This document discusses empowering consumers with improved immunization information through technology and social frameworks. It provides three key points:
1) Historical examples show that providing individuals with public health information highly motivates them to take actions that stem disease spread.
2) Technology, like immunization registries and consumer access tools, can consolidate immunization records and empower individuals with their vaccination history.
3) Personal stories illustrate how improved access to immunization records helped identify a missed vaccination and motivated a company to increase flu shot rates among employees, reducing absenteeism.
Social media shifts the dynamics of communication in public health emergenciescraig lefebvre
Talk I gave at the European Centers for Disease Control 9 June 2011. Focus is on use of social media in EU countires and experiences/lessons learned with social media by government agencies around the world.
An epidemiological view of worms and virusesUltraUploader
- The document discusses the need for an epidemiological approach to studying and controlling worms and viruses on the Internet. It argues that while epidemiology has been successful in addressing infectious diseases, there is currently no organization that takes an epidemiological, macro-level approach to worms and viruses. The document proposes establishing a "national center for worm control" to coordinate prevention and response efforts across networks in the same way the CDC addresses public health issues.
The document discusses communicating risk during the COVID-19 pandemic in a post-truth world. It notes that COVID-19 poses uncertain risks that are invisible until symptoms appear. This uncertainty has led to both hysteria and indifference in societies. The document examines how governments can maintain public trust while requiring profound behavior changes. It analyzes the spread of misinformation related to COVID-19 and discusses potential solutions like education, supporting quality journalism, regulating tech platforms and advertisers, as well as monitoring from intelligence agencies. The biggest challenges are addressing psychological biases, political deception, and how emotion and engagement drive the spread of misinformation on social media.
The document discusses GVN's response to the 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa. Specifically, it summarizes that GVN has taken a leadership role by providing authoritative information on Ebola to the public and experts, sharing expert opinions on vaccine and treatment development, advocating for more funding for medical virology research, and working to support Ebola researchers through funding and facilitating collaborations. It also lists several GVN researchers who are working on understanding and developing treatments for Ebola virus.
Digital Disease Detection — Harnessing the Web for Public Health SurveillanceInSTEDD
Perspective | May 21, 2009
Digital Disease Detection — Harnessing the Web
for Public Health Surveillance
John S. Brownstein, Ph.D., Clark C. Freifeld, B.S., and Lawrence C. Madoff, M.D.
1) The media plays a fundamental role in shaping public perception of risks, which are increasingly global and beyond individual control. Social media allows fears to spread rapidly.
2) Collective reactions to risks are often irrational and disproportionate to actual dangers. For example, the avian flu scare in Italy led to a 70% decline in poultry sales despite no confirmed human cases.
3) Public acceptance of new technologies depends more on perceived benefits than risks. Biomedicine is widely accepted due to health benefits, while genetically modified food faces opposition as benefits are less clear.
4) Effective public participation in decision making is important for acceptance. Simply informing the public after decisions are made breeds distrust, while involvement
Social Media could be a of Threat for an “Infodemic” throughout COVID-19 Pand...asclepiuspdfs
This era is witnessed by a vibrant society and hastily grown and evolving communication technologies, indeed, which have many advantages. Information technology evolved and now plays a pivotal role in all fields and disciplines including the health-care system. Therefore, social media can be utilized either spread information in a fraction of a second for a campaign against smoking and cancer or spread news without any reason and confirmation. The people do not take care of any news relevant to anything. However, people feel an obligation to throw the information to others, why, so far do not know, as a result, news creates pandemic. We are witnessed during the current coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pandemic situation where we are daily receiving thousands of messages, videos, or audios regarding different theories about COVID-19. Most of them are based on some kinds of speculations and do not have any empirical evidence. We need to assess the neglected influence and impact of this so called “Infodemic”, which may cause a variety of health hazards in a fraction of a second mainly anxiety and stress.
Student Final Projects: XCOR 3010 Design & Technology in Global Culture.
Innovation: The formation of new ideas to help people in the world.
Innovations are driven by experiences because observations are made from situations for better ideas to form.
Experience: covid-19
Social media shifts the dynamics of communication in public health emergenciescraig lefebvre
Talk I gave at the European Centers for Disease Control 9 June 2011. Focus is on use of social media in EU countires and experiences/lessons learned with social media by government agencies around the world.
An epidemiological view of worms and virusesUltraUploader
- The document discusses the need for an epidemiological approach to studying and controlling worms and viruses on the Internet. It argues that while epidemiology has been successful in addressing infectious diseases, there is currently no organization that takes an epidemiological, macro-level approach to worms and viruses. The document proposes establishing a "national center for worm control" to coordinate prevention and response efforts across networks in the same way the CDC addresses public health issues.
The document discusses communicating risk during the COVID-19 pandemic in a post-truth world. It notes that COVID-19 poses uncertain risks that are invisible until symptoms appear. This uncertainty has led to both hysteria and indifference in societies. The document examines how governments can maintain public trust while requiring profound behavior changes. It analyzes the spread of misinformation related to COVID-19 and discusses potential solutions like education, supporting quality journalism, regulating tech platforms and advertisers, as well as monitoring from intelligence agencies. The biggest challenges are addressing psychological biases, political deception, and how emotion and engagement drive the spread of misinformation on social media.
The document discusses GVN's response to the 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa. Specifically, it summarizes that GVN has taken a leadership role by providing authoritative information on Ebola to the public and experts, sharing expert opinions on vaccine and treatment development, advocating for more funding for medical virology research, and working to support Ebola researchers through funding and facilitating collaborations. It also lists several GVN researchers who are working on understanding and developing treatments for Ebola virus.
Digital Disease Detection — Harnessing the Web for Public Health SurveillanceInSTEDD
Perspective | May 21, 2009
Digital Disease Detection — Harnessing the Web
for Public Health Surveillance
John S. Brownstein, Ph.D., Clark C. Freifeld, B.S., and Lawrence C. Madoff, M.D.
1) The media plays a fundamental role in shaping public perception of risks, which are increasingly global and beyond individual control. Social media allows fears to spread rapidly.
2) Collective reactions to risks are often irrational and disproportionate to actual dangers. For example, the avian flu scare in Italy led to a 70% decline in poultry sales despite no confirmed human cases.
3) Public acceptance of new technologies depends more on perceived benefits than risks. Biomedicine is widely accepted due to health benefits, while genetically modified food faces opposition as benefits are less clear.
4) Effective public participation in decision making is important for acceptance. Simply informing the public after decisions are made breeds distrust, while involvement
Social Media could be a of Threat for an “Infodemic” throughout COVID-19 Pand...asclepiuspdfs
This era is witnessed by a vibrant society and hastily grown and evolving communication technologies, indeed, which have many advantages. Information technology evolved and now plays a pivotal role in all fields and disciplines including the health-care system. Therefore, social media can be utilized either spread information in a fraction of a second for a campaign against smoking and cancer or spread news without any reason and confirmation. The people do not take care of any news relevant to anything. However, people feel an obligation to throw the information to others, why, so far do not know, as a result, news creates pandemic. We are witnessed during the current coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pandemic situation where we are daily receiving thousands of messages, videos, or audios regarding different theories about COVID-19. Most of them are based on some kinds of speculations and do not have any empirical evidence. We need to assess the neglected influence and impact of this so called “Infodemic”, which may cause a variety of health hazards in a fraction of a second mainly anxiety and stress.
Student Final Projects: XCOR 3010 Design & Technology in Global Culture.
Innovation: The formation of new ideas to help people in the world.
Innovations are driven by experiences because observations are made from situations for better ideas to form.
Experience: covid-19
La INFODEMIA es un neologismo que expresa la sobreinformación que sobre un tema se genera, en algunos casos de forma precisa y en otros no, y que hace difícil a las personas encontrar fuentes fiables para encontrar orientación cuando se necesita. Este gran volumen de información de un tema específico en un corto periodo de tiempo origina una “infoxicación”, es decir, una intoxicación por información. Si esta intoxicación se asocia a una pandemia actual (como la COVID-19) el término infodemia guarda un razonable parecido, teniendo en cuenta que en el “totum revolutum” es campo sembrado para los dimes y diretes, para la rumorología, la información errónea y la manipulación de las noticias con intenciones dudosas. En la era de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y comunicación, de la Web 2.0, 3.0, 4.0… y las que vengan, este fenómeno se amplifica a través de las redes sociales, ese patio de vecinos sin control, extendiéndose más y más rápido que un virus esta información inválida o tóxica: de ahí el término “viralización”.
Si juntamos los efectos del virus SARS-CoV-2 con los efectos de la viralización de las redes sociales, y teniendo en cuenta dos principios conocidos en la comunicación periodística (que una buena noticia no es noticia y que las falacias se difunden más rápido que las verdades), tenemos el cóctel perfecto para crear el caos, el miedo y la COVIDofobia.
Y para que conste la preocupación por la infodemia basta revisar el documento adjunto de la PAHO (Pan American Health Organization), miembro de la Wordl Health Organization, donde se exponen algunos datos de interés para conocer la dimensión de este problema: en el último mes se han volcado 361 millones de vídeos en YouTube en relación con el tema de la COVID-19 y cerca de 20.000 artículos sobre el tema en Google Scholar, así como 550 millones de tweets en un mes que incluían el término COVID-19 o pandemia.
