1. The document discusses issues with Albert Einstein's theory of space-time as a constant, using the example of the hydrogen atom.
2. It argues that considering the individual components of the hydrogen atom, like the electron's orbital path, shows that space and time cannot both be constants as Einstein proposed.
3. Experiments compressing the orbital path of electrons in hydrogen atoms using electromagnetic induction devices are described as demonstrating that space becomes variable while time becomes irrelevant, contradicting the theory of a space-time constant.
This document provides an outline and overview of Bose-Einstein condensation. It begins with a brief history and introduction, then covers the criteria for BEC, descriptions of what a BEC looks like, cooling techniques used to create BECs, and the Gross-Pitaevskii equation which describes BECs within the mean-field approximation. Later sections discuss properties of dilute gas BECs including vortex states, Feshbach resonances, and interference of multiple condensates.
In the quantum level, there are profound differences between fermions (follows Fermi-Dirac statistic) and bosons (follows Bose-Einstein statistic).
As a gas of bosonic atoms is cooled very close to absolute zero temperature, their characteristic will change dramatically.
More accurately when its temperature below a critical temperature Tc, a large fraction of the atoms condenses in the lowest quantum states .
This dramatic phenomenon is known as Bose-Einstein condensation
This document describes an experiment to observe and record the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) curve for a thin metal film. Light from a laser is shone through a glass prism onto the metal film at varying angles of incidence. The intensity of the reflected light is recorded versus the angle to generate the SPR curve. Surface plasmons are quantum phenomena that can be excited at the metal-air interface by photons and decay back into photons. The SPR curve depends on the dielectric constant of the metal film and its thickness. Matching the wavevector of incident light to that of surface plasmons requires increasing the wavevector by passing light through a higher index material like glass before it reaches the metal film.
1) The document discusses Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC), a state of matter that can be created by cooling a dilute gas of bosons to near absolute zero. This causes the bosons to occupy the lowest quantum state and form a condensate with superfluid properties.
2) Creating a BEC involves using laser cooling and evaporative cooling techniques to reduce the temperature of trapped atoms. When the de Broglie wavelength of the atoms is comparable to their spacing, they form a BEC below a critical temperature.
3) The document also briefly discusses fermionic condensates formed by pairs of fermions, and how ultra-slow light can be achieved by passing light through a
Sublimation is the direct transition of a substance from the solid phase to the gas phase without passing through the intermediate liquid phase. This occurs below the substance's triple point on its phase diagram and is an endothermic process. Sublimation can be used to purify compounds by heating a solid under vacuum, causing it to sublime and recondense in a purified form on a cooled surface. Historically, alchemists used sublimation to separate spirits from wine and beer or to spiritualize and corporalize substances.
The document discusses Bose-Einstein condensation in weakly interacting gases. It defines BEC as a phase of matter formed by bosons cooled below a critical temperature into a coherent quantum state. It describes how scientists achieved BEC through techniques like laser trapping and cooling atoms with lasers, magnetic confinement with anti-Helmholtz coils, and evaporative cooling to overcome the Doppler limit. It notes the landmark experiments by Cornell, Wieman, and Ketterle in 1995 that first produced BEC in rubidium and sodium vapors, earning them the 2001 Nobel Prize.
Bose-Einstein condensates are a state of matter formed by cooling a gas to near absolute zero, causing the atoms to behave as a single super atom. They were first theorized in the 1920s but were not produced in a lab until 1995. BECs represent a fifth phase of matter beyond solids, liquids, gases and plasma, with the atoms becoming indistinguishable from one another and flowing without friction. Potential applications of BECs include precision etching and manipulating light at slow speeds.
This document discusses using a Bose-Einstein condensate for quantum simulation by applying laser fields with arbitrary amplitude and phase control. It describes producing a BEC using evaporative cooling in a magneto-optical trap. Computer-generated holograms can create arbitrary laser fields by imprinting a phase pattern on a spatial light modulator. The document focuses on using a conjugate gradient minimization algorithm to optimize the phase pattern to produce a desired laser intensity profile. Debugging the existing code improved amplitude and phase control by applying Fourier shifts and normalizing terms. Various error metrics were used to quantify the quality of generated patterns compared to targets.
This document provides an outline and overview of Bose-Einstein condensation. It begins with a brief history and introduction, then covers the criteria for BEC, descriptions of what a BEC looks like, cooling techniques used to create BECs, and the Gross-Pitaevskii equation which describes BECs within the mean-field approximation. Later sections discuss properties of dilute gas BECs including vortex states, Feshbach resonances, and interference of multiple condensates.
In the quantum level, there are profound differences between fermions (follows Fermi-Dirac statistic) and bosons (follows Bose-Einstein statistic).
As a gas of bosonic atoms is cooled very close to absolute zero temperature, their characteristic will change dramatically.
More accurately when its temperature below a critical temperature Tc, a large fraction of the atoms condenses in the lowest quantum states .
