The document discusses emergency provisions under the Indian constitution. It defines different types of emergencies including national emergency, financial emergency, and failure of constitutional machinery in states. It outlines the key articles related to each type of emergency and the powers they confer. The document also provides details on the history of national emergency proclamations in India and important court judgments related to the emergency provisions.

1. EMERGENCY PROVISIONS
PART XVIII, ARTICLES 352-360
By: Dr. VK Tripathi1

2. CONTENTS
 Definition
 Kinds of Emergencies
 Details of Provisions
 Proclamation of National Emergency
 History of Proclamations
2

3. Definition
The term ‘emergency’ may be defined as a
difficult situation arising suddenly and
demanding immediate action by public
authorities under power specially granted
to them by the Constitution or otherwise to
meet such exigencies.
3

4. Dr. Ambedkar claimed that the Indian
federation was unique and unlike any other
federation inasmuch as in times of
emergency it could convert itself into an
entirely unitary state.
4

5. KINDS OF EMERGENCIES
(i) National emergency under Article 352
due to threat of war, external aggression or
armed rebellion.
(ii) Financial emergency under Article 360.
5

6. (iii) The third kind of situation, that is, the
one under Article 356 arising from a failure
of the constitutional machinery in any
particular State and necessitating
President’s Rule, though included under
the Part on ‘Emergency Provisions’, may
not strictly speaking be considered an
emergency situation.
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7. DETAILS OF PROVISIONS
 352 (1)- If the President is satisfied that a
grave emergency exists whereby the
security of India or any part of the territory
thereof is threatened, whether by war or
external aggression or armed rebellion, he
may, by Proclamation, make a declaration
to that effect, in respect of the whole or
such part of the territory thereof.
7

8.  353 -While a Proclamation of emergency is
in operation, then not withstanding
anything in this Constitution, the executive
power of the Union shall extend to the
giving of directions to any State as to the
manner in which the executive power
thereof is to be exercised
8

9.  355- It shall be the duty of the Union to
protect every State against external
aggression and internal disturbance and to
ensure that the government of every State
is carried on in accordance with the
provisions of this Constitution.
9

10.  358(1) While a proclamation of emergency is
in operation, nothing in Art 19
(Fundamental freedoms) shall restrict the
power of the state to make any law in which
the state would but for the provisions of Art
19 be competent to make.........,
10

11.  359 (1) Where a Proclamation of Emergency is in
operation, the President may by order declare
that the right to move any court for the
enforcement of such of the rights conferred by
Part 3 (fundamental rights) except ( Art 20 & 21 )
and all proceedings pending in any Court for the
enforcement of the same shall remain suspended
for the period during which the proclamation is
in force...
11

12.  360 if the President is satisfied that a
situation has arisen whereby the financial
stability or credit of India is affected, he
may make a Proclamation to that effect...
12

13. PROCLAMATION OF NATIONAL
EMERGENCY
Article 352 provides that if the President,
after receiving a written communication of
a cabinet decision, is satisfied that a grave
emergency exists whereby the security of
India or any part thereof is threatened by
war, external aggression or armed
rebellion, he/she may issue a proclamation
of emergency for the whole of India or part
thereof.
13

14. Every proclamation of emergency is
required to be laid before each house of
parliament and is to cease to operate at the
expiration of one month from the date of its
issue by the President unless in the
meantime it has been approved by
resolutions of both the houses.
14

15. Once approved by the parliament the
proclamation may continue in operation for
six months at a time unless revoked by the
President earlier by a subsequent
proclamation.
15

16. Resolutions approving the proclamation of
emergency or its continuance have to be
passed by either house of Parliament by a
majority of the total membership and not
less than 2/3rd
of those present and voting,
also if the Lok-Sabha passes a resolution
disapproving the proclamation or its
continuance, it shall be revoked forthwith.
16

17. If notice of a resolution signed by not less
than 1/10th
of the total membership is given
to the President/Speaker; special sitting of
the house shall be held within 14 days to
consider it.
17

18. Article 353 read with Article 365 provides that
once emergency is proclaimed, the executive
power of the union extends to giving of
directions to any state in regard to the exercise
of the executive power of the state and failure to
comply with the directions would constitute
enough justifications for impositions of
President's Rule under Article 356.
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19. Article 358 provides for the suspension of the
provision of the Article 19 during emergencies
while Article 359 authorities the President to
suspend by order the enforcement of all the
fundamental rights guaranteed in part III of the
constitution except the right of protection in
respect of conviction for offences and protection
of life and liberty in Article 20 & 21.
19

20. Any law passed under Article 358 & 359 in order
to be valid must contain the recital to the effect
that it is in relation to the proclamation of
emergency in operation.
Also, all such laws shall cease to have effect to
the extent of in competency under the
fundamental rights as soon as the emergency
ceases or the Presidential order cease to have
effect.
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21. HISTORY OF PROCLAMATION
OF EMERGENCY IN INDIA
(I) October 1962 at the time of the Chinese
aggression
(II) December 1971 in the wake of the war
with Pakistan
(III) June 1975 on ground of internal
disturbances
21

22. The provisions of Article 352 were made
more stringent in 1978-79 by the
constitution (44th
amendment), which came
into effect from 20th
June 1979.
To prevent the misuse of emergency
provisions the words ‘armed rebellion’ were
substituted for ‘internal disturbance’.
22

23. Also, the same amendment laid down that
under no circumstances could the
enforcement of rights under article 20 & 21
be denied even during an emergency.
23

24. In Ram Manohar Lohia v. State of Bihar (1966)
case, it was held that the order of detention must
prima facie be proper, that “maintenance of law
and order” could not be equated with
“maintenance of public order” and the action
under defense of India rules would be valid only
if taken in the “interest of public order” and not
merely “in aid of law and order”.
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25. PROCLAMATION OF
PRESIDENT’S RULE
It is constitutional duty of the union to
protect its States against external
aggressions and internal disturbance and to
ensure that the govt. of every state is
carried on in accordance with the
constitution (Article 355).
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26. If on receipt of a report from the Governor or
otherwise, the President is satisfied that the
govt. of the state cannot be carried on in
accordance with the constitution or that
constitutional machinery has failed, he may
issue a proclamation taking over any of the
functions and power of the state govt. including
those of the Governor and other state
authorities (Article 356).
26

27. The union can also act in matters of
external aggressions or internal
disturbances under article 355, i.e., without
imposing President’s rule.
Article 355 can stand on its own. Also, union
govt. can issue certain directions under
article 256, 257 & 353.
27

28. The court, however, significantly added
that if the satisfactions of the president was
mala-fide, based on extraneous or
irrelevant considerations or satisfactions at
all, it could interfere.
28

29. FINANCIAL EMERGENCY
The President is authorized by article 360 of
the constitution to declare the proclamation
of Financial Emergency if he/she is satisfied
that the financial stability or credit of India
or of any part of its territory is threatened.
29

30. During the operation of Financial
Emergency, the executive authority of the
union extends to the giving of directions to
any state to observe certain specified
canons of financial property and such other
directions that the residents may find
necessary or adequate.
30

31. ‘It is unfortunate that before rushing to issue a
proclamation under Article under 356, no effort
appeared to have been made to ensure that
(i) the union had done all that it could in
discharge of its duty under 355, and
(ii) that the State had ‘failed to comply with, or
give effect to’ directions.
It seems in many cases recourse to 356 has been
taken without keeping other provisions in view.
31