Es crítico disponer del acceso a la información, pero en el momento adecuado y en el formato adecuado. Hoy todo gira sobre lo mismo. Desayunamos, comemos, merendamos, cenamos y hasta dormimos con la misma noticia, visto desde tantas perspectivas y con tantos autoproclamados expertos que ya nos sabemos a qué atenernos. En este ambiente de infodemia, donde campa a sus anchas la prensa amarillista y los que sientan cátedra con la osadía de su desconocimiento, no se pueden aplicar los principios de calma y coherencia tan necesarios para la toma de decisiones.
This document summarizes a research paper about demographics of the anti-vaxxer movement. It finds that anti-vaxxers tend to be white, upper-middle class Americans who can afford to take health risks by not vaccinating their children. Literature reviewed found no link between vaccines and autism, though one flawed early study is often cited by anti-vaxxers. Later studies showed vaccines effectively eliminate diseases without causing autism or other issues. Anti-vaxx views spread online through misleading use of facts. Overall, the paper argues vaccines provide major public health benefits by preventing deadly diseases.
Reversing the Invisible Epidemic of Autoimmune DiseaseDrBonnie360
Now, more than ever before, is the time to address the autoimmune disease epidemic. With the convergence in science, tech, and patient demand, we can begin pieces the autoimmune puzzle together. With emerging tech, platforms and tools can improve care delivery. With your help, we can save millions.
The term “infodemic”, first coined by Gunther Eysenbach in 2002, refers to the rapid, large-scale dissemination of all kinds of health information and misinformation through a variety of media and information channels.
The term is apt because the global consequences of this mode of information dissemination, which results in an overabundance of information, some of it accurate and some not, resembles the transmission of a pandemic.
The current COVID-19-related infodemic is of such significance that the World Health Organization has created Mythbusters to help stop the spread of misinformation, and multiple disciplines are collaborating in a new field of research – infodemiology – to combat this infodemic.
How can the library and information field respond? The Naseej Academy and Mortenson Center for International Library Programs will present a two-hour webinar on the infodemic during the COVID-19 pandemic for library and information specialists.
Webinar objectives
• Introduce the COVID-19-related infodemic, discuss the need for an information vaccine (Albright, 2016), and describe its significance for libraries.
• Explore solutions that library and information specialists can undertake, through a discussion of experiences with infodemics.
• Present ideas and actions that library and information specialists can undertake as solutions and to prevent the spread of the COVID-19-related infodemic.
Webinar Moderator
Prof. Kendra S. Albright
• Goodyear Endowed Professor in Knowledge Management, School of Information, Kent State University
• Editor-in-Chief for Libri, the international journal of libraries and information studies
• Consultant to numerous corporations and government agencies
Prof. Clara M. Chu
• Director and Mortenson Distinguished Professor, Mortenson Center for International Library Programs, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
• 2019–20 President of the Association for Information Science & Technology (ASIS&T)
• Co-developing an institute on artificial intelligence and libraries
Prof. Bharat Mehra
• EBSCO Endowed Chair in Social Justice & Professor, School of Library & Information Studies, University of Alabama
• Leader in diversity and social justice in library and information science (LIS)
• Specialist in community informatics, or the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to enable and empower minority and underserved populations
Infodemic is the information pandemic during the COVID-19 Crisis. With a sea of misinformation flooded around the novel coronavirus, these days have been painted as the time of fake news and rumours on the social media. Fake news is information deliberately fabricated and published with the intention to deceive and mislead others into believing falsehoods or doubting verifiable facts. A report of Council of Europe describes that there are three types of information disorder, namely, misinformation, disinformation and mal-information. Literally, there is a thin line difference between all these terms. Fake news is the umbrella term that unifies all these types of information disorder.
Short panel presentation given in the context of the AI4EU WebCafe "The COVID-19 and Contact Tracing Apps" on June 23rd 2020, focusing on the problem of COVID-19 misinformation and how this could potentially affect the adoption of contact tracing apps.
This document summarizes the controversy around vaccines and vaccinations. It discusses how vaccines work by building immunity without causing illness. It then reviews the history of vaccines from Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine to modern mandatory vaccination laws and outbreaks that renewed opposition. Groups with differing needs and concerns regarding vaccines are identified. Both sides of the debate, including evidence for vaccination's success reducing disease and public trust concerns, are outlined. The current vaccine schedule and status is presented, along with the potential for new vaccines against HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, and chronic diseases in the future.
This document discusses the stigma associated with tuberculosis (TB) in various parts of the world. It describes how TB stigma creates barriers to effective treatment and disease management. It provides examples of how TB stigma disproportionately affects marginalized groups like women, the poor, and those co-infected with HIV. It also discusses efforts by organizations to address TB stigma through education, community engagement, and anti-stigma toolkits. However, it notes that biomedical approaches alone are not enough and that socioeconomic factors driving the spread of TB must also be addressed.
https://journalistethics.com/
Download this handbook free at the link above.
This free book is about Coronavirus COVID19. This free book is a comprehensive list of media and medical themes that surround this false flag fake news pandemic. It invites readers to adopt a critical reflective approach to reviewing information about Coronavirus COVID-19.
Coronavirus, COVID-19, COVID19, Coronavirus COVID-19, virus, sars, sudden acute respiratory syndrome, CDC, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO, World Heath Organization, European Center for Disease Control, Social distancing, Donald Trump, Hydroxychloroquine, Wuhan, China, Anthony Fauci, Deborah Birx, Tedros Adhanom, Bill Gates, Vaccine, Vaccines, global financial reset, NESARA, Pandemic
This book is about the Coronavirus COVID-19 ‘event’. It is an
inventory of dominant news themes. Researchers may draw
on these topics to conduct free inquiries into COVID-19.
This text contains six major sections beyond its global
perspective introduction. The next part critically examines
COVID-19 healthcare coding and treatment practices.
The third segment outlines critical thinking research skills
that may aid free-willed COVID-19 news reporters.
Part Four examines geo-political undercurrents for the six
main players: China, Italy, Iran, Korea, the UK, and Spain.
The penultimate component explores the alleged epicenter
of the economic and human impact of COVID-19: America.
This book’s summary explores four popular theories about
the core who, what, when, where, why, and how riddles that
torment those why try to decrypt the COVID-19 scam.
The World Health Organization has apparently explained the origin of the name COVID-19 which it awarded to this newly recognized strain of the Coronavirus family.
The document discusses the role of libraries in addressing public health issues during the COVID-19 pandemic. It provides examples of how libraries have helped distribute information on vaccines, assisted people with booking vaccination appointments, and even served as vaccination sites themselves. The document advocates that libraries are well-positioned to take on these types of roles during emergencies due to their trusted status in communities, resources, and trained staff. It also notes that libraries can help explain complex public health topics to the public and counter the spread of health-related misinformation.
GIVING UP PRIVACY FOR SECURITY: A SURVEY ON PRIVACY TRADE-OFF DURING PANDEMIC...ijcisjournal
While the COVID-19 pandemic continues to be as complex as ever, the collection and exchange of data in the light of fighting coronavirus poses a major challenge for privacy systems around the globe. The disease’s size and magnitude are not uncommon but it appears to be at the point of hysteria surrounding it. Consequently, in a very short time, extreme measures for dealing with the situation appear to have become
the norm. Any such actions affect the privacy of individuals in particular. In some cases, there is intensive monitoring of the whole population while the medical data of those diagnosed with the virus is commonly circulated through institutions and nations. This may well be in the interest of saving the world from a deadly disease, but is it appropriate and right? Although creative solutions have been implemented in many countries to address the issue, proponents of privacy are concerned that technologies will eventually erode privacy, while regulators and privacy supporters are worried about what kind of impact this could bring. While that tension has always been present, privacy has been thrown into sharp relief by the sheer urgency
of containing an exponentially spreading virus. The essence of this dilemma indicates that establishing the right equilibrium will be the best solution. The jurisprudence concerning cases regarding the willingness of public officials to interfere with the constitutional right to privacy in the interests of national security or public health has repeatedly proven that a reasonable balance can be reached.
The case for integrating crisis response with social media American Red Cross
Social media has changed expectations around crisis response by allowing people to directly request help online. This has created challenges for emergency responders to monitor and respond to these requests in a timely manner. In response, volunteer groups have formed using technologies like Ushahidi to aggregate crisis information from social media and map it to help coordinate response efforts. Events like Crisis Camp and Random Hacks of Kindness bring technologists together to develop open-source tools to help address humanitarian crises. The Haiti earthquake saw many of these collaborative efforts unite to rapidly develop applications and share information to assist response and relief operations.
1) The document summarizes information on fake news related to vaccinations, including common claims spread, producers of misinformation, and efforts to counter false claims.
2) It identifies major sources of funding for anti-vaccination groups and popular websites and social media platforms used to spread misinformation.
3) Recent initiatives to curb the spread of fake vaccination news on social media are discussed, as well as challenges in promoting scientific and health literacy on the issue.