This dramatic phenomenon is known as Bose-Einstein condensation
This document describes an experiment to observe and record the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) curve for a thin metal film. Light from a laser is shone through a glass prism onto the metal film at varying angles of incidence. The intensity of the reflected light is recorded versus the angle to generate the SPR curve. Surface plasmons are quantum phenomena that can be excited at the metal-air interface by photons and decay back into photons. The SPR curve depends on the dielectric constant of the metal film and its thickness. Matching the wavevector of incident light to that of surface plasmons requires increasing the wavevector by passing light through a higher index material like glass before it reaches the metal film.
1) The document discusses Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC), a state of matter that can be created by cooling a dilute gas of bosons to near absolute zero. This causes the bosons to occupy the lowest quantum state and form a condensate with superfluid properties.
2) Creating a BEC involves using laser cooling and evaporative cooling techniques to reduce the temperature of trapped atoms. When the de Broglie wavelength of the atoms is comparable to their spacing, they form a BEC below a critical temperature.
3) The document also briefly discusses fermionic condensates formed by pairs of fermions, and how ultra-slow light can be achieved by passing light through a
Sublimation is the direct transition of a substance from the solid phase to the gas phase without passing through the intermediate liquid phase. This occurs below the substance's triple point on its phase diagram and is an endothermic process. Sublimation can be used to purify compounds by heating a solid under vacuum, causing it to sublime and recondense in a purified form on a cooled surface. Historically, alchemists used sublimation to separate spirits from wine and beer or to spiritualize and corporalize substances.
The document discusses Bose-Einstein condensation in weakly interacting gases. It defines BEC as a phase of matter formed by bosons cooled below a critical temperature into a coherent quantum state. It describes how scientists achieved BEC through techniques like laser trapping and cooling atoms with lasers, magnetic confinement with anti-Helmholtz coils, and evaporative cooling to overcome the Doppler limit. It notes the landmark experiments by Cornell, Wieman, and Ketterle in 1995 that first produced BEC in rubidium and sodium vapors, earning them the 2001 Nobel Prize.
Bose-Einstein condensates are a state of matter formed by cooling a gas to near absolute zero, causing the atoms to behave as a single super atom. They were first theorized in the 1920s but were not produced in a lab until 1995. BECs represent a fifth phase of matter beyond solids, liquids, gases and plasma, with the atoms becoming indistinguishable from one another and flowing without friction. Potential applications of BECs include precision etching and manipulating light at slow speeds.
This document discusses using a Bose-Einstein condensate for quantum simulation by applying laser fields with arbitrary amplitude and phase control. It describes producing a BEC using evaporative cooling in a magneto-optical trap. Computer-generated holograms can create arbitrary laser fields by imprinting a phase pattern on a spatial light modulator. The document focuses on using a conjugate gradient minimization algorithm to optimize the phase pattern to produce a desired laser intensity profile. Debugging the existing code improved amplitude and phase control by applying Fourier shifts and normalizing terms. Various error metrics were used to quantify the quality of generated patterns compared to targets.
Noun phrases can contain premodifiers before the noun, post-modifiers after the noun, or both. Premodifiers like "white" or "three old Democratic" directly modify the noun. Common post-modifiers are prepositional phrases like "on the table" or "in the store". A full noun phrase unites all the premodifiers, noun, and post-modifiers, such as "the boys on top of the house".
This document summarizes an open accounting position at a financial services company in Luxembourg seeking candidates with experience in accounting for private equity funds and solid experience working with Luxembourg GAAP and IFRS standards. Responsibilities include preparing financial reports and statements, managing revenues and expenses, and supporting fund department supervision. The ideal candidate has a degree in accounting, 3+ years of relevant experience in Luxembourg financial services, expertise in accounting standards, and strong communication and problem-solving skills.
En los años 80 y 90, científicos como James Watson, Charles DeLisi y Craig Venter propusieron y trabajaron para secuenciar completamente el genoma humano. En 1988, DeLisi pidió fondos para estudiar los aspectos éticos y legales del proyecto. En 1990, se subrayó el carácter internacional del proyecto. Finalmente, en el 2000 se anunció la secuenciación completa de un borrador del genoma humano.
This document discusses determining the genetic causes of familial mental retardation (MR) and whether there are differences in the underlying genetic causes between sporadic and familial MR that would require a different diagnostic approach for familial MR. It follows a typical scientific paper structure with an introduction, materials and methods, results, and discussion sections.
Este documento describe los ciclos termodinámicos de un motor de combustión interna, comparando ciclos reales, teóricos y un modelo termodinámico de una zona. Los ciclos reales tienen características como combustión no adiabática y fugas, mientras que los ciclos teóricos son similares pero asumen procesos adiabáticos. El modelo de una zona hace hipótesis como presión y temperatura uniformes para modelar el ciclo cerrado de forma precisa.
Este documento presenta una introducción al uso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) en el aula. Explica conceptos básicos sobre las TIC e Internet y propone su aplicación didáctica a través de herramientas como blogs, wikis y redes sociales. El objetivo es promover el conocimiento y uso educativo de estas herramientas tecnológicas para mejorar los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje.
