1) Basarabia declared independence from Russia after the October Revolution in 1917 and union with Romania in March 1918, becoming a Romanian province for 22 years.
2) In June 1940, the Soviet Union issued an ultimatum demanding Bessarabia, which Romania ceded, leading to its occupation by the Red Army.
3) The Treaty of Bucharest in 1812 had placed part of Moldavia east of the Prut River under Russian rule, dividing the region's identity between pro-Romanian and pro-Moldovan concepts promoted by Russia.
"...The Great Union of 1918 was and remains the most sublime event in Romanian history. Its greatness resides in the fact that the fulfilment of the national unity is not the work of any politician, government or party; it is the historic deed of the whole Romanian nation, accomplished out of a powerful longing coming from the vivid awareness of the unity of the people and channelled by the political leaders for it to be led towards its aim with a remarkable political intelligence. [...]
"...The Great Union of 1918 was and remains the most sublime event in Romanian history. Its greatness resides in the fact that the fulfilment of the national unity is not the work of any politician, government or party; it is the historic deed of the whole Romanian nation, accomplished out of a powerful longing coming from the vivid awareness of the unity of the people and channelled by the political leaders for it to be led towards its aim with a remarkable political intelligence. [...]
Baltic States common nomination „The Baltic Way – Human Chain Linking Three States in Their Drive for Freedom” - inscribed on the International Register of UNESCO Memory of the World programme
THE RUSSIA AND UKRAINE CONFLICT AS A NEW FOCUS OF WAR IN THE WORLDFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to analyze the current conflict between Russia and Ukraine, point out its causes and consequences from a geopolitical point of view and the risks it represents for the outbreak of a war with global repercussions. There are several countries that can become outbreaks of wars in the world, highlighting, among them, Palestine, Israel, Iran and North Korea. Now, Ukraine is part of the list of countries that are the focus of a new world war.
The Baltic Way – Human Chain Linking Three States in Their Drive for Freedom...Evija Malkevica
This year marks 25 years since the Baltic Way campaign — a unique and peaceful mass demonstration during which more than a million people joined hands to form a 600-km-long human chain through the three Baltic countries, thus uniting Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in their efforts towards freedom. This widely renowned protest campaign saw the most diverse people join hands: people of various professions, nationalities and political beliefs, men and women, the old and the young. The Baltic Way demonstrated to the world and the participants themselves the power of peaceful protest in a scope that had never been seen before.
In 2009 the most important documents regarding the organisation of the Baltic Way were included in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register with the nomination “The Baltic Way — Human Chain Linking Three States in Their Drive for Freedom” prepared jointly by Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. The documentary heritage of the Baltic Way consists of an archive of valuable documents related to this historical event.
Baltic States common nomination „The Baltic Way – Human Chain Linking Three States in Their Drive for Freedom” - inscribed on the International Register of UNESCO Memory of the World programme
THE RUSSIA AND UKRAINE CONFLICT AS A NEW FOCUS OF WAR IN THE WORLDFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to analyze the current conflict between Russia and Ukraine, point out its causes and consequences from a geopolitical point of view and the risks it represents for the outbreak of a war with global repercussions. There are several countries that can become outbreaks of wars in the world, highlighting, among them, Palestine, Israel, Iran and North Korea. Now, Ukraine is part of the list of countries that are the focus of a new world war.
The Baltic Way – Human Chain Linking Three States in Their Drive for Freedom...Evija Malkevica
This year marks 25 years since the Baltic Way campaign — a unique and peaceful mass demonstration during which more than a million people joined hands to form a 600-km-long human chain through the three Baltic countries, thus uniting Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in their efforts towards freedom. This widely renowned protest campaign saw the most diverse people join hands: people of various professions, nationalities and political beliefs, men and women, the old and the young. The Baltic Way demonstrated to the world and the participants themselves the power of peaceful protest in a scope that had never been seen before.
In 2009 the most important documents regarding the organisation of the Baltic Way were included in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register with the nomination “The Baltic Way — Human Chain Linking Three States in Their Drive for Freedom” prepared jointly by Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. The documentary heritage of the Baltic Way consists of an archive of valuable documents related to this historical event.