Investigating Social Media Role in Crisis Communication Case of Hoatiti News ...ijtsrd
Social media has the capacity to inform, educate, entertain and confuse citizens simultaneously because of its deep imbeddedness within communities. This is because social media is readily available to most community members and news production is done surpassing and bypassing filters that humper and debilitate quick production and dissemination of news by mainstream media such as the traditional gate keeping parameters like political correctness and editorial policies. However, social media is regarded with scepticism in some quarters of the news production industry due to its disregard for ethical practice as well as disrespect for sensibilities related to tradition and culture that separate humans from the larger and general animal world. This study therefore sought to investigate the virtues of social media that have elevated the speed and limitless opportunities for Covd 19 news sharing in Lesotho with specific reference to Hoatiti news outlet. The study interviewed news consumers, practising journalists, journalism students and lecturers to establish their views on Hoatiti news coverage of the Covid 19 pandemic. The findings were presented and analysed thematically. Tawanda Mukurunge | Tawanda Wallace Mataka | Takura Bhila "Investigating Social Media Role in Crisis Communication: Case of Hoatiti News Reporting of the Covid-19 Pandemic in Lesotho" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46315.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/journalism/46315/investigating-social-media-role-in-crisis-communication-case-of-hoatiti-news-reporting-of-the-covid19-pandemic-in-lesotho/tawanda-mukurunge
Analyzing Attitudes Towards Biofuels with Social Media - Project OverviewUN Global Pulse
This project analysed how public perceptions of and attitudes towards biofuels in the UK and Germany evolved other a period of three years, from 2013 to 2015. The project analysed around 350,000 public tweets from the UK and 35,000 tweets from Germany about biofuels to understand whether any changes occurred in the balance between statements for and against the use of biofuels.
Franklin D. Roosevelt contracted polio in 1921 and was left paralyzed, but went on to become a transformative US president. The polio vaccine, developed in the 1950s, nearly eradicated the disease but outbreaks are increasing again due to falling vaccination rates. Some parents are opting out of vaccinating their children due to unfounded fears that vaccines cause autism or other harms, despite clear scientific evidence that vaccines are safe. When vaccination rates fall below 95%, "herd immunity" is lost, putting many lives at risk, including those who cannot be vaccinated such as newborns or the immunocompromised. Recent outbreaks of diseases like measles and whooping cough highlight the dangers
THE LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS FOR COMBATTING MONEY LAUNDERING IN CAM...AkashSharma618775
Money laundering usually involves a series of multiple transactions used to mask the source of financial
assets, so that these assets can be used without compromising criminals seeking to their use. Money laundering can
happen through various intermediaries; bank transfers, both by wire and check, are the most common channels
for illicit money transfers. Money Laundering has several devastating effects; it damages financial sector
institutions that are critical for economic growth, promoting crime and corruption that slow economic growth,
reducing efficiency in the real sector of the economy. Money laundering is a problem not only in the world’s major
financial markets and sea centers but also in emerging markets. Cameroon has criminalized money-laundering in
line with the United Nations Convention against Corruption which was signed on 10th October, 2003, and ratified
by the President of the Republic on 6th February, 2006. Cameroon follows an all-crimes approach to moneylaundering whereby all offences under the laws and regulations of Cameroon constitute predicate offences. In
order to effectively combat money laundering, institutions have equally being put in place to combat it.
On July 1, 1665, the lordmayor and aldermen of thecity of Lo.docxvannagoforth
On July 1, 1665, the lordmayor and aldermen of the
city of London put into place a set
of orders “concerning the infec-
tion of the plague,” which was
then sweeping through the popula-
tion. He intended that these
actions would be “very expedient
for preventing and avoiding of
infection of sickness” (1).
At that time, London faced a
public health crisis, with an inade-
quate scientific base in that the
role of rats and their fleas in dis-
ease transmission was unknown.
Nonetheless, this crisis was faced
with good intentions by the top
medical and political figures of
the community.
Daniel Defoe made an observation that could apply to
many public health interventions then and today, “This
shutting up of houses was at first counted a very cruel and
unchristian method… but it was a public good that justi-
fied a private mischief” (1). Then, just as today, a complex
relationship existed between the science of public health
and the practice of public health and politics. We address
the relationship between science, public health, and poli-
tics, with a particular emphasis on infectious diseases.
Science, public health, and politics are not only com-
patible, but all three are necessary to improve the public’s
health. The progress of each area of public health is relat-
ed to the strength of the other areas. The effect of politics
in public health becomes dangerous when policy is dictat-
ed by ideology. Policy is also threatened when it is solely
determined by science, devoid of considerations of social
condition, culture, economics, and public will.
When using the word “politics,” we refer not simply to
partisan politics but to the broader set of policies and sys-
tems. Although ideology is used in many different ways, in
this case, it refers to individual systems of belief that may
color a person’s attitudes and actions and that are not nec-
essarily based on scientific evidence (2).
Public Health Achievements
Science influences public health decisions and conclu-
sions, and politics delivers its programs and messages.
This pattern is obvious in many of public health’s greatest
triumphs of the 20th century, 10 of which were chronicled
in 1999 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) as great public health achievements, and several of
which are presented below as examples of policy affecting
successes (3). These achievements remind us of what can
be accomplished when innovation, persistence, and luck
converge, along with political will and public policy.
Vaccination
Childhood vaccinations have largely eliminated once-
common, terrible diseases, such as polio, diphtheria,
measles, mumps, and pertussis (4). Polio is being eradicat-
ed worldwide. The current collaboration between the
World Health Organization, the United Nations Children’s
Fund, CDC, and Rotary International is a political as well
as biological “tour de force,” and eradication of polio in
Nigeria has been threatened by local political struggles and
decisions. ...
The document provides an overview of computational epidemiology through three sentences:
It discusses the history and basic concepts of computational epidemiology, from early mathematical models of diseases like smallpox and cholera to modern networked and data-driven approaches. Computational epidemiology uses mathematical and computational methods to study disease transmission and inform public health responses to epidemics. The field aims to attract computing and data scientists to help address open problems through frameworks like graphical dynamical systems.
La INFODEMIA es un neologismo que expresa la sobreinformación que sobre un tema se genera, en algunos casos de forma precisa y en otros no, y que hace difícil a las personas encontrar fuentes fiables para encontrar orientación cuando se necesita. Este gran volumen de información de un tema específico en un corto periodo de tiempo origina una “infoxicación”, es decir, una intoxicación por información. Si esta intoxicación se asocia a una pandemia actual (como la COVID-19) el término infodemia guarda un razonable parecido, teniendo en cuenta que en el “totum revolutum” es campo sembrado para los dimes y diretes, para la rumorología, la información errónea y la manipulación de las noticias con intenciones dudosas. En la era de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y comunicación, de la Web 2.0, 3.0, 4.0… y las que vengan, este fenómeno se amplifica a través de las redes sociales, ese patio de vecinos sin control, extendiéndose más y más rápido que un virus esta información inválida o tóxica: de ahí el término “viralización”.
Si juntamos los efectos del virus SARS-CoV-2 con los efectos de la viralización de las redes sociales, y teniendo en cuenta dos principios conocidos en la comunicación periodística (que una buena noticia no es noticia y que las falacias se difunden más rápido que las verdades), tenemos el cóctel perfecto para crear el caos, el miedo y la COVIDofobia.
Y para que conste la preocupación por la infodemia basta revisar el documento adjunto de la PAHO (Pan American Health Organization), miembro de la Wordl Health Organization, donde se exponen algunos datos de interés para conocer la dimensión de este problema: en el último mes se han volcado 361 millones de vídeos en YouTube en relación con el tema de la COVID-19 y cerca de 20.000 artículos sobre el tema en Google Scholar, así como 550 millones de tweets en un mes que incluían el término COVID-19 o pandemia.
Es crítico disponer del acceso a la información, pero en el momento adecuado y en el formato adecuado. Hoy todo gira sobre lo mismo. Desayunamos, comemos, merendamos, cenamos y hasta dormimos con la misma noticia, visto desde tantas perspectivas y con tantos autoproclamados expertos que ya nos sabemos a qué atenernos. En este ambiente de infodemia, donde campa a sus anchas la prensa amarillista y los que sientan cátedra con la osadía de su desconocimiento, no se pueden aplicar los principios de calma y coherencia tan necesarios para la toma de decisiones.
This document summarizes a research paper about demographics of the anti-vaxxer movement. It finds that anti-vaxxers tend to be white, upper-middle class Americans who can afford to take health risks by not vaccinating their children. Literature reviewed found no link between vaccines and autism, though one flawed early study is often cited by anti-vaxxers. Later studies showed vaccines effectively eliminate diseases without causing autism or other issues. Anti-vaxx views spread online through misleading use of facts. Overall, the paper argues vaccines provide major public health benefits by preventing deadly diseases.
Reversing the Invisible Epidemic of Autoimmune DiseaseDrBonnie360
Now, more than ever before, is the time to address the autoimmune disease epidemic. With the convergence in science, tech, and patient demand, we can begin pieces the autoimmune puzzle together. With emerging tech, platforms and tools can improve care delivery. With your help, we can save millions.
The term “infodemic”, first coined by Gunther Eysenbach in 2002, refers to the rapid, large-scale dissemination of all kinds of health information and misinformation through a variety of media and information channels.
The term is apt because the global consequences of this mode of information dissemination, which results in an overabundance of information, some of it accurate and some not, resembles the transmission of a pandemic.