This document outlines the details of a new software project. It describes the purpose of creating a new database application to manage customer information for small businesses. It states that the new software will allow users to track customers, manage invoices and receipts, and gain insights from customer data through simple reports. The document provides high-level requirements for the key features and functionality the new application needs to be successful.
Application of Taguchi method in optimization of control parameters of grindi...Carnegie Mellon University
In this study, the control parameters for grinding process are optimized for reduction in cycle time while
maintaining quality standards in a bearing manufacturing company. The Taguchi method which is a powerful tool to
design optimization for quality is used to find the optimal control parameters. An orthogonal array, the signal-to-noise
(S/N) ratio and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) are used to study the performance characteristics of grinding
process of an outer ring of a taper roller bearing. Various control parameters consisting of feed parameters, position
parameters, speed parameters were optimized and also the main parameters that affect the grinding process can be
found out. Experimental results are provided to verify the effectiveness of this approach.
Manajemen risiko dilakukan terhadap penjual sate untuk mengidentifikasi bahaya yang mungkin timbul dari pekerjaannya seperti panasnya kuah sate, paparan sinar matahari yang berlebihan, serta postur tubuh yang kurang sehat. Beberapa kontrol risiko yang disarankan adalah menjaga jarak dengan kuah sate, berjualan di tempat teduh, serta mengatur waktu istirahat yang memadai.
Water Splitting: From Electrode to Green Energy SystemAbeni9
Solid crystals are not perfect. These imperfections in the crystalline arrangement of the atoms in space occur as isolated points, along lines or as surfaces in the structure.
This Chapter will discuss Point Defects in crystals.
The most important role played by point defects in the behaviour of solids is in diffusion, i.e., the atom-by-atom transport of components through the crystal lattice.
Ionic bonding occurs through the transfer of electrons between atoms to form ions, resulting in electrostatic attraction. Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons between atoms to form molecules. The shape of covalently bonded molecules can be predicted using VSEPR theory. Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces are weaker intermolecular forces that influence properties like boiling points. Bonding types exist on a continuum between purely ionic and purely covalent.
Physical chemistry of soil for PG studentsP.K. Mani
The document summarizes the Stern model of the electrical double layer at electrode-electrolyte interfaces. The Stern model proposes that the double layer consists of two parts - an inner compact layer where ions are firmly adsorbed, and an outer diffuse layer where ions are scattered in solution. The potential drops linearly within the compact layer and exponentially within the diffuse layer. The Stern model implies that there are two potential drops and that the interface can be represented as two capacitors in series. At high electrolyte concentrations, the diffuse layer is compressed and the interface capacity is equal to the compact layer capacity alone.
There are three main types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, and metallic. Ionic bonds involve the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms. Metallic bonds involve metal atoms bonded to several other metal atoms. The strength of bonds can be estimated from bond enthalpy values, which provide the energy required to break chemical bonds. Bond strength increases as bond length decreases.
There are three main types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, and metallic. Ionic bonds involve the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms. Metallic bonds involve metal atoms bonded to several other metal atoms. The strength of bonds can be estimated from bond enthalpies, which measure the energy required to break chemical bonds. Bond strength increases as bond length decreases.
Pair production occurs when a photon interacts with and transfers its energy to an atomic nucleus, creating an electron-positron pair.
The process was first predicted by Paul Dirac in 1925 and involves a high energy photon exceeding 1.02 MeV interacting near an atomic nucleus. This interaction causes the photon's energy to convert into the mass of an electron and positron pair.
For pair production to occur, the photon must pass close enough to an atomic nucleus so that the nucleus can absorb the photon's momentum and allow the electron-positron pair to be created.
Electron's gravitational and electrostatic force test.RitikBhardwaj56
This innovative ebook by John A. Macken delves deep into the fascinating world of electron interactions, shedding light on wave-based models and their impact on gravitational and electrostatic forces. Macken's theory 'Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation of the Universe' revolutionizes our understanding of fundamental forces at the quantum level. From explaining key parameters without dimensions to comparing gravitational and electrostatic forces, this ebook offers a thorough exploration of wave-based models in electron interactions.
With a fresh perspective, this ebook is a key player in advancing physics education. It simplifies complex concepts through Macken's theory, providing valuable insights into fundamental forces for students and educators alike. The inclusion of natural units and dimensionless constants makes quantum mechanics more accessible, improving the learning process for students at every level. As a result, this ebook is an essential tool for classrooms, self-study, and research, contributing to the ongoing development of scientific knowledge in the field of physics.
Noun phrases can contain premodifiers before the noun, post-modifiers after the noun, or both. Premodifiers like "white" or "three old Democratic" directly modify the noun. Common post-modifiers are prepositional phrases like "on the table" or "in the store". A full noun phrase unites all the premodifiers, noun, and post-modifiers, such as "the boys on top of the house".
