Particle physics has revealed the fundamental and elementary constituents of matter, quarks and leptons. However, it remains a challenge to understand how composite particles like nucleons, the building blocks of atomic nuclei, can gain their mass from massless constituents. Insight is best obtained by studying composite systems containing a heavy “charm” quark, or by demonstrating a predicted new “exotic” type of composite systems with yet unobserved quark combinations. Such systems can be produced through intense antimatter annihilations at the new accelerator complex FAIR (Germany) in the near future. The systems of interest have to be studied with high-precision particle beams but also with detectors of ultimate accuracy. Photons of high energy, which are among the most abundant decay products of the short-lived charm- or exotic particles, will be measured in a large crystal spectrometer. Essential electronic components of such a detector and the corresponding analysis techniques have been developed and studied in this thesis. A new approach to precisely evaluate the large amount of measured signals in programmed chip-arrays and to exactly determine their characteristic features has been verified in various experiments using accelerated particles and cosmic rays. The results presented in this thesis demonstrate that a large data rate can be reliably and precisely processed, which is mandatory to investigate a huge amount of annihilation events. The logic components and program elements have been fitted to commercially available devices. Interest in our developments has been shown from a commercial company and foreign experimental groups..
One of the important discoveries of New Energy scientists over the past two decades has been that Planck's values for mass, time, and length are probably not constant as was once believed. They only seemed constant because humanity had yet to find effective ways of varying the density of the Zero Point Field in a given area. Now that we are developing this ability, many fascinating new technologies are on the horizon.
Recognizing ego states (Transactional analysis / TA is an integrative approac...Manu Melwin Joy
Eric Berne listed four ways of recognizing ego states. He called them as Behavioral diagnosis, Social diagnosis, Historical diagnosis and Phenomenological diagnosis.
The document discusses the fundamental interactions and particles in physics according to the Standard Model. It describes the four fundamental interactions - gravitation, electromagnetism, weak nuclear force, and strong nuclear force. It outlines the development of theories of these interactions from classical mechanics to quantum field theory and the particles associated with each interaction, such as photons, electrons, quarks, and Higgs bosons. The Standard Model successfully explains most experimental data but leaves some questions unanswered.
ASIC readout with silicon wafer performed with cosmic muons. Main goal was to study crosstalk of the ASIC channels (64 channel). When I isolated one particular channel, I can see the pedestal and MIP
Particle flow calorimeter with ASIC readouteguliyev
1. An ASIC readout concept was developed for the electromagnetic calorimeter of a future linear collider experiment to achieve high channel density, low noise, and power pulsing.
2. The ASIC prototype was tested using high energy electron beams and showed linear response, adjustable gain and delay, and met dynamic range requirements.
3. Parameters of the ASIC like delay, gain, trigger threshold, and time constant were verified using pulse generators and electron beams.
shower study for Si-W prototype ECAL with ASIC readouteguliyev
This document summarizes a study analyzing the shower profile of 1-5 GeV electron beams passing through multiple layers of silicon detectors with ASIC readout. Key findings include: (1) The size of electron showers increased with increasing radiation length as expected; (2) The beam may not have been properly aligned or showers may have leaked between configurations, as seen by a discrepancy between end of 1X0 and start of 3X0; and (3) Simulation is needed to verify the shower profile results and potential beam misalignment issues.
One of the important discoveries of New Energy scientists over the past two decades has been that Planck's values for mass, time, and length are probably not constant as was once believed. They only seemed constant because humanity had yet to find effective ways of varying the density of the Zero Point Field in a given area. Now that we are developing this ability, many fascinating new technologies are on the horizon.
Recognizing ego states (Transactional analysis / TA is an integrative approac...Manu Melwin Joy
Eric Berne listed four ways of recognizing ego states. He called them as Behavioral diagnosis, Social diagnosis, Historical diagnosis and Phenomenological diagnosis.
The document discusses the fundamental interactions and particles in physics according to the Standard Model. It describes the four fundamental interactions - gravitation, electromagnetism, weak nuclear force, and strong nuclear force. It outlines the development of theories of these interactions from classical mechanics to quantum field theory and the particles associated with each interaction, such as photons, electrons, quarks, and Higgs bosons. The Standard Model successfully explains most experimental data but leaves some questions unanswered.
ASIC readout with silicon wafer performed with cosmic muons. Main goal was to study crosstalk of the ASIC channels (64 channel). When I isolated one particular channel, I can see the pedestal and MIP
Particle flow calorimeter with ASIC readouteguliyev
1. An ASIC readout concept was developed for the electromagnetic calorimeter of a future linear collider experiment to achieve high channel density, low noise, and power pulsing.