The current COVID-19-related infodemic is of such significance that the World Health Organization has created Mythbusters to help stop the spread of misinformation, and multiple disciplines are collaborating in a new field of research – infodemiology – to combat this infodemic.
How can the library and information field respond? The Naseej Academy and Mortenson Center for International Library Programs will present a two-hour webinar on the infodemic during the COVID-19 pandemic for library and information specialists.
Webinar objectives
• Introduce the COVID-19-related infodemic, discuss the need for an information vaccine (Albright, 2016), and describe its significance for libraries.
• Explore solutions that library and information specialists can undertake, through a discussion of experiences with infodemics.
• Present ideas and actions that library and information specialists can undertake as solutions and to prevent the spread of the COVID-19-related infodemic.
Webinar Moderator
Prof. Kendra S. Albright
• Goodyear Endowed Professor in Knowledge Management, School of Information, Kent State University
• Editor-in-Chief for Libri, the international journal of libraries and information studies
• Consultant to numerous corporations and government agencies
Prof. Clara M. Chu
• Director and Mortenson Distinguished Professor, Mortenson Center for International Library Programs, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
• 2019–20 President of the Association for Information Science & Technology (ASIS&T)
• Co-developing an institute on artificial intelligence and libraries
Prof. Bharat Mehra
• EBSCO Endowed Chair in Social Justice & Professor, School of Library & Information Studies, University of Alabama
• Leader in diversity and social justice in library and information science (LIS)
• Specialist in community informatics, or the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to enable and empower minority and underserved populations
Infodemic is the information pandemic during the COVID-19 Crisis. With a sea of misinformation flooded around the novel coronavirus, these days have been painted as the time of fake news and rumours on the social media. Fake news is information deliberately fabricated and published with the intention to deceive and mislead others into believing falsehoods or doubting verifiable facts. A report of Council of Europe describes that there are three types of information disorder, namely, misinformation, disinformation and mal-information. Literally, there is a thin line difference between all these terms. Fake news is the umbrella term that unifies all these types of information disorder.
Short panel presentation given in the context of the AI4EU WebCafe "The COVID-19 and Contact Tracing Apps" on June 23rd 2020, focusing on the problem of COVID-19 misinformation and how this could potentially affect the adoption of contact tracing apps.
This document summarizes the controversy around vaccines and vaccinations. It discusses how vaccines work by building immunity without causing illness. It then reviews the history of vaccines from Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine to modern mandatory vaccination laws and outbreaks that renewed opposition. Groups with differing needs and concerns regarding vaccines are identified. Both sides of the debate, including evidence for vaccination's success reducing disease and public trust concerns, are outlined. The current vaccine schedule and status is presented, along with the potential for new vaccines against HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, and chronic diseases in the future.
This document discusses the stigma associated with tuberculosis (TB) in various parts of the world. It describes how TB stigma creates barriers to effective treatment and disease management. It provides examples of how TB stigma disproportionately affects marginalized groups like women, the poor, and those co-infected with HIV. It also discusses efforts by organizations to address TB stigma through education, community engagement, and anti-stigma toolkits. However, it notes that biomedical approaches alone are not enough and that socioeconomic factors driving the spread of TB must also be addressed.
https://journalistethics.com/
Download this handbook free at the link above.
This free book is about Coronavirus COVID19. This free book is a comprehensive list of media and medical themes that surround this false flag fake news pandemic. It invites readers to adopt a critical reflective approach to reviewing information about Coronavirus COVID-19.
Coronavirus, COVID-19, COVID19, Coronavirus COVID-19, virus, sars, sudden acute respiratory syndrome, CDC, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO, World Heath Organization, European Center for Disease Control, Social distancing, Donald Trump, Hydroxychloroquine, Wuhan, China, Anthony Fauci, Deborah Birx, Tedros Adhanom, Bill Gates, Vaccine, Vaccines, global financial reset, NESARA, Pandemic
This book is about the Coronavirus COVID-19 ‘event’. It is an
inventory of dominant news themes. Researchers may draw
on these topics to conduct free inquiries into COVID-19.
This text contains six major sections beyond its global
perspective introduction. The next part critically examines
COVID-19 healthcare coding and treatment practices.
The third segment outlines critical thinking research skills
that may aid free-willed COVID-19 news reporters.
Part Four examines geo-political undercurrents for the six
main players: China, Italy, Iran, Korea, the UK, and Spain.
The penultimate component explores the alleged epicenter
of the economic and human impact of COVID-19: America.
This book’s summary explores four popular theories about
the core who, what, when, where, why, and how riddles that
torment those why try to decrypt the COVID-19 scam.
The World Health Organization has apparently explained the origin of the name COVID-19 which it awarded to this newly recognized strain of the Coronavirus family.
The document discusses the role of libraries in addressing public health issues during the COVID-19 pandemic. It provides examples of how libraries have helped distribute information on vaccines, assisted people with booking vaccination appointments, and even served as vaccination sites themselves. The document advocates that libraries are well-positioned to take on these types of roles during emergencies due to their trusted status in communities, resources, and trained staff. It also notes that libraries can help explain complex public health topics to the public and counter the spread of health-related misinformation.
GIVING UP PRIVACY FOR SECURITY: A SURVEY ON PRIVACY TRADE-OFF DURING PANDEMIC...ijcisjournal
While the COVID-19 pandemic continues to be as complex as ever, the collection and exchange of data in the light of fighting coronavirus poses a major challenge for privacy systems around the globe. The disease’s size and magnitude are not uncommon but it appears to be at the point of hysteria surrounding it. Consequently, in a very short time, extreme measures for dealing with the situation appear to have become
the norm. Any such actions affect the privacy of individuals in particular. In some cases, there is intensive monitoring of the whole population while the medical data of those diagnosed with the virus is commonly circulated through institutions and nations. This may well be in the interest of saving the world from a deadly disease, but is it appropriate and right? Although creative solutions have been implemented in many countries to address the issue, proponents of privacy are concerned that technologies will eventually erode privacy, while regulators and privacy supporters are worried about what kind of impact this could bring. While that tension has always been present, privacy has been thrown into sharp relief by the sheer urgency
of containing an exponentially spreading virus. The essence of this dilemma indicates that establishing the right equilibrium will be the best solution. The jurisprudence concerning cases regarding the willingness of public officials to interfere with the constitutional right to privacy in the interests of national security or public health has repeatedly proven that a reasonable balance can be reached.
The case for integrating crisis response with social media American Red Cross
Social media has changed expectations around crisis response by allowing people to directly request help online. This has created challenges for emergency responders to monitor and respond to these requests in a timely manner. In response, volunteer groups have formed using technologies like Ushahidi to aggregate crisis information from social media and map it to help coordinate response efforts. Events like Crisis Camp and Random Hacks of Kindness bring technologists together to develop open-source tools to help address humanitarian crises. The Haiti earthquake saw many of these collaborative efforts unite to rapidly develop applications and share information to assist response and relief operations.
1) The document summarizes information on fake news related to vaccinations, including common claims spread, producers of misinformation, and efforts to counter false claims.
2) It identifies major sources of funding for anti-vaccination groups and popular websites and social media platforms used to spread misinformation.
3) Recent initiatives to curb the spread of fake vaccination news on social media are discussed, as well as challenges in promoting scientific and health literacy on the issue.
Investigating Social Media Role in Crisis Communication Case of Hoatiti News ...ijtsrd
Social media has the capacity to inform, educate, entertain and confuse citizens simultaneously because of its deep imbeddedness within communities. This is because social media is readily available to most community members and news production is done surpassing and bypassing filters that humper and debilitate quick production and dissemination of news by mainstream media such as the traditional gate keeping parameters like political correctness and editorial policies. However, social media is regarded with scepticism in some quarters of the news production industry due to its disregard for ethical practice as well as disrespect for sensibilities related to tradition and culture that separate humans from the larger and general animal world. This study therefore sought to investigate the virtues of social media that have elevated the speed and limitless opportunities for Covd 19 news sharing in Lesotho with specific reference to Hoatiti news outlet. The study interviewed news consumers, practising journalists, journalism students and lecturers to establish their views on Hoatiti news coverage of the Covid 19 pandemic. The findings were presented and analysed thematically. Tawanda Mukurunge | Tawanda Wallace Mataka | Takura Bhila "Investigating Social Media Role in Crisis Communication: Case of Hoatiti News Reporting of the Covid-19 Pandemic in Lesotho" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46315.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/journalism/46315/investigating-social-media-role-in-crisis-communication-case-of-hoatiti-news-reporting-of-the-covid19-pandemic-in-lesotho/tawanda-mukurunge
Analyzing Attitudes Towards Biofuels with Social Media - Project OverviewUN Global Pulse
This project analysed how public perceptions of and attitudes towards biofuels in the UK and Germany evolved other a period of three years, from 2013 to 2015. The project analysed around 350,000 public tweets from the UK and 35,000 tweets from Germany about biofuels to understand whether any changes occurred in the balance between statements for and against the use of biofuels.