This document summarizes an open accounting position at a financial services company in Luxembourg seeking candidates with experience in accounting for private equity funds and solid experience working with Luxembourg GAAP and IFRS standards. Responsibilities include preparing financial reports and statements, managing revenues and expenses, and supporting fund department supervision. The ideal candidate has a degree in accounting, 3+ years of relevant experience in Luxembourg financial services, expertise in accounting standards, and strong communication and problem-solving skills.
En los años 80 y 90, científicos como James Watson, Charles DeLisi y Craig Venter propusieron y trabajaron para secuenciar completamente el genoma humano. En 1988, DeLisi pidió fondos para estudiar los aspectos éticos y legales del proyecto. En 1990, se subrayó el carácter internacional del proyecto. Finalmente, en el 2000 se anunció la secuenciación completa de un borrador del genoma humano.
This document discusses determining the genetic causes of familial mental retardation (MR) and whether there are differences in the underlying genetic causes between sporadic and familial MR that would require a different diagnostic approach for familial MR. It follows a typical scientific paper structure with an introduction, materials and methods, results, and discussion sections.
Este documento describe los ciclos termodinámicos de un motor de combustión interna, comparando ciclos reales, teóricos y un modelo termodinámico de una zona. Los ciclos reales tienen características como combustión no adiabática y fugas, mientras que los ciclos teóricos son similares pero asumen procesos adiabáticos. El modelo de una zona hace hipótesis como presión y temperatura uniformes para modelar el ciclo cerrado de forma precisa.
Este documento presenta una introducción al uso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) en el aula. Explica conceptos básicos sobre las TIC e Internet y propone su aplicación didáctica a través de herramientas como blogs, wikis y redes sociales. El objetivo es promover el conocimiento y uso educativo de estas herramientas tecnológicas para mejorar los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje.
This document outlines the details of a new software project. It describes the purpose of creating a new database application to manage customer information for small businesses. It states that the new software will allow users to track customers, manage invoices and receipts, and gain insights from customer data through simple reports. The document provides high-level requirements for the key features and functionality the new application needs to be successful.
Application of Taguchi method in optimization of control parameters of grindi...Carnegie Mellon University
In this study, the control parameters for grinding process are optimized for reduction in cycle time while
maintaining quality standards in a bearing manufacturing company. The Taguchi method which is a powerful tool to
design optimization for quality is used to find the optimal control parameters. An orthogonal array, the signal-to-noise
(S/N) ratio and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) are used to study the performance characteristics of grinding
process of an outer ring of a taper roller bearing. Various control parameters consisting of feed parameters, position
parameters, speed parameters were optimized and also the main parameters that affect the grinding process can be
found out. Experimental results are provided to verify the effectiveness of this approach.
Manajemen risiko dilakukan terhadap penjual sate untuk mengidentifikasi bahaya yang mungkin timbul dari pekerjaannya seperti panasnya kuah sate, paparan sinar matahari yang berlebihan, serta postur tubuh yang kurang sehat. Beberapa kontrol risiko yang disarankan adalah menjaga jarak dengan kuah sate, berjualan di tempat teduh, serta mengatur waktu istirahat yang memadai.
Water Splitting: From Electrode to Green Energy SystemAbeni9
Solid crystals are not perfect. These imperfections in the crystalline arrangement of the atoms in space occur as isolated points, along lines or as surfaces in the structure.
This Chapter will discuss Point Defects in crystals.
The most important role played by point defects in the behaviour of solids is in diffusion, i.e., the atom-by-atom transport of components through the crystal lattice.
Ionic bonding occurs through the transfer of electrons between atoms to form ions, resulting in electrostatic attraction. Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons between atoms to form molecules. The shape of covalently bonded molecules can be predicted using VSEPR theory. Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces are weaker intermolecular forces that influence properties like boiling points. Bonding types exist on a continuum between purely ionic and purely covalent.
Physical chemistry of soil for PG studentsP.K. Mani
The document summarizes the Stern model of the electrical double layer at electrode-electrolyte interfaces. The Stern model proposes that the double layer consists of two parts - an inner compact layer where ions are firmly adsorbed, and an outer diffuse layer where ions are scattered in solution. The potential drops linearly within the compact layer and exponentially within the diffuse layer. The Stern model implies that there are two potential drops and that the interface can be represented as two capacitors in series. At high electrolyte concentrations, the diffuse layer is compressed and the interface capacity is equal to the compact layer capacity alone.
There are three main types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, and metallic. Ionic bonds involve the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms. Metallic bonds involve metal atoms bonded to several other metal atoms. The strength of bonds can be estimated from bond enthalpy values, which provide the energy required to break chemical bonds. Bond strength increases as bond length decreases.
There are three main types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, and metallic. Ionic bonds involve the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms. Metallic bonds involve metal atoms bonded to several other metal atoms. The strength of bonds can be estimated from bond enthalpies, which measure the energy required to break chemical bonds. Bond strength increases as bond length decreases.
Pair production occurs when a photon interacts with and transfers its energy to an atomic nucleus, creating an electron-positron pair.