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
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In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
2. Basarabia (as it was defined in the tsarist administration in
1812 to the Treaty of Bucharest) was constituted as a
Moldovan Democratic Republic at the end of 1917,
proclaiming its first autonomy in the Russian Republic, then,
after the Revolution of October, independence from Russia
Bolshevik and, after a few months, on March 27 / April 9,
1918 the union with the Kingdom of Romania, within which
it constituted a province. This state lasted for 22 years until
June 28, 1940 when a Soviet government ultimatum aimed at
implementing the Hitler-Stalin pact was addressed to
Romania demanding the cession of Bessarabia to the Soviet
Union. Romania ceded and after 48 hours Bessarabia was
occupied by the Red Army, the administration and the
Romanian Army retreating, in a dramatic chaos, to the west
of the Prut River.
3.
By the Treaty of Bucharest in 1812, the part of the Moldovan
Principality, located at the East of the Prut, entered the empire of
Russia. From that moment, for the inhabitants of this region
formed the Basarabian rule, two opposing identity concepts:
"românismul" promoting the political and cultural union of all the
speakers of East Romanic languages regardless of the kingdoms
whose subjects they were (the Habsburg Empire, the Empire
Russia, or the Ottoman Empire), and the "Moldovanism"
supported by the Russian authorities, which promoted the cultural
and political distinction and partition of East Romani speakers
subjected to the "Czar of All Russia" by the others. The union of
Bessarabia with Romania, voted on 27 March (9 April) 1918 by
the Councils of the Country (the Parliament of the Moldovan
Democratic Republic) represents the concretisation and victory of
the "Romanian" movement in this region.
4. On July 16, 1917, the Central Committee of Chisinau decided to
establish a provincial council (after the Soviets model), which would
issue a bill for national and territorial autonomy. On September 4th,
this committee published its own newspaper, the Romanian Soldier,
with director Iorgu Tudor. At the same time, the Ukrainian National
Assembly decreed that Bessarabia is part of Ukraine, which led to the
Moldovans' request for protection of the Russian Provisional
Government in Petrograd. In detail, in a note of 16/29 March 1918 of
the Ukrainian authorities it appeared that in the northern part of the
territory of Bessarabia, Ukrainians live, and in the south (between the
mouths of the Danube and Nistru and the Black Sea coast) they have a
relative majority . Between 23 and 27 October 1917, the Council of
State proclaimed the autonomy of Bessarabia and the formation of the
council of the country as a legislative body. 44 deputies from the
ranks of the soldiers were elected, 36 peasants from the peasants, 58
deputies elected by municipal commissions and provinces and
professional associations. Of the 156 deputies, 105 were Moldovans,
15 Ukrainians, 14 Jews, 7 Russians, 2 Germans, 2 Bulgarians, 8
Gagauz, 1 Polish, 1 Armenian and 1 Greek.
5. Lloyd George, the chairman of the Supreme Council of the Peace
Conference in Paris (Supreme Council of Clémenceau, Wilson, Lloyd
George and Vittorio Emanuele Orlando), communicated to Alexandru
Vaida-Voevod, the President of the Romanian Council of Ministers on
March 3, 1920, Romanian has demonstrated its willingness to resolve
suspended issues in the interest of Romania and Europe in general, allied
governments believe that the Bessarabian issue should no longer remain in
suspension. The Note of the Supreme Council states that "after taking into
account the general aspirations of the Basarabian population, the
Moldovan character of that province from a geographic and ethnographic
point of view, as well as the economic and historical arguments, the main
allied powers pronounce for these reasons in favor of the reunification
Bessarabia with Romania, a reunion that was officially proclaimed by the
representatives of Bessarabia ... " The Treaty for the Recognition of the
Union of Bessarabia with Romania was signed on 28 October 1920 in Paris
by the Council of Ambassadors of the British Empire, France, Italy and
Japan, on the one hand, and Romania, on the other
6. . This Treaty recognizes Romania's sovereignty over the
Bessarabian territory, which includes the Prut, Nistru, the old
border of Bukovina and the Black Sea. Article 9 of the Treaty states
that the contracting parties will invite Russia to accede to this
Treaty as soon as there is a Russian government recognized by
them. Thus, the details of the Bessarabian reconnaissance
agreement were to be established through direct negotiations
between Romania and Russia. The treaty was ratified by the main
signatories: England, France and Romania. Italy and Japan have
not ratified the Treaty. Russia has maintained the attitude of not
recognizing the act of union. Neither the direct talks with Russia
at that time have yielded any result. In 1925, for the first time, a
Romanian delegation composed of Langa-Răşcanu, Drăghicescu,
M. Djuvara and others. met in Vienna with the Soviet delegation
led by Krestinski. Since the first contact, the Russians have put the
issue of Bessarabia in such a way that the Romanian delegation
has had to refuse the discussion and the conference has been
dissolved without any results. (Kiriţescu, 1989, op. Cit.).