Franklin D. Roosevelt contracted polio in 1921 and was left paralyzed, but went on to become a transformative US president. The polio vaccine, developed in the 1950s, nearly eradicated the disease but outbreaks are increasing again due to falling vaccination rates. Some parents are opting out of vaccinating their children due to unfounded fears that vaccines cause autism or other harms, despite clear scientific evidence that vaccines are safe. When vaccination rates fall below 95%, "herd immunity" is lost, putting many lives at risk, including those who cannot be vaccinated such as newborns or the immunocompromised. Recent outbreaks of diseases like measles and whooping cough highlight the dangers
THE LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS FOR COMBATTING MONEY LAUNDERING IN CAM...AkashSharma618775
Money laundering usually involves a series of multiple transactions used to mask the source of financial
assets, so that these assets can be used without compromising criminals seeking to their use. Money laundering can
happen through various intermediaries; bank transfers, both by wire and check, are the most common channels
for illicit money transfers. Money Laundering has several devastating effects; it damages financial sector
institutions that are critical for economic growth, promoting crime and corruption that slow economic growth,
reducing efficiency in the real sector of the economy. Money laundering is a problem not only in the world’s major
financial markets and sea centers but also in emerging markets. Cameroon has criminalized money-laundering in
line with the United Nations Convention against Corruption which was signed on 10th October, 2003, and ratified
by the President of the Republic on 6th February, 2006. Cameroon follows an all-crimes approach to moneylaundering whereby all offences under the laws and regulations of Cameroon constitute predicate offences. In
order to effectively combat money laundering, institutions have equally being put in place to combat it.
On July 1, 1665, the lordmayor and aldermen of thecity of Lo.docxvannagoforth
On July 1, 1665, the lordmayor and aldermen of the
city of London put into place a set
of orders “concerning the infec-
tion of the plague,” which was
then sweeping through the popula-
tion. He intended that these
actions would be “very expedient
for preventing and avoiding of
infection of sickness” (1).
At that time, London faced a
public health crisis, with an inade-
quate scientific base in that the
role of rats and their fleas in dis-
ease transmission was unknown.
Nonetheless, this crisis was faced
with good intentions by the top
medical and political figures of
the community.
Daniel Defoe made an observation that could apply to
many public health interventions then and today, “This
shutting up of houses was at first counted a very cruel and
unchristian method… but it was a public good that justi-
fied a private mischief” (1). Then, just as today, a complex
relationship existed between the science of public health
and the practice of public health and politics. We address
the relationship between science, public health, and poli-
tics, with a particular emphasis on infectious diseases.
Science, public health, and politics are not only com-
patible, but all three are necessary to improve the public’s
health. The progress of each area of public health is relat-
ed to the strength of the other areas. The effect of politics
in public health becomes dangerous when policy is dictat-
ed by ideology. Policy is also threatened when it is solely
determined by science, devoid of considerations of social
condition, culture, economics, and public will.
When using the word “politics,” we refer not simply to
partisan politics but to the broader set of policies and sys-
tems. Although ideology is used in many different ways, in
this case, it refers to individual systems of belief that may
color a person’s attitudes and actions and that are not nec-
essarily based on scientific evidence (2).
Public Health Achievements
Science influences public health decisions and conclu-
sions, and politics delivers its programs and messages.
This pattern is obvious in many of public health’s greatest
triumphs of the 20th century, 10 of which were chronicled
in 1999 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) as great public health achievements, and several of
which are presented below as examples of policy affecting
successes (3). These achievements remind us of what can
be accomplished when innovation, persistence, and luck
converge, along with political will and public policy.
Vaccination
Childhood vaccinations have largely eliminated once-
common, terrible diseases, such as polio, diphtheria,
measles, mumps, and pertussis (4). Polio is being eradicat-
ed worldwide. The current collaboration between the
World Health Organization, the United Nations Children’s
Fund, CDC, and Rotary International is a political as well
as biological “tour de force,” and eradication of polio in
Nigeria has been threatened by local political struggles and
decisions. ...
The document provides an overview of computational epidemiology through three sentences:
It discusses the history and basic concepts of computational epidemiology, from early mathematical models of diseases like smallpox and cholera to modern networked and data-driven approaches. Computational epidemiology uses mathematical and computational methods to study disease transmission and inform public health responses to epidemics. The field aims to attract computing and data scientists to help address open problems through frameworks like graphical dynamical systems.
Patient perception from internet on adverse effects vs benefits of vaccination Cecilia Young 楊幽幽
Patient Perception from Internet on Adverse Effects vs Benefits of Vaccination -
An Internet Message from a Public Figure in Hong Kong
Cecilia Young* and TH Tai
Independent Researcher, Kowloon, Hong Kong
*Corresponding Author: Cecilia Young, Independent Researcher, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
Received: March 07, 2018; Published: April 30, 2018
A Topic Analysis Of Traditional And Social Media News Coverage Of The Early C...Vicki Cristol
The document analyzes the topic coverage of COVID-19 in newspapers, television news, and social media (Twitter and Reddit) during early March 2020 using latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA). LDA identified distinct topics across media sources, including an "epidemic" topic focused on disease spread in newspapers and a "politics" topic focused on President Trump's response in cable news. Misinformation was also identified on social media. The analysis suggests public health entities should use communication specialists and be attuned to audiences to shape messaging and prevent spread of myths during pandemics.
The first part of this paper describes how anti-vaccination groups
communicate and how social networks connect concerned parents
in new ways. The second part emphasizes the role of social media
monitoring in strategic communication, based on understanding
audience needs.
This document provides a summary of key trends related to vaccination. It discusses how vaccine hesitancy has increased around the world in recent decades, potentially undermining public health efforts to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. Employers have an important role to play in encouraging vaccination and responsible behavior during pandemics in order to protect public health and enable businesses and the economy to return to normal. However, the spread of misinformation about health issues and vaccines has undermined trust and compliance with public health recommendations. As research on a COVID-19 vaccine continues, effectively countering misinformation will be important for building confidence in any potential vaccine.
Eradicating Smallpox Case 1Eradicating SmallpoxG.docxSALU18
The eradication of smallpox was a global effort that began in the 1960s and resulted in the disease being completely eliminated by 1980. At the start of the campaign in the 1960s, smallpox affected around 10-15 million people annually in over 50 countries. Through international coordination led by the WHO and intensified vaccination efforts in the 1970s, the last known case was recorded in Somalia in 1977. The global effort cost a total of $320 million and saved an estimated $1 billion annually that would have been needed for vaccination and treatment. By May 1980, the WHO declared smallpox eradicated as the first human disease to be eliminated worldwide through public health interventions.
醫藥人 楊幽幽 Physician Pharmacist People Health Magazine Cecilia Young Tau Yau - ...ceciliayoungyau
Patient Perception from Internet on Adverse Effects vs Benefits of Vaccination written by Dental Consultant Physician Pharmacist People 醫藥人 楊幽幽 (Cecilia Young Tau Yau)
The new Pandemic Preparedness Citizen's Guide, edited by Sarah Booth, Kelsey Hills-Evans & Scott Teesdale to incorporate information around the recent COVID-19 pandemic.
CASE 1 Eradicating SmallpoxABSTRACTGeographic area Worldwi.docxannandleola
CASE 1 Eradicating Smallpox*
ABSTRACT
Geographic area: Worldwide
Health condition: In 1966, there were approximately 10 million to 15 million cases of smallpox in more than 50 countries, and 1.5 million to 2 million people died from the disease each year.
Global importance of the health condition today: Smallpox has been eradicated from the globe, with no new cases reported since 1978. However, the threat of bioterrorism keeps the danger of smallpox alive, and debate continues over whether strains of the disease should be retained in specified laboratories.
Intervention or program: In 1965, international efforts to eradicate smallpox were revitalized with the establishment of the Smallpox Eradication Unit at the World Health Organization (WHO) and a pledge for more technical and financial support from the campaign’s largest donor, the United States. Endemic countries were supplied with vaccines and kits for collecting and sending specimens, and the bifurcated needle made vaccination easier. An intensified effort was led in the five remaining countries in 1973, with concentrated surveillance and containment of outbreaks.
Cost and cost-effectiveness: The annual cost of the smallpox campaign between 1967 and 1979 was $23 million. In total, international donors provided $98 million, while $200 million came from the endemic countries. The United States saves the total of all its contributions every 26 days because it does not have to vaccinate or treat the disease.
Impact: By 1977, the last endemic case of smallpox was recorded in Somalia. In May 1980, after two years of surveillance and searching, the World Health Assembly (WHA) declared that smallpox was the first disease in history to have been eradicated.
The eradication of smallpox—the complete extermination of a notorious scourge—has been heralded as one of the greatest achievements of humankind. Inspiring a generation of public health professionals, it gave impetus to subsequent vaccination campaigns and strengthened routine immunization programs in developing countries. It continues to be a touchstone for political commitment to a health goal—particularly pertinent in light of the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
But the smallpox experience is far from an uncomplicated story of a grand accomplishment that should (or could) be replicated. Although the story shows how great global ambitions can be realized with leadership and resources, it also illustrates the complexities and unpredictable nature of international cooperation.
THE DISEASE
Smallpox was caused by a variola virus and was transmitted between people through the air. It was usually spread by face-to-face contact with an infected person and to a lesser extent through contaminated clothes and bedding.
Once a person contracted the disease, he or she remained apparently healthy and noninfectious for up to 17 days. But the onset of flulike symptoms heralded the infectious stage, leading after two or three days to a.