The process was first predicted by Paul Dirac in 1925 and involves a high energy photon exceeding 1.02 MeV interacting near an atomic nucleus. This interaction causes the photon's energy to convert into the mass of an electron and positron pair.
For pair production to occur, the photon must pass close enough to an atomic nucleus so that the nucleus can absorb the photon's momentum and allow the electron-positron pair to be created.
Electron's gravitational and electrostatic force test.RitikBhardwaj56
This innovative ebook by John A. Macken delves deep into the fascinating world of electron interactions, shedding light on wave-based models and their impact on gravitational and electrostatic forces. Macken's theory 'Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation of the Universe' revolutionizes our understanding of fundamental forces at the quantum level. From explaining key parameters without dimensions to comparing gravitational and electrostatic forces, this ebook offers a thorough exploration of wave-based models in electron interactions.
With a fresh perspective, this ebook is a key player in advancing physics education. It simplifies complex concepts through Macken's theory, providing valuable insights into fundamental forces for students and educators alike. The inclusion of natural units and dimensionless constants makes quantum mechanics more accessible, improving the learning process for students at every level. As a result, this ebook is an essential tool for classrooms, self-study, and research, contributing to the ongoing development of scientific knowledge in the field of physics.
This document discusses interfacial electrochemistry and the electric double layer. It introduces the electric double layer models including the Helmholtz compact double layer model, the Gouy-Chapman diffuse double layer model, and the Stern modification of the diffuse double layer model. The Gouy-Chapman model describes a diffuse cloud of oppositely charged ions near a charged surface, while the Stern model combines aspects of the Helmholtz and Gouy-Chapman models by including a region where ions are specifically adsorbed directly at the surface. The document also discusses measuring potential differences across interfaces and systems, as well as concepts like inner and outer potentials.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document summarizes the mechanics of electron-positron pair creation according to the 3-spaces model. It describes two processes: 1) When a photon with energy over 1.022 MeV grazes an atomic nucleus, its half-photons can miss rejoining at the junction and go into an elliptical orbit, drawing energy from the photon's normal space kinetic energy and slowing it down. 2) When the half-photons reach the speed of light in their orbit, they decouple and separate into the electron and positron according to Newton's first law of inertia. Experimental evidence supports a threshold of 1.022 MeV for photon-induced pair creation.
The electromagnetism and gravity are unified where, while the first originates from the electric charges in a
linear exposition, the second emerges in a quadratic manifestation of it, making the gravity always
attractive. This helps identify the inner structures of all the primary particles—quarks, leptons, and the
{Z,W} bosons as well as the 125 GeV state without the Higgs mechanism—to predict their masses by one
integer parameter formulas in close agreement with the observed values. This in turn enables
determination of the mechanism for building their ground and excited compound states. The consequences
are far-reaching and embracing, for examples, from identifying dark matter and energy that makes the
explanation of masses in the Universe 100 % inclusive, to solving the hackneyed yet equally elusive puzzle
of why the inertial mass is equal to the gravitational mass.
The electromagnetism and gravity are unified where, while the first originates from the electric charges in a
linear exposition, the second emerges in a quadratic manifestation of it, making the gravity always
attractive. This helps identify the inner structures of all the primary particles—quarks, leptons, and the
{Z,W} bosons as well as the 125 GeV state without the Higgs mechanism—to predict their masses by one
integer parameter formulas in close agreement with the observed values. This in turn enables
determination of the mechanism for building their ground and excited compound states. The consequences
are far-reaching and embracing, for examples, from identifying dark matter and energy that makes the
explanation of masses in the Universe 100 % inclusive, to solving the hackneyed yet equally elusive puzzle
of why the inertial mass is equal to the gravitational mass.
The electromagnetism and gravity are unified where, while the first originates from the electric charges in a
linear exposition, the second emerges in a quadratic manifestation of it, making the gravity always
attractive. This helps identify the inner structures of all the primary particles—quarks, leptons, and the
{Z,W} bosons as well as the 125 GeV state without the Higgs mechanism—to predict their masses by one
integer parameter formulas in close agreement with the observed values. This in turn enables
determination of the mechanism for building their ground and excited compound states. The consequences
are far-reaching and embracing, for examples, from identifying dark matter and energy that makes the
explanation of masses in the Universe 100 % inclusive, to solving the hackneyed yet equally elusive puzzle
of why the inertial mass is equal to the gravitational mass.
Chemical Bonding
Ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred from a metal to a nonmetal, creating oppositely charged ions. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. Ionic bonds are generally stronger than covalent bonds. The strength of an ionic bond depends on the charge and size of the ions - higher charges and smaller sizes result in stronger bonds. Ionic solids form crystalline structures with repeating patterns of ions. Lattice energy is required to separate ions in an ionic solid into gaseous ions.
