring
Aseptic techniques in plant tissue culture
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Plant regeneration and somaclonal variations
Plant regeneration is possible through organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis where differentiated plant cells can become totipotent using hormones. The process involves taking an explant from a plant and culturing it in a nutrient medium under sterile conditions to regenerate a whole new plant. Somaclonal variation may occur during this process, introducing genetic changes into the regenerated plants.
Biological Control of Insects
This document discusses biological control of insect pests. It defines biological control as using natural enemies to reduce damage from insect pest populations. The document then covers the history of biological control from early efforts in 200 AD through the modern period. It discusses three approaches to biological control - classical biological control involving introducing exotic natural enemies, augmentative biological control involving adding natural enemies, and conservation biological control involving protecting existing natural enemies.
03 crop descriptors
This document discusses crop descriptors, which are standardized descriptions of plant genetic resources that facilitate documentation, management, and exchange of germplasm information. It provides context on the development and purpose of crop descriptors, including:
1) Descriptors allow for accurate documentation of germplasm origins, characteristics, and performance, which is essential for effective conservation and use. Descriptor standards promote compatible documentation systems.
2) Descriptor lists have evolved over time from minimum lists to comprehensive lists with highly discriminating descriptors. They provide internationally recognized guidelines for describing accessions.
3) Descriptors are developed through extensive collaboration and consensus among global experts. They classify data into standardized categories like passport, management, environment, and characterization.
Control of aquatic weeds
This document discusses various methods for controlling aquatic weeds in freshwater fish ponds and water bodies. It describes how aquatic weeds compete with fish for oxygen and food, providing habitat for predators. Free-floating weeds can be removed by hand-picking or netting and then burning to eliminate seeds. Emergent and submerged weeds with roots are harder to remove but can be controlled using weed harvesters, chemicals like paraquate and ammonia, or biological controls like introducing grass carp that eat the weeds. Algal blooms also need to be controlled as they can smother fish and deplete oxygen. Proper pond maintenance helps prevent issues with aquatic weeds and algae.
Types of Oil Seeds Pest
This document provides information on insect pests that affect various oilseed crops. It discusses the major pests that impact sunflower, groundnut, and safflower crops. For sunflower, the major pests listed are the leaf hopper and capitulum borer. The document outlines the damage symptoms and lifecycles of these pests. For groundnuts, major pests discussed include aphids, leaf hoppers, thrips, and various caterpillar species. The management strategies provided for the pests include the use of insecticides as well as cultural practices like intercropping and trap cropping. The document concludes by listing references used to compile the pest information.
Gene banks
Gene banks are facilities that preserve genetic material from plants and animals. They store seeds, tissue cultures, sperm, eggs, and other biological material under controlled conditions to conserve genetic diversity. Major purposes of gene banks are to maintain crop diversity and make genetic resources available for plant breeding and research. They help conserve agricultural biodiversity and provide material that can be used to restore lost species. Gene banks conduct activities like collecting, processing, storing, regenerating, and documenting genetic samples while maintaining the integrity of collections. The largest gene banks house millions of accessions from all over the world.
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Botanical pesticides in pm
This document discusses the prospects and constraints of using botanical pesticides in pest management. It notes that the global biopesticide market is growing significantly faster than the overall pesticide market. While botanical pesticides have advantages like being indigenous, biodegradable and having less harmful effects than synthetic pesticides, they also have drawbacks like being specific to location/target/conditions and having issues with stability, yields and commercialization. The document outlines various criteria for selecting suitable plant parts for pesticides. It also discusses challenges and opportunities in commercializing botanical pesticides, including issues around quality control, registration requirements, intellectual property rights, and potential solutions involving biotechnology, raising plant tolerance and improving production.
Insect pests of apple
This document summarizes several major insect pests that affect apple production worldwide. It discusses the woolly aphid, San Jose scale, cottony cushion scale, European red mite, apple stem borer, codling moth, and tent caterpillar. For each pest, it provides details on distribution, biology, life cycle, damage symptoms, and management approaches. Common management techniques include using resistant rootstocks, pruning infested branches, promoting natural enemies, and applying recommended insecticides at specific timings. The document serves as a comprehensive guide to identifying and controlling key pests that threaten apple crops.