2. The ASIC prototype was tested using high energy electron beams and showed linear response, adjustable gain and delay, and met dynamic range requirements.
3. Parameters of the ASIC like delay, gain, trigger threshold, and time constant were verified using pulse generators and electron beams.
shower study for Si-W prototype ECAL with ASIC readouteguliyev
This document summarizes a study analyzing the shower profile of 1-5 GeV electron beams passing through multiple layers of silicon detectors with ASIC readout. Key findings include: (1) The size of electron showers increased with increasing radiation length as expected; (2) The beam may not have been properly aligned or showers may have leaked between configurations, as seen by a discrepancy between end of 1X0 and start of 3X0; and (3) Simulation is needed to verify the shower profile results and potential beam misalignment issues.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Charmonium physics with PANDA
1. Verification of a Novel Calorimeter
Concept for
Studies of Charmonium States
●
Motivation of charm physics
●
Experiment with antiprotons: PANDA
Elmaddin Guliyev ●
PANDA Electromagnetic Calorimeter
Thesis defense date October 31 ●
Signal analysis for PANDA EMC
●
Performance studies
Promotor: Prof. dr. H. Löhner Time and energy resolution
Sampling ADC optimization
Copromotor: Dr. M. Kavatsyuk ●
On-line signal processing
●
Physics evaluation of PANDA EMC
●
Summary
2. The origin of hadron mass
More than 99% of the visible
Universe is made of protons and
neutrons (u, d quarks)
Proton/neutron are much heavier
than their quark and gluon
constituents!
Expect an answer from systems with
heavy quarks: Charm
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 2
3. Strong coupling
Asymptotic freedom:
Quantum Chromodynamics
(QCD) is well tested at high
energies:
strong coupling constant αs
is small.
Confinement:
Large distance →
formation of hadrons:
strong coupling constant αs
increases drastically.
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 3
4. Charmonium
Mesons containing a charm quark and
anti-charm quark.
Spectrum of charmonium states:
testing ground for the nature of the
strong interaction.
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 4
5. Charmonium
Mesons containing a charm quark and
anti-charm quark.
Spectrum of charmonium states:
testing ground for the nature of the
strong interaction.
What we can learn
about strong interaction?
Example
Orbital momentum
and spin dependence
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 5
6. antiProton ANnihilations at Darmstadt
Charmonium
How we can produce such systems:
1. e-e+ collisions
2. two photon collisions
3. p ̄ interactions
p
All possible charmonium states
can be directly populated
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 6
7. antiProton ANnihilations at Darmstadt
Exotic states
Physics program:
Hybrid states
Tetraquark meson
Molecular states: X(3872) ?
Small cross sections require high luminosity!
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 7
8. antiProton ANnihilations at Darmstadt
High Energy Storage Ring (HESR) for antiprotons
electron cooling
stochastic
cooling
50 m
High luminosity 2·1032cm-2 s-1 PANDA
High momentum resolution σp / p = 10-5 target
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept
8
9. antiProton ANnihilations at Darmstadt
Charmonium
Mesons containing a charm quark and
anti-charm quark.
Spectrum of charmonium states:
testing ground for the nature of the
strong interaction.
Example:
hc(1P1) → ηc + γ → η + 0 + 0 + γ → 7 γ
ηc(1S0)→ γ + γ → 2 γ
J/ψ→ e+ + e-
Required: Electromagnetic Calorimeter!
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 9
10. antiProton ANnihilations at DArmstadt
PANDA Detector
cover 4π solid angle,
high luminosity → operation with high rates (2·107 annihilations/s)
physics program requires:
have a good
- particle identification
- momentum resolution for γ, e, μ, π, K and p
- vertex reconstruction
excellent calorimetry
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 10
11. antiProton ANnihilations at DArmstadt
Electromagnetic Calorimeter (EMC)
detection of photons, electrons, and positrons
4π coverage
three parts - Barrel, Forward and Backward Endcaps
wide dynamic range: 10 MeV up to 10 GeV
low threshold ~ 1 MeV
Have a high
Energy Resolution
Time Resolution
Position Resolution
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 11
12. antiProton ANnihilations at DArmstadt
EMC detector material and photo sensor
PWO (PbWO4) scintillator Large Area Avalanche Photodiode (LAAPD)
Density 8.29 g/cm3 Size 7 X 14 mm2
Light yield (-250C) 500 ph/MeV 2 LAAPD per crystal
(NaI(Tl): 38000 ph/MeV) Photograph of
Decay time ~ 6 – 30 ns two standard (5 X 5 mm2) APDs
Size ~ 20 X 20 X 200 mm3 one square LAAPD (10 X 10 cm2)
17000 PWO crystals one rectangular (7 X 14 mm2) LAAPD
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 12
13. antiProton Annihilations at DArmstadt
The preamplifier
Low Noise low Power (LNP),
Basel Univ. design
one-channel, Preamplifier pulse
single-range,
discrete-component, 25 µs decay time
size 18 X 47 mm2,
no-shaping.