Data, bots and drones – Transforming access to health through technologyILC- UK
This ILC webinar explored how digital technology can help improve access to health and increase uptake of vaccinations across Europe.
In 2019, ILC with the support of Sanofi, produced a report: Data, bots and drones: Can technology help increase uptake of adult immunisation?, which explored how technology could best increase access and overcome barriers to vaccination.
This document provides a field guide for addressing vaccine misinformation and fostering demand for immunization. It begins with an overview of vaccine hesitancy and the rise of infodemics spreading misinformation. It then outlines a strategic approach with three phases: preparation, listening, understanding, and engaging. The preparation phase involves building a team and strategy and assessing the information ecosystem. The listening phase establishes social listening systems to monitor sources. The understanding phase assesses and tracks misinformation. The engaging phase shapes the agenda, prevents and debunks misinformation, and measures impact through repeated evaluation. The guide aims to help practitioners develop evidence-based national action plans for rapid counteraction and building vaccine demand.
The document discusses the CDC's use of social media to communicate information about the 2009 H1N1 flu pandemic. It provided timely updates through platforms like YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, and podcasts. Through these channels, the CDC was able to reach millions of people and provide important prevention information. An evaluation found that the CDC's social media efforts helped increase awareness and understanding of the flu threat and recommendations. The CDC concluded that future public health responses should continue using customer-centered, accessible, and engaging strategies across various technologies.
Should individual rights (e.g., parents’ right to decide whether to .docxmanningchassidy
Should individual rights (e.g., parents’ right to decide whether to vaccinate their children) be compromised to control the spread of communicable diseases for the good of society?
discussion. The childcare facility requirements/guidelines are every child must be vaccinated to attend this specific school. He was told a few schools in the community excepted exemptions for vaccinations, however not this school.
The definition of va
ccination is
to administer a injection to help the immune system develop protection from disease (Wikipedia, 2021). Vaccines contain a virus in a weakened, live, or killed state or proteins or toxins from the organism. Vaccines help prevent sickness from infectious disease by stimulating the body's adaptive immunity. When a large percentage of a population is vaccinated, herd immunity results. Herd immunity protects those who may be immunocompromised and cannot get a vaccine because even a weakened version would harm them (Wikipedia, 2021). The vaccination policy in the United States is a subgroup of the U. S. health policy that deals with immunization against infectious disease.
I feel the individual rights of the parents who made a conscious decision not to vaccinate their child should not be persecuted. The parents' decision should be respected, but when the decision to not vaccinate their child may negatively affect the lives of others, the parents should be held accountable legally and financially. A population that is appropriately vaccinated against highly infectious diseases is a common good to its members' very society. Is it ethical to subject my child to the risk associated with receiving vaccines, and another parent is hesitant or refuses to have their child vaccinated? Is it right for that child to reap the benefits of herd immunity? The "herd immunity" or "community immunity" is fragile for measles. It does not take many unvaccinated individuals to approach the tipping point at which vaccine coverage levels are low, resulting in increased preventable infection levels (Hendrix et al., 2016). Many parents choose not to vaccinate their children, which is globally causing a resurgence in vaccine-preventable diseases. Parents are hesitant to vaccinate because religious beliefs are usually linked to the refusal of all vaccines or personal beliefs. Some parents believe natural immunity is better and more effective than immunity acquired from vaccinations. Safety concerns are the most significant reason parents are hesitant and refusing to vaccinate their children, especially with the known link between vaccines and autism. The desire for additional information causes hesitancy and refusal because parents feel more in-depth information about the vaccines should be accessible to review, enabling them to make better-informed decisions (Akoum, 2019).
In the United States, many safety precautions are required by law to help ensure that the vaccines we receive are reliable and safe. CO ...
The document discusses strategies for promoting demand for COVID-19 vaccines during rollout. It outlines communicating objectives such as ensuring eligible groups receive vaccines confidently with accurate information. Key approaches include advocacy through leaders, social mobilization engaging stakeholders, and producing communication materials. The document also emphasizes addressing vaccine hesitancy by responding to concerns empathetically and countering misinformation through trusted community members and sources. Risk communication plans include defining crisis, responding to rumors and issues, and providing up-to-date information through media.
Imm communication, building trust, aefi workhop, cahndigarh, nov 8 9,05Prabir Chatterjee
This document discusses building trust in immunization programs globally. It notes that while vaccines have greatly reduced disease, public questions about vaccines have increased due to factors like new vaccines, increased access to information, and rare adverse events being publicized more. To address public distrust, the document advocates for transparent communication, emphasizing vaccine benefits over risks, and addressing socio-cultural factors like past abuses rather than dismissing concerns as ignorance. Media relations must focus on children's best interests and recognize parental roles in decisions affecting children's health.
A Communicator's Guide to COVID-19 VaccinationSarah Jackson
This guide provides research, theories, models, and recommendations for communicating about COVID-19 vaccines effectively. Key points include:
1. Vaccine hesitancy is influenced by perceptions of risk and safety rather than just lack of information. Tailored communication for different audiences is important.
2. Marginalized groups have lower vaccine confidence due to historic inequities. Their input and addressing cultural factors are critical.
3. Healthcare providers are the most trusted source but must have adequate knowledge, resources and confidence in the vaccine themselves.
4. Identifying and engaging with opinion leaders in target communities can increase uptake through social influence. Understanding anti-vaccination movements is also important.
Vaccination rates among adults in Europe are lower than recommended levels despite evidence that vaccines prevent deadly diseases in older populations. To improve rates by 2020, efforts should focus on increasing vaccination among healthcare workers, empowering consumers with independent information on immunization, and promoting immunization as part of a cultural norm of healthy aging. Behavioral economics approaches could also help convince more adults to receive recommended vaccines.
Identifying the traditional principle of medical ethics of autonomy as a major factor that hinders epidemiological investigation and the understanding of a novel virus, this study adopts an ethical framework, consisting of the axes of ethical devotions (local, national, continental, and global) and ethical reasoning approaches (deontological and teleological), to analyze the approaches of communicating global public health crises like the COVID pandemic. The argument is made to endorse a global devotion with teleological reasoning in a large-scale public health crisis that needs global collaboration to cope with.
Similar to Empowering consumers with improved immunization intelligence through technology and social frameworks (20)
Ethical framework for communicating public health crisis
Empowering consumers with improved immunization intelligence through technology and social frameworks
1. 1 23
Health and Technology
ISSN 2190-7188
Health Technol.
DOI 10.1007/s12553-015-0121-3
Empowering consumers with improved
immunization intelligence through
technology and social frameworks
Michael L. Popovich, Erich M. Daub,
Michelle Bonjour & Colleen Crawford
2. 1 23
Your article is protected by copyright and all
rights are held exclusively by IUPESM and
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. This e-
offprint is for personal use only and shall not
be self-archived in electronic repositories. If
you wish to self-archive your article, please
use the accepted manuscript version for
posting on your own website. You may
further deposit the accepted manuscript
version in any repository, provided it is only
made publicly available 12 months after
official publication or later and provided
acknowledgement is given to the original
source of publication and a link is inserted
to the published article on Springer's
website. The link must be accompanied by
the following text: "The final publication is
available at link.springer.com”.
3. ORIGINAL PAPER
Empowering consumers with improved immunization intelligence
through technology and social frameworks
Michael L. Popovich1
& Erich M. Daub1
& Michelle Bonjour1
& Colleen Crawford2
Received: 23 November 2015 /Accepted: 3 December 2015
# IUPESM and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016
Abstract Consumer engagement has emerged as a key factor
contributing to improved health outcomes. Leveraging health
information technology and social frameworks to provide con-
sumers accurate and timely feedback offers the promise of bet-
ter health. This chapter illustrates through historical evidence
that individuals empowered with information are highly moti-
vated, leading them to take actions that stem the spread of and
eradicate preventable disease. It presents through applied prac-
tice a technical framework that links the health care community
with consumers and through stories illustrates the value of
public/private partnerships to engage consumers with their
health records, specifically for immunizations. It concludes
with the power of messaging and social media to extend indi-
vidual involvement to engage larger communities and popula-
tions which returns full circle to the historical examples.
Keywords Consumer engagement . Health information
technology . Immunization registries . Social media .
Vaccine-preventable disease . Immunization ambassadors
1 Introduction
Anticipating that individuals travel and move great distances
multiple times throughout their lifetime resulting in the use of
multiple healthcare providers over time, interest in providing
individuals access to their personal on-line immunization in-
formation is growing in the United States and Canada. The
ability to collect data measuring the frequency, circumstance,
and point of contact of individuals accessing personal immu-
nization information will be a value-added benefit of engaging
individuals proactively in their healthcare. Over time, public
health organizations will be able to research and draw conclu-
sions about the economic and social impact of their services
driving revision, improvement, and future expansion.
Educating healthcare professionals, public agencies, and the
general public about the desirability and benefits of an individ-
ual’s ability to access their personal medical and immunization
information is critical. Accessibility of technology-driven immu-
nization information is no guarantee that the community will use
and benefit from preventive health services. Individuals need to
understand how access to up-to-date medical information in near
real-time is of personal value. Corporations need to understand
how encouraging their employees to access health information
will enhance profitability and business models. It is the percep-
tion of personal and economic value that will normalize and
increase the frequency of immunizations for all ages but notable
for adults who are at risk to vaccine-preventable disease.