Micropropagation
This document provides an overview of micropropagation techniques. It discusses the 5 main stages of micropropagation: 1) initiation of culture using explants, 2) multiplication of cultures through shoots, 3) in vitro rooting of shoots, 4) hardening of plantlets, and 5) acclimatization. It also covers advantages such as producing large numbers of disease-free clones rapidly and independently of seasons, as well as disadvantages like high costs and difficulty acclimatizing plants. The document gives examples of explants used and techniques for shoot multiplication, and discusses applications of micropropagation.
Synthesis and Actions of Juvenile Hormones In Insect Development (MS Power…
A morphogenetic hormone.
Has multiple functions and a primary role of JH in insect development is to modulate ecdysone action.
Maintains the current commitment of the tissues and cells whereas ecdysone causes both predifferentiative and differentiative cellular events that are necessary for the moult.
When JH is present, a moult to a larval stage ensures.
If JH is absent at the onset of the moult, morphogenesis occurs.
Further studies and researches are still going on that can elucidate new
Aquatic weed management
This document discusses aquatic weeds and their management. It defines aquatic weeds as plants that grow in or near water. It provides examples of common aquatic weed species and classifications including surface, submerged, emersed, dispersed, and shoreline weeds. The document also discusses various mechanical, chemical, and biological control methods for aquatic weeds. It provides details on specific herbicides used to control different weed species and summaries results from studies on the effects of herbicides on weed mortality and growth characteristics.
Bioenrichment in rotifers4
deals about bioenrichment and bioencapsulation in rotifers which are generally used as live feed for fishes(generally marine species)
Gene bank.pptx
Gene Banks are a type of bio-repository which preserve genetic material.
A collection of seed plants, tissue cultures etc. from potentially useful species , especially species containing genes of significance to the breeding of crops.
Fish genetic material in a 'gene bank' is preserved at -196° Celsius in Liquid Nitrogen as mature seed (dry) or tissue (meristems).
Gene banks exist to conserve the genetic diversity of wild and domesticated organisms that humans depend on for food, fibre, medicine & energy.
Modification in respiratory organs and respiration in endoparasitic insects
Respiration (physiology), transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells and the external environment.
An insect's respiratory system is the biological system with which it introduces respiratory gases to its interior and performs gas exchange.
The primary goals of the insect respiratory system are to deliver oxygen from the air to the tissues and to transport carbon dioxide from the tissues to air.
In contrast to many other animals, most oxygen and carbon dioxide transport occurs in the gas phase, with gases transported through the tracheal system by diffusion.
Mpeda
MPEDA was established in 1972 by the Government of India to promote and develop the export of marine products from India. It functions under the Department of Commerce and acts as a coordinating agency between central and state governments involved in fisheries. MPEDA's roles include registering fisheries infrastructure, collecting and sharing trade information, promoting Indian seafood overseas, developing fisheries and aquaculture, ensuring quality control, and protecting/developing seafood exports. Its goals are to realize India's full export potential of seafood products in a sustainable manner.
Entomology
Insect Metabolism
Metabolic Rate
Temperature Control
Oxygen Requirement
Temperature Resistance
Color Pigment
Tritrophic Interactions Mediated By Herbivore Induced Plant Volatiles: Their...
1) The document discusses herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) and their role in tritrophic interactions between plants, herbivores, and natural enemies of herbivores.
2) Case studies show that β-glucosidase from caterpillar oral secretions can induce the production of HIPVs in cabbage plants that attract parasitic wasps. Volatiles induced from lima bean plants by different herbivores involve different hormone signaling pathways.
3) Within-plant signaling experiments demonstrate that HIPVs can be systemically transported within the same plant via air to prime indirect defenses in undamaged parts, such as increased extrafloral nectar secretion. Neighboring
Aseptic techniques in plant tissue culture
Importance of practising Aseptic Techniques in plant tissue culture and what are these techniques what precautions should be taken when doing tissue culture
Plant regeneration and somaclonal variations
Plant regeneration is possible through organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis where differentiated plant cells can become totipotent using hormones. The process involves taking an explant from a plant and culturing it in a nutrient medium under sterile conditions to regenerate a whole new plant. Somaclonal variation may occur during this process, introducing genetic changes into the regenerated plants.