APFEL ASIC,
GSI design,
two-channel, ASIC pulse
dual-range,
250 ns shaping.
Developed by
T.Poelman
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 13
14. antiProton ANnihilations at Darmstadt
Signal analysis for PANDA EMC
High annihilation rate – 20 MHz
event rate 500 kHz for single detector
efficient event selection based on physics
(e.g. secondary vertex, momentum of reconstructed particles.)
New approach for data acquisition (DAQ): “trigger-less”
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 14
15. Signal analysis for PANDA EMC
Implementation of trigger-less DAQ
To realize the trigger-less DAQ, sampling of preamplifier signal
each sub-detector must
independently:
detect hits,
report to DAQ.
Realized by
Sampling ADC (SADC):
Analog output of preamplifier
is periodically measured.
Obtained data must be 10 ns
processed on-line.
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 15
16. Signal analysis for PANDA EMC
Layout of readout electronics chain for PANDA EMC
To build the trigger-less readout:
preamplifier signals digitized by SADC,
processed on-line
by Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA):
Many logic cells with programmable connections
→ Developed the program logic,
Prepared algorithm for implementation on commercial SADC.
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 16
17. Signal analysis for PANDA EMC
Sampling ADC
- verify the performance for physics analysis
- develop data-processing algorithm
- find optimal parameters for digitizer
commercial STRUCK SIS3302 Module
8 channel
100 MHz sampling rate
16-bit resolution
5 FPGA
For on-line pulse processing
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 17
18. Performance studies
Experimental setups
Carbon fiber
single crystal setup: array of 60 crystals containers
EMC Prototype setup
4 crystals packed in
reflective material
Studied: Performance of Time and Energy resolution
Optimization of Sampling procedure
Implementations in FPGA
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 18
19. Signal analysis for PANDA EMC
Energy
Digital Filter
Input (SADC data) (shape+noise reduction) Pulse detection
Timing method Time
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 19
20. Signal analysis for PANDA EMC
Data-processing algorithm
digital Constant Fraction Timing
raw time-stamp
filtered
energy
rms = 0.4 ns
difference of time-stamps
amplitude
distribution M.Kavatsyuk,E.Guliyev et al., NIM A 648, 77 (2011)
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 20
21. Performance studies
Timing performance
from time coincidences with LED light pulser
∆tRMS = rmscoincidence time / √2.
Single crystal setup
Cosmic muon energy
equivalent (20 MeV)
Influence of noise level
We can reach resolution well below 1 ns
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 21
22. Performance studies
Timing performance
Timing performance with LED light pulser, CFT linearity
Single crystal setup
Linearity between analog (TDC) and digital CFT method
Digital CFT method works properly
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 22
23. Performance studies
Timing performance with EMC Prototype
3X3 crystal array setup
High energy
photon beam:
beam directed
between two crystals
For energy deposition higher than 80 MeV: time resolution less than 1 ns
Sufficient to complete PANDA mission!
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 23
24. Performance studies
Energy resolution study with EMC Prototype
Epeak = 0.671 GeV
σ = 0.024 GeV
3X3 crystal array
λ = 0.032 GeV
Photon response for 3X3 crystal Incident photon energy:
array for different incident E = 0.685 GeV
photon energies.