Stanley A Meyer Legacy Back up Secret Docs Save all Protect Spread print and give to schools NEVER STOP!!!!!!! Join Support here https://www.patreon.com/securesupplies/shop
This document discusses using directed light energy in the form of a photon atomic laser to separate atomic structures and create a "worm hole" or void between particles. It explains that atoms are held together by opposing forces of gravity and charges in the nucleus. By discharging the photon laser within a neutral magnetic field, it could displace atoms and create a space without structure, referred to as a "warp field", that would allow matter to traverse distance and time with little awareness of either. Mathematical equations for gravity and Coulomb's law are also presented to understand how particles are held in place and how this space could be used for travel.
physics121_lecture02.ppt Lecture Notes from New Jersey's Science and Technol...GiselaJasminSiapno
1) The document discusses electricity and magnetism, specifically static electricity and how charge is distributed in nature and objects. It describes how to demonstrate static charge using a balloon or glass and plastic rods.
2) Key concepts covered include the atomic structure of protons, electrons, and charge. Materials can be conductors or insulators depending on how easily charges move within them.
3) The forces between charges are defined by Coulomb's Law, and charges arrange themselves in predictable patterns on conductors like spherical or linear distributions to minimize their mutual repulsion.
1. The document discusses concepts related to electrostatics including electric potential, electric flux, and electric flux density. It defines these terms and explains concepts like Coulomb's law, electrostatic induction, and the workings of electroscopes.
2. It also covers related magnetic concepts such as magnetic flux, magnetic flux density, and their relationships to electric flux and electric flux density. Magnetic flux is defined as the total number of magnetic field lines passing through a surface, and magnetic flux density is the flux per unit area.
3. Various equations are provided for calculating electric potential difference, electric flux, magnetic flux, and magnetic flux density. Key terms like tesla, weber, and other units are also defined.
This document summarizes key concepts in electrostatics and electricity. It discusses how charged objects can be created through rubbing, the discovery of positive and negative charges, and Coulomb's law governing the electrostatic force between two charges. It also introduces the concept of electric field intensity and field lines, and defines related terms like electric flux, charge density, and permittivity. Diagrams are provided to illustrate concepts like electrostatic induction and the use of an electroscope to detect charge.
This document discusses key concepts about electric charge including:
- Charges of the same sign repel and opposite charges attract based on Coulomb's law.
- Conductors allow free movement of charge carriers like electrons, while insulators do not.
- Charge is quantized and can only exist in integer multiples of the elementary charge carried by protons and electrons.
- Charge is conserved in interactions and transformations at both the macro and microscopic level.
This document provides an outline for deriving the Boltzmann equation in cosmology. It begins with a brief introduction to modern cosmology and thermal physics. It then discusses the Boltzmann equation, describing its development by Ludwig Boltzmann. It proceeds to derive the photon Boltzmann equation in an expanding universe, considering terms for the expansion of the universe, curvature, and gravitational potential. Finally, it discusses using the Boltzmann equation to study the evolution of cosmic structure and perturbations to the distribution function, including compton scattering terms.
1. Page: 1 Copy created on 11/24/15
mr.nigel.cooper@gmail.com OIB 54055150905
Time dilation against that of F=1/T
(3 *10^8 M/s)
Albert Einstein, defined and “Stipulated” the conditions of (the) “Space ~ Time”
constant; a “con-juncture” that cannot exist; that of “Space”, and “Time” being part
of the same constant, given the fact that a “constant” forms a singularity of one and
not of one plus one, that is an accumulation thus wrong.
To express the “error” of Mr. E. (Bertie to his friends), it, (the error) can be
expressed by the construct of the Hydrogen Atom:
As shown above, “Hydrogen” comprises of the lowest possible component
combinations to form one atomic structure, “One” Nuclei and “One” Electron, any
other combination would from a “fundamental” multiple of ONE.
Irrespective of any “postulated size”, or distance of a presumed mathematical
condition, the state of one plus one is the fundamental overriding constant; though
to examine the singularity of this construct in isolation is to ignore the sub elements
of that construct itself, that of the nuclei, that of the electron, that of its orbital path,
that of the velocity of the electron on its orbital path, and, that of its magnetic
charge, where to isolate each of the per-cursor events liberates the following: That
of Hydrogen’s construction itself:
1. One Nuclei who’s nominal position in space has to be [0,0,0] of itself, and,
2. One electron that orbits around its nuclei at a give distance from the origin of
[0,0,0] of itself.
2. Page: 2 Copy created on 11/24/15
mr.nigel.cooper@gmail.com OIB 54055150905
3. The minimum distance multiplied by two, forms the absolute minimum
“space~ial” distance where ANY [TWO] atoms can co-exist.
4. The “orbital” (path~distance) of the electron is exactly 3.14 times that of the
minimum distance of the “space~ial” separation of the nuclei to the electron.
5. The electron has a mass or density of 1/1842 part’s to that of the nuclei or in
layman’s terms (it has a PHYSICAL weight).
6. The speed of the electron has been pre-determined by the speed time
constant of 3*10^8 meters per second.