Biological Control of Insects
This document discusses biological control of insect pests. It defines biological control as using natural enemies to reduce damage from insect pest populations. The document then covers the history of biological control from early efforts in 200 AD through the modern period. It discusses three approaches to biological control - classical biological control involving introducing exotic natural enemies, augmentative biological control involving adding natural enemies, and conservation biological control involving protecting existing natural enemies.
03 crop descriptors
This document discusses crop descriptors, which are standardized descriptions of plant genetic resources that facilitate documentation, management, and exchange of germplasm information. It provides context on the development and purpose of crop descriptors, including:
1) Descriptors allow for accurate documentation of germplasm origins, characteristics, and performance, which is essential for effective conservation and use. Descriptor standards promote compatible documentation systems.
2) Descriptor lists have evolved over time from minimum lists to comprehensive lists with highly discriminating descriptors. They provide internationally recognized guidelines for describing accessions.
3) Descriptors are developed through extensive collaboration and consensus among global experts. They classify data into standardized categories like passport, management, environment, and characterization.
Control of aquatic weeds
This document discusses various methods for controlling aquatic weeds in freshwater fish ponds and water bodies. It describes how aquatic weeds compete with fish for oxygen and food, providing habitat for predators. Free-floating weeds can be removed by hand-picking or netting and then burning to eliminate seeds. Emergent and submerged weeds with roots are harder to remove but can be controlled using weed harvesters, chemicals like paraquate and ammonia, or biological controls like introducing grass carp that eat the weeds. Algal blooms also need to be controlled as they can smother fish and deplete oxygen. Proper pond maintenance helps prevent issues with aquatic weeds and algae.
Types of Oil Seeds Pest
This document provides information on insect pests that affect various oilseed crops. It discusses the major pests that impact sunflower, groundnut, and safflower crops. For sunflower, the major pests listed are the leaf hopper and capitulum borer. The document outlines the damage symptoms and lifecycles of these pests. For groundnuts, major pests discussed include aphids, leaf hoppers, thrips, and various caterpillar species. The management strategies provided for the pests include the use of insecticides as well as cultural practices like intercropping and trap cropping. The document concludes by listing references used to compile the pest information.
Gene banks
Gene banks are facilities that preserve genetic material from plants and animals. They store seeds, tissue cultures, sperm, eggs, and other biological material under controlled conditions to conserve genetic diversity. Major purposes of gene banks are to maintain crop diversity and make genetic resources available for plant breeding and research. They help conserve agricultural biodiversity and provide material that can be used to restore lost species. Gene banks conduct activities like collecting, processing, storing, regenerating, and documenting genetic samples while maintaining the integrity of collections. The largest gene banks house millions of accessions from all over the world.
INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN SORGHUM, PEARLMILLET ,.pptx
The document discusses integrated nutrient management (INM) practices for sorghum cultivation. It recommends applying farmyard manure or compost to the nursery and main field and treating seeds with biofertilizers like azospirillum and phosphobacteria. For the main field, it suggests fertilizer application based on soil test recommendations. It also provides INM recommendations for sorghum-based cropping systems like sorghum-chickpea and sorghum-greengram. For pearl millet, it similarly recommends farmyard manure or compost application along with fertilizers and biofertilizers as per soil test. It analyzes INM practices in pearl millet-wheat cropping
cryopreservation of fish gametes NBFGR gene bank
Cryopreservation of reproductive products of many aquatic species has been successfully achieved. ... Cryopreservation technology applied to the preservation of fish gametes in aquaculture plays an important role in seed production, genetic management of broodstock and conservation of aquatic resources
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Synthesis and Actions of Juvenile Hormones In Insect Development (MS Power…
Synthesis and Actions of Juvenile Hormones In Insect Development (MS Power…
Modification in respiratory organs and respiration in endoparasitic insects
Modification in respiratory organs and respiration in endoparasitic insects
Tritrophic Interactions Mediated By Herbivore Induced Plant Volatiles: Their...
Tritrophic Interactions Mediated By Herbivore Induced Plant Volatiles: Their...
INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN SORGHUM, PEARLMILLET ,.pptx
INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN SORGHUM, PEARLMILLET ,.pptx