Asymmetric response curve → σ for energy resolution
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 24
25. Performance studies
Energy resolution study with EMC Prototype
σ/E = a + b/√E(GeV)
a (50 MHz) = 0.35 %
3X3 crystal array
b (50 MHz) = 1.97 %
a (100 MHz) = 0.42 %
b (100 MHz) = 2.04 %
a (analog) = 0.31 %
b (analog) = 2.44 %
The energy resolution can compete with analog readout;
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 25
26. FPGA Implementation
(Field Programmable Gate Array)
On-line extraction of energy and time information,
Applicable for different pulse shapes,
Data processing algorithm implemented in VHDL code
by KVI electronics engineer P.J.J. Lemmens
Single crystal setup
Implementation tested with
LED light pulser on XILINX development board
LED light pulser and cosmic muons on STRUCK SADC
E.Guliyev, M.Kavatsyuk et al., NIM A (2011) accepted
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 26
27. FPGA Implementation
(Field Programmable Gate Array)
Test with XILINX development board and SADC
SADC data SADC data
from crystal setup
Single crystal setup
Time
Energy
Debug
binary switch
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 27
28. FPGA Implementation
Block diagram of signal processing in FPGA
Event
Single crystal setup
selection
Filter 1: Filter 3:
shaping noise reduction
Filter 2:
shaping
Fast, compact, efficient block structure
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 28
29. FPGA Implementation
Block diagram of signal processing in FPGA
Event
Single crystal setup
selection
Filter 1: Filter 3:
shaping noise reduction
Filter 2:
shaping
In ASIC preamplifier case Filter 1 and Filter 2 are bypassed
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 29
30. FPGA Implementation
Debug mode
Raw trace Filtered traces
Single crystal setup
CFT trace
To follow any intermediate step
→ check proper operation,
fast processing, typ. 80 ns
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 30
31. FPGA Implementation
(Field Programmable Gate Array)
LED light pulser test for XILINX development board
Energy resolution Time resolution
Single crystal setup
The correlation coefficient is 99.9% between off-line and FPGA processing
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 31
32. FPGA Implementation
(Field Programmable Gate Array)
LED light pulser test for SADC
Energy resolution Time resolution
Single crystal setup
The correlation coefficient 99.9% between off-line and
on-line pulse processing
The implementation is working as expected !
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 32
33. Physics Evaluation
Validation of simulation: Experiment vs. Simulation
Single photon fire the 3X3 crystal array
200 MeV single photons
0.3 MeV noise level
1 MeV single
crystal threshold
Good agreement!
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 33
34. Physics Evaluation
hc(1P1) → ηc + γ → η + 0 + 0 + γ → 7 γ
Has high branching ratio
54.3 ± 6.7 ± 5.2%
PANDA EMC response ability
Final state 7 γ, only EMC response σ
Simulated different noise in electronics
and different detector thresholds
High electronic noise ==> worse resolution !
Width (MeV)
digital pulse filtering superior
to analog readout
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 34
35. Physics Evaluation
Threshold dependence
achieved with digital filtering
PANDA EMC response ability
Lower noise level → lower thresholds
Lower cluster threshold → higher photon statistics, smaller width,
higher efficiency
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 35
36. WHAT HAVE WE ACHIEVED?
First essential step in constructing a trigger-less DAQ:
●
Developed on-line feature-extraction algorithm.
●
Achieved time and energy resolution sufficient to complete
the physics program:
●
Low noise level: 0.3 MeV.
●
Energy resolution: 2.4% at 1 GeV.
●
Time resolution: 1 ns at 0.08 GeV energy deposition.
●
Optimized SADC parameters for best performance:
Sampling speed, bit resolution, power consumption.
●
Demonstrated importance of optimization for physics performance.
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept 36
37. SUMMARY
1. Digital readout electronics developed.
2. Novel calorimeter concept verified
using photon beams.
3. Promising results achieved: energy, time resolution;
fast on-line processing.
4. First step towards trigger-less DAQ chain.
Thanks to Peter Lemmens for electronics support!
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept
38. BackUp Slides
Time resolution for different case – huge discrepancy LED and particle measurement
Timing study
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept for Studies of Charmonium States B1
39. BackUp Slides
Preamplifier output is different for same condition, temperature, energy dep. etc
Timing study
WHY?
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept for Studies of Charmonium States B2
40. Timing study BackUp Slides
GEANT 4 simulation for 100 MeV photon
Hits the end face of PWO crystal
Distribution of arrival time of optical photons
for different decay time:
15 ns (top panel)
30 ns (bottom panel)
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept for Studies of Charmonium States B2
41. Timing study BackUp Slides
Sum of number of photons as a function of arrival time of photons
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept for Studies of Charmonium States B3
42. Timing study BackUp Slides
Experimental study of decay time
(or pulse rise time)
Influence to time resolution
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept for Studies of Charmonium States B4
43. Specifications
To optimize the SADC parameter
Single crystal setup with ion beam
50 MHz sampling rate is sufficient to obtain energy and time resolution.
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept B5
44. Single crystal setup
FPGA Implementation
Comparison of pulse amplitudes obtained as MWD amplitude m[soft] and m[fpga] for the software
analysis and the FPGA processing, respectively. According to the cosmic-ray calibration, the lower
amplitude corresponds to 80 MeV and the higher one to 390 MeV. The correlation coefficient is
99.9%.
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept B6
45. FPGA Implementation
On-line cosmic muon measurement:
raw spectrum and coincidence spectrum.
Single crystal setup
Time stamp difference distribution for off-line
and on-line pulse processing.
Off-line On-line
18.10.11 E.Guliyev, Verification of a Novel Calorimeter Concept B7