Conditions 1 though to 6 must “co-exist”, else the atomic structure of hydrogen
would fail; and, as if by magic “one” of those very clever people shout’s out; “Only
half right, the orbital path of an electron is elongated”; liberates the ONLY written
response, that of:
The assimilation of the orbital path to that of an ellipsoid or “elongated hyper
parabolic quadratic based on a circle” results in the condition of an “Error Path”, or
path of infinite correction, where the correction cannot occur at the same time as
the error itself and, the correction must therefore occur “next time around”, or next
step or iterative correction as shown below:
Examining the above condition, that of ellipsoid paths and infinite correction would
still produce a point in space of the absolute minimum distance from the nuclei to
the electron, though in this condition the speed time constant fails itself; that of
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The minimum distance is now established as the “iterative accumulated path of
correction”, and the (nuclei and electron) are also now constrained by it absolute
maximum condition for the ellipsoid condition of a path of infinite correction by
elongation; where the “wobble” can been seen and is represented as TWO PARTS of
“Pi” or 2.09 units of the constant defined as the absolute minimum distance within
the space~ial representation of the atomic nuclei and the charged electron; thus,
(the) 2.09 units of “differential space”, is also directly proportional to the minimum
free space between two atoms to avoid atomic collision, or invading the atomic
neutral zone of ionic electron discharge resulting in (a spark); a natural conditional
state of one over one or 1/1 (That of the atomic condition of Hydrogen);
Given that the electron holds a “magneto charge” that of a positive condition or to
re-represent so that the “clever” one’s can understand, it would be a “North” charge
(non-conditional). Thus to “constrict” or to “squash” the orbital conditions would
result is further amplification of the time dilation of the free space condition as
shown below:
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The above represents and utilizes an EMI device to “Magnetically Intensify the
electrons” by forcing a conditional state of opposition through a spherical projection
resulting in the elongation of the elongated ellipsoid path of the electron.
Given the “view point” in time is the point of origin based around a [0,0,0] condition,
a point or location that is neither positive nor negative in any axis of itself, a
stationary reference of ZERO; where to extend the condition of the known to a
secondary postulated condition that of “Schrodinger’s cat” (a state it is or it is not),
would lead to time dilation being represented as the conditional state, that of the
existence a hydrogen atom at a nominal point of [0,0,0] where the “TIME” of the
atomic structure remains ZERO, and movement FORWARD from [0,0,0] would be an
INCREASE in the TIME position relative to zero represented as [1,0,0] or [0,1,0] or
[0,0,1] or any other condition that results in a positive expression of the positional
data of the zero location of one as show below:
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The “electron” of the hydrogen atom is forced in to a conditional state that is
opposed to the conditional state of the natural position of the electron bound by the
absolute minimum distance between the nuclei and the electron; the compression
causes a line of compression along the horizontal axis of time. Thus at the nominal
point of time, that of [0,0,0] (the center), an elongated ellipsoidal condition occurs
resulting in the fact that the electron is now forced into a condition of time dilation,
the time to the left of the center point has not yet occurred and the time to the right
has occurred before the event at the center; the TWO values exist due to the
stipulated and postulate claims of a speed ~ time constant. Thus speed (3*10^8) can
not be constant due to ellipsoid movement about a common axis, and time cannot
remain constant due to the forced elongation of the time differential it self.
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An EMI device utilizes the opposed condition of forced electron migration about a
common axis of zero resulting in the forced elongation of the ellipsoidal condition of
the neutrality of the hydrogen electron where the resultant condition is a
“space~ial” change, a change in the definition of space as a conditional component
of Mr. Bertie’s differential for space~ial relativity and the former declared “space-
time” constant. Thus, as so CLEARLY represented above, space is now a differential,
a conditional state and not a constant, thus space becomes the MOVING part of the
relativity equation and time becomes totally irrelevant to the position of the
electron. Thus the collapse of the time differential of the space time constant.
Extending the above geometry to a size that would “accommodate” something
larger, a “human”, and, as the EMI does not “physically” touch or interact with the
contents at the center of the EMI results in a condition that if a human were to stand
in the middle of an EMI device the human would be in the past, the present and the
future; all at the same time. Thus to magnetically constrain the possibility of the past
and force the past to become a magnetic part of the future results in the human
condition of present and “future past”; to quantify the “amount” of “future~past”
that is available for the viewing of the human is determined by several ancillary
conditions. The amount of magneto compression, the intensity achieved, the cone of
elongation and when a secondary EMI is used and configured as a reversal field,
time can be seduced to the secondary device. This condition remains constant at a
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steady state as long as the MSSR is not breached, (the MSSR is the Minimum Self
Seduction Range), a point between two cones of constriction, one from each EMI
devices.