2 Historical background
In the 20th century, an estimated 300 million people died from
smallpox [1]. Sixty years ago polio was the most feared child-
hood disease. Today, disease still finds hosts and spreads with-
in preferred social networks. Influenza causes 3 to 5 million
cases of severe illness, and about 250,000–500,000 deaths
worldwide each year [2]. The evolution of new organisms
and strains of viruses and bacteria continues, creating new
and sometimes more formidable diseases than we faced in
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Social Implications of
Technologies
* Michael L. Popovich
Michael_Popovich@stchome.com
1
Scientific Technologies Corporation, 8444 N. 90th Street, Suite 100,
Scottsdale, AZ 85258, USA
2
80531 Avenida San Felipe, Indio, CA 92203, USA
Health Technol.
DOI 10.1007/s12553-015-0121-3
Author's personal copy
4. the past. Vaccines are critical to protecting populations and
new ones are being researched and developed. The social
and personal impact of vaccine-preventable disease on fami-
lies, communities, and economies can be devastating as seen
from recent global outbreaks.
Communication methods to increase awareness have
evolved but the necessity for clear, timely, and effective access
to information by individuals remains an imperative in effec-
tive, responsive public health programs. We have historical
evidence that information in the hands of individuals has the
ability and power to highly motivate and lead to actions that
stem the spread of and eradicate preventable disease.
Ultimately, the success or failure of any public health initiative
or program is dependent upon individuals who are proactive
in their own healthcare.
Below are historical examples of how effective communi-
cation of public health information motivated and empowered
individuals and, ultimately, whole communities to take action
effecting positive change and outcomes in public health.
In 1796, Edward Jenner successfully demonstrated how an
inoculation from cowpox could prevent human Smallpox.
Surprisingly, Jenner’s research was initially rejected by the
United Kingdom’s Royal Society. It took leveraging of the
social media of the day and a receptive social network to
accelerate a public call for action and, eventually, to eradicate
smallpox. With unwavering faith in his discovery’s ability to
eliminate the high personal and social costs of smallpox,
Jenner self-published a pamphlet BAn Inquiry into the
Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae, a Disease dis-
covered in some of the Western Counties of England, partic-
ularly Gloucestershire, and known by the name of the Cow
Pox.^ Although the pamphlet did not gain a large readership
in the medical community, it garnered the interest of a well-
respected London surgeon, Dr. Henry Cline, who successfully
demonstrated that vaccination with cowpox prevented future
smallpox infection in humans [3]. This peer validation of
Jenner’s research created media attention and general accep-
tance of smallpox immunization in the community; eventual-
ly, a widespread immunization program was adopted that,
over time, eradicated the disease.
In 1918 the Spanish flu killed an estimated 50 million per-
sons. Subsequently, influenza vaccines became a priority in
public health initiatives worldwide. The 2009 U.S. H1N1 out-
break and the 2013 Canadian H1N1 outbreak continued to
demonstrate the necessity of immunizing large numbers of
the general population starting with individuals who are at
the greatest risk. These vast, time sensitive, immunization
programs annually require public education, effective use of
a variety of communication formats including social media,
and personal action to be effective.
Polio disproportionally claimed children under the age of
five, crippling and in some cases killing them with paralysis.
Jonas Salk and a team of researchers created the polio vaccine
in the early 1950’s, saving and changing the lives of millions.
As a result of a comprehensive public information campaign
about the effectiveness of polio immunization, when polio
vaccine became widely available in 1955, mothers every-
where raced to immunize their children. As a result of public
information and personal action, by 1988 America was de-
clared polio-free, and through a worldwide eradication effort,
most countries are now free from its ravages.
3 Technology’s role
Health Information Technology (HIT) is a powerful determinant
of consumer engagement and evidence is accumulating to link
HIT use with improved preventive health outcomes. The ability
to empower consumers with immunization records that primar-
ily exist in healthcare provider’s record systems relies on three
technology components. The first component is the initial cap-
ture of an individual’s immunization at the time the event occurs
in an on-line medical record system. Physician Electronic
Medical Record (EMR) systems, hospital information systems,
and pharmacy recordkeeping systems are examples of technol-
ogies increasingly being adopted in the developed world.
The second technology component is a population-based
immunization registry or system that consolidates a patient’s
multiple immunization events into a single health record.
Traditionally, as families grew, the family pediatrician was
the single source of immunizations. However, immunization
programs are now found in drug stores, retail health outlets,
employer locations, at airports, and even drive up clinics. This
diversity, while a benefit to access to care, poses a significant
challenge to creating a consolidated patient immunization
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5. record as many of these alternative immunization providers do
not exchange their data with population-based registries.
Combining multiple sources of records into a central resource
creates a valuable health data asset for the individual consum-
er. Electronic record exchanges, processes to identify and
combine patient information and maintain quality, and tools
to analyze and report the information are all components of
jurisdiction-wide immunization information systems (IIS).
The third technology component is a viable, easy to use
consumer information access tool to provide individuals with
their specific immunization histories. This may be accom-
plished through a smartphone application or a web interface
that authenticates the individual for data access and provides
them with the information needed to support future preventive
health service actions. Two examples of such a tool, Immunize
Canada [4] and My Immunization Record (MyIR™) in the
United States, leverage some or all of these technology com-
ponents. Immunize Canada is a smartphone application that
allows individuals to enter their own immunization records
but does not connect to a central registry. MyIR™ in the
U.S. is an on-line and smartphone-optimized tool that con-
nects consumers to their jurisdiction’s public health IIS con-
taining merged patient immunization records and tools to fore-
cast past due and next due immunizations.
MyIR™ was originally deployed in five U.S. states in
consumer-based pilot projects in 2013. To date these projects
are expanding as the consumer empowerment model specific
to vaccinate against preventable disease also expands.
Through the third quarter of 2015, 7000 consumers registered
for an account. Over 12,000 dependents are included on these
accounts and over 100,000 unique immunization events are
represented across a wide spectrum of users. As of October
2015, personal immunization records of participating con-
sumers have been accessed over 24,000 times. As this user-
community grows, significant consumer awareness and social
impact will be evaluated to demonstrate the return on value for
consumer engagement through technology.
Early results are encouraging. A series of national surveys
to consumers who had acquired a MyIR™ account indicated
that 40 % of these users discovered one or more family mem-
bers were overdue for one or more immunizations. Of these,
nearly 68 % of consumer-users reported that these discoveries
led them to obtain the necessary immunizations or to consult
their healthcare provider regarding their needs.
Based upon eighteen months of consumer engagement,
there is substantial evidence of the synergy created with in-
volvement of the individual and the growing power of social
media. We know immunizations protect against disease. We
know ministries and government health agencies work to pro-
tect their populations through educational campaigns. And we
know preventive health will always be an individual decision,
one that information technology and social engagement can
affect. It is in this human element that there is real power.
4 Human role
Receiving information is often not enough to result in effec-
tive preventive health actions. Information must be linked to
actions and barriers to action must be removed. Compelling
stories that showcase the desired outcomes illustrate how this
can be accomplished. Empowered individuals sharing how
accessible immunization information was critical to the posi-
tive outcomes of their personal and corporate stories will
evolve societal attitudes and ensure normalization of use.
Ultimately, the success or failure of any public health
initiative or program is deeply rooted in personal action.
Effective, timely communication of personal immuniza-
tion status empowers individuals to become proactive in
their own healthcare increasing the probability they will
seek initial immunization and ensure that immunizations
are kept current.
4.1 Personal story 1
Michele, a young mother, told an audience of 440 U.S. immu-
nization providers about a recent encounter at a healthcare
provider to illustrate the power and value of knowing your
family’s immunization history.
Her daughter’s immunization events had been reported by
attending physicians to a centralized immunization registry.
Michele had access to this registry through an on-line consum-
er application that allowed her to download the immunization
records of her family.
Michele had previously been keeping track of her daugh-
ter’s immunization records on paper forms and had recently
used the consumer access tool to review the records on-line.
She found that many of the immunizations on her paper forms
were also in the on-line information system, although there
were a few on her paper forms that were not included.
She kept telling herself that one day she was going to bring
in these paper records to her physician’s office and have one
of the nurses update the on-line system with the missing im-
munization events.
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6. BWell, I finally did it!^ she told her audience. One of her
daughter’s nurses validated the paper records and then entered
these into the state’s on-line immunization registry. The nurse
then came back to Michele to tell her that her daughter’s doses
of varicella and MMR given three years earlier were invalid!
You can imagine Michele’s surprise. The nurse explained that
this happened because the time interval was too short between
the administration of her daughter’s flu shot and those of other
live vaccines. It was less than the minimum 28-day required
interval based upon the decision support tools in the registry.
This meant that the varicella and MMR immunizations that
followed the flu shot were likely ineffective. For three years,
her daughter had not been properly immunized and Michele
did not even know it. Both Michele and her amazing
immunization-champion pediatrician missed this – a reminder
that this could happen to anyone.