Having established:
(1). The minimum possible distance for the electron orbit;
(2). The maximum possible space~ial differential for the electron orbit;
(3). The “tipping point” of 2.09:1 of the positional condition of the time differential
of atomic structure of Hydrogen;
(4). The existence of “future past”;
(5). That “space” is the moving part of “space time” relativity and not a constant
(6). That an EMI draws its power from the magneto polar condition’s of the Earth
which in turn draws its power for the solar and cosmic conditions of Dark Matter
and Dark Energy;
(7). “Universal polar magneto displacement” results in a condition that an EMI
device when correctly configured will be positioned at a point in space of [0,0,0] to
ALL space and to ALL of time in relation to itself, an absolute of centrality;
(8). That the speed constant of “3*10^8” cannot be constant due to ellipsoidal
conditions;
(9). That time is now totally irrelevant to the position and space allocation to the
atomic structure of Hydrogen, thus forms the non conditional state that if hydrogen
exists in a fundamental state then all other atomic structures exists in the same
state;
(10). The combined result of 1 to 9 breaches each and every condition of “Space-
time” Relativity.
When examining the “deconstruction” of the relativity constant referred to as the
“Space Time” constant, if can be seen from this very simple document and its
“simplified” view, (though simplified to an enormous extent for “clever” people to
understand), not only show’s, but also represents a more “accurate” representation
of the definition of a unit in space, and the function of a time differential that is
visible in more than one state, that of the present state of non condition time and its
fluctuation of “zero” placed in time at an axis of [0,0,0] about itself; thus creating
multiple sub conditions and many “absolute” conditions that MUST exists in order
for the most fundamental of atomic structures to exits, that of Hydrogen; Ergo “If
Hydrogen (as is) were to be bound to the speed time constant as related to the
Relativity Speed Time constant, Hydrogen would rip itself apart, but as it can be
seen, Hydrogen exits now, it existed then and will exist tomorrow (the future); thus
the very existence of Hydrogen confirms each line of this document, (including) each
of the designated function’s, and the common constant of the GPU (Grand Prime
Unit) that of the construction limitations, bounds of confinement and esoteric
“Nucleioidal” conditions of One Nuclei and ONE Electron.
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to expand the conditional derivate of time requires that an EMI be viewed as a
Cartesian surface with a non Mercator projection.
Having “read” the preceding document “Construction of an EMI (interface)” clearly
express’s the construction and designs of the EMI device itself, curfice to say the
device is cylindrical, and when projected into its Cartesian format the cylindrical
values are transferred to the x and y surfaces of the “rectangular” Cartesian surface
resulting in 0 to 360 degrees being displayed along the “x” axis or left to right with
“0” being the midpoint of the axis or [0,0,0] of itself, and the “y” axis forms the
proportional length indices of the physical dimension of the EMI; placing the
“Azimuth, Angle incidence and the center of the EMI at a point located in the middle
of the Cartesian surface.
The “length” and of physical dimension of the EMI perform the calculation of
“F=1/T” the speed time constant resulting in an individual frequency that is directly
proportional to the physical length of the EMI 80 mm or 8 Cm wave length, or 3.7
GHz (slap band in the middle of the Military block assignment).
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A better view of the “allocation” of “GLOBAL” frequencies comes from the document
below:
When one considers the Cartesian surface pictorial representation of a 3.7 GHz
(nominal Zero) EM emission of a circular polarized beam of EM lased energy that is
highly directional, versatile and transportable, that creates an EM pulse of immense
power, this power should never be in the hands of [ANY] Military, nor should it be
kept a “private” secret for the benefit of the few, as was quoted, the needs of the
many will always out weight the needs of the few.
Though its power output is phenomenal in comparison to anything mankind has
known to date, there arises a more fundamental condition that of “time” itself, as
expressed above, time resides at [0,0,0] of the x/y condition of the Cartesian display;
that must exist else time itself fails the speed time constant, though to now consider
the EMI construct itself is a “tube”, an electron goes in (with a time) and comes out
(with a time) where the tube length is the time differential itself; the Electron
travels through the tube under a field of compression of infinite length based
around it own rotational axis (outwards to inwards on a secondary rotational spin
of it self), thus to re-represent time as the proportional state of the length of the
tube would create a pictorial display not to dissimilar to diagonal line’s where the
inter section of the x,y co-ordinate relates to the angular decent in time; thus time
CANNOT remain constant at the co-ordinate of [0,0,0] but resides in a proportional
vectored condition of the constraint of the opposed compression of an elongated
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ellipsoid of the orbital path of an electron that is now “phasing” in and out to its own
position in time; thus confirming time as a variable, and likewise space; when
placing time as a variable, that of one unit of GPU or N1 of 1/1 of Hydrogen creates
the subordinate condition that of fact that time is a compressible unit based on the
ellipsoidal condition constrained by the EMI; and the now proved condition that of
the fact of “space” being the moving part of the equation results in: “That time is a
compressible “variable” now residing on a non existent constant”! Thus time [IS]
compressible to an infinite proportion of 1/1 or N1 of 1/1 where time resides a
derivative of a condition of a length of a compression of an ellipsoidal orbital path
that is residing within the confines of an EMI, which is directly linked at the atomic
level to the cosmic EM field a conditional of 1 to infinity where the infinitive
condition that resides at the EMI co-ordinates of [0,0,0] thus enforcing and compels
mankind to investigate the truth of the miss representation of the “Great Works” of
one Mr. Albert Einstein.