Michele went on to tell the audience the value of
empowering her as a consumer with health information that
existed in on-line registries. This incident proved to Michele
the importance of providing the individual consumer with
knowledge-based health decision support tools enabled to
evaluate the data. The incident provided her a critical lesson
in the how the application of this knowledge could be used to
better protect her family. The perception that everything is
Bfine^ may not be true. In the case of immunizations to pre-
vent disease, a mother’s responsibility to her family extends to
her family’s community of relationships.
4.2 Personal story 2
The flu season results in a rise in employee sick days. It is well
known in public health circles that a larger percentage of in-
fluenza immunizations provided to employees is more likely
to result in a significant reduction in sick days. Companies
often hold workplace on-site flu clinics for their staff to en-
courage a larger number of their work force to immunize and
thus reduce the potential impact of the flu on the business.
In one example that highlights the effectiveness of corpo-
rate action that supports strong partnership between business,
community medical services, and individuals to reduce the
spread of flu, a local CEO brought in a pharmacist from
Walmart to provide on-site flu shots to employees. He knew
from past years when over 70 % of employees were immu-
nized a significant reduction in sick days was the result. He
also knew that statistically the average percentage of em-
ployees that receive their flu shots from these events is usually
in the 40–45 % range. So, to increase employee participation,
the company used internal social media, engaged the HR team
to make the event fun, and relied on techniques that leverage a
small amount of peer pressure, such as texting Byou did not
get it from me^ messaging.
Over 70 % of the company’s employees were immunized
at the clinic as a result. Making this program a CEO priority,
engaging company resources, and integrating a full campaign
made a huge impact on employee involvement. In each of the
past three years, the achieved employee flu immunization
rates have remained well above the initial 70 % which has
made a positive impact on employee wellness, attendance,
productivity and, ultimately, the profitability of the business.
In 2015, the immunization provided at the business was
reported to a state immunization information system. The
Walmart pharmacist electronically recorded the information
for the forty (40) employees who received shots and as a result
they were able to retrieve their individual information within
12 h using consumer access tools available on their
smartphone.
Employees were more excited by the fact that their immu-
nization was captured on-line, providing information about
their future immunizations than they were about receiving
the flu shot that would help protect them this season or for
that matter the company once again hitting the commendable
goal of >70 %. Employees now literally had this information
in the palm of their hand and were heard to say, BI need to get
my kids in for their flu shots.^ The rapid exchange of infor-
mation further empowered employees, encouraging them to
have their families immunized and their records on-line and
available.
4.3 Personal story 3
Bartell Drug stores in the State of Washington implemented a
program in 2014 to evaluate the impact of using a state-based
immunization registry that pharmacists could access when an
individual presented for an influenza immunization. Since
most customers were adults – who are typically not aware of
which immunizations they may need – Bartell wanted to see if
using the registry would help identify persons in need of ad-
ditional immunizations and just how identifying these patients
could be applied to the customer service and patient care busi-
ness models.
A research study was conducted across a subset of the
Bartell pharmacy stores. Pharmacists discovered that 83 %
of the patients presenting for an influenza vaccine were past
due for one or more immunizations and on the average these
adults were overdue for three immunizations. By presenting
patient customers with this information, Bartell empowered
them to make informed decisions leading to personal action.
Some chose to receive additional immunizations from the
pharmacists. Others indicated they would go to their regular
doctor, and some just chose to have the pharmacist administer
the influenza shot.
Based upon this experience Bartell Drug realized the value
in consumer engagement, both for their immunization busi-
ness model and for their patient loyalty program. They are
now in the process of adding a customer portal to their website
from which they will support their customers by proactively
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7. encouraging immunization action through on-line immuniza-
tion intelligence.
Clearly this is a win-win-win situation with benefits for the
community, the pharmacy, and the individual. A key element
of this story is that consumer empowerment begins with com-
munity partnership and a personal point of contact, in this case
a pharmacist. When a consumer immunization component is
added to a pharmacy’s services, it offers consumers a mecha-
nism by which they can stay informed about their immuniza-
tion records. Better immunization supports other pharmacy
programs such as prescription drug alignment and patient di-
abetes self-certification, while strengthening other compre-
hensive, assertive healthcare programs that align the efforts
of the pharmacist, physician, and the patient to create patient
wellness.
5 Social activism through individual action and social
media
These stories provide insight into immunization care continu-
ity. They are stories of people, families, businesses, and com-
munity partnerships empowered by easily accessible and up-
to-date medical information, not physicians, organizations, or
governments. The MyIR™ immunization application is help-
ing to empower consumers interested in reducing their per-
sonal, their family’s, and their community’s risk to vaccine-
preventable diseases.
The question is now: BHow do we scale this empowerment
so more individuals engage?^ This can result in vaccine cov-
erage Btipping points^ that support the immunization care
community in their drive to achieve herd immunity. Herd im-
munity is a disease outbreak risk-reduction strategy that fo-
cuses on immunizing large numbers of individuals in commu-
nities and encouraging them to remain current, thereby offer-
ing protection to others that are not immune.
Consumers empowered to not only maintain their own im-
munizations but to advocate this message to their families and
friends can be consider the first scalability factor. However,
now through the use of social media to message their stories to
their networks, the scalability factor is significantly increased.
A message sent to an individual that has 25, 50 or more friends
extends this positive message beyond their traditional relative
network.
Social empowerment, if effective, is also a means to com-
bat the anti-vaccinators who rely solely on this framework to
carry their messages. While a positive immunization conver-
sation may occur through normal social communication, it is
not normally a natural conversation. To assume individuals
will simply begin to use social media to communicate they
have received this year’s flu shot is also not a normal electron-
ic conversation. Therefore, empowering individuals to con-
tribute to a cause requires that they also have a platform and
forum through which to communicate.
Technology has enabled corporations to leverage their
products and services through real-time communication with
their customers. Technology-enabled consumers are looking
for a place to voice their beliefs and impact the worldview of
others. With so many companies and individuals on the inter-
net it seems a natural to involve this media. The idea of spread-
ing awareness about immunizations and vaccines through so-
cial media evolved through a program called Immunization
Ambassadors [5].
Immunization Ambassadors is an emerging social network
established in 2015 to specifically support consumer immuni-
zations. The program’s goal is to enable consumers to share
their immunization stories so that others may be inspired to
act. The Immunization Ambassadors program leverages social
media to extend these consumer stories to a global audience
and provide consumers a platform voice.
The goal of the Immunization Ambassadors program is to
collaborate and create expanded awareness about the personal
and social benefits of immunization through social media such
as Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram and to have a little fun
along the way. Ambassadors are individuals who are passion-
ate about immunizations and want to spread the word to
others; they are health care professionals (physicians and phar-
macists), government officials, CEO’s, authors, parents, stu-
dents, and anyone who sees value in immunizations. The
Ambassadors engage and collaborate with each other and
share information with others while using the hashtag
#WhyIVax. The hashtag not only allows Ambassadors to find
information in one place but it also allows others to search for
any relevant information regarding immunizations and vac-
cines in social media. Often an Ambassador will share content
and connections from another Ambassador to advance their
message, thereby generating a dialogue.
One Ambassador, an author from England, wrote a chil-
dren’s book The Measly Virus [6]. Another Ambassador used
social media to share information about the book and now
distribution of the book is provided to healthcare professionals
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8. as an educational component of informational booths at health
conferences. As part of the Immunization Ambassadors
Program, a brand logo was created and added to pages on all
social media sites producing a common theme and dialogue
between Ambassadors and the general public.
To keep Ambassadors involved, and motivation going, a
point system was put in place. Consequently, Ambassadors
earn points for prizes and through social media create the
ability to track an interaction. Diseases have no boundaries,
neither do social networks. Measuring the effectiveness of
using these networks to effect change will be the next step.
6 Call for change and consumer accessibility
In the past, it was assumed that it was in the best interest of
public health that personal health information be safeguarded
by the medical community. This may have been true at a time
when consumers were less educated and information was
more difficult to disseminate. However, it is now an antiquat-
ed policy and a paradigm that does not serve but impedes. The
most recent statistics indicate that 30 % of Americans over the
age of 25 hold at least a bachelor’s degree and almost 11 %
hold a graduate degree. Over 84 % of U.S. households own at
least one computer and 73 % have internet access at home.
Sixty-seven percent of Americans use social media. Over
87 % of Americans use the internet to seek medical informa-
tion, while only 70 % requested information from a doctor or
healthcare professional last year. What can we garner from
these statistics? At the very least, that Americans are ready,
willing, and able to benefit from access to their personal med-
ical information and they desire the ability to use that infor-
mation to be proactive in their personal and family care.
Compliance with ethical standards This article does not contain any
studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Conflict of interest Michael L. Popovich, Erich M. Daub, Michelle
Bonjour, and Colleen Crawford declare that they have no conflict of
interest.
Informed consent Not applicable.
References
1. World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/about/bugs_drugs_
smoke_chapter_1_smallpox.pdf
2. World Health Organization, Influenza (Seasonal) Fact Sheet No. 211.
March 2014. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/
3. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, National Center for
Biotechnology Information, US National Library of Medicine,
National Institutes of Health. January 2005. http://www.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1200696/
4. Immunize Canada. http://www.immunize.ca/en/app.aspx
5. Immunization Ambassadors, Scientific Technologies Corporation.
http://ambassadors.stchome.com/
6. Emma Vincent. http://www.emmavincentbooks.com/
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