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Elements of some Shakespearean play

The document provides an in-depth analysis of Shakespeare's play A Midsummer Night's Dream according to its sources and influences, including mythology, history, and contemporary events of the time. It examines the mythological background that influenced the play, historical context of Elizabethan England, and analysis of the plot structure, characters, symbols, and themes in the play. It also provides a similar analysis of Shakespeare's tragedies Julius Caesar and Richard II.

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Analyze the following Shakespearean Masterpiece according to Sources and Influences 1) Mythological, 2) Historical, 3) Contemporary Events Comedy: Midsummer Night's Dream 1) Mythological Background Midsummer Night's Dream is a play set in Athens, Greece, a place that is rich in culture, legends, and mythology. Several mythological characters have been made, as evident in Shakespeare's play the Midsummer night's dream. Firstly, the Fairies/ Fae are tiny creatures with supernatural abilities known as magic. In the Celtic culture, fairies and their likes are portrayed as powerful, humanoid, and sometimes superior to humans. Oberon, the ruler of the fairies in the Midsummer Night's Dream, is an allusion to an ancient character in Mythology depicted in the earliest story as inhumanely beautiful who helped a human whoever crosses his path. Secondly, the character Puck which is a Medieval term for the devil. Puck is portrayed as a horned figure, an allusion to Satan, Bacchus, Pan, and their likes. Puck's character is more equated to tricksters such as Hermes and Pan and can be attributed less to Satan in terms of modern mythology. Thirdly, the play's setting is Athens which may have been introduced to Shakespeare and the Elizabethans by studying The Classics. The play's setting has this familiar yet exotic vibe to the Elizabethans, and it will entice them to watch them play and connect their parallel narratives to it. Fourth, Theseus and Hippolyta are both present in the Greek Mythology; Theseus has deemed the King and Founder of Athens, and Hippolyta is the Queen of Amazons during the Age of Heroes. In a nutshell, Shakespeare's The Midsummer Night's Dream has taken much inspiration from mythology and mythological characters. It is proof that even the most brilliant literary mind, such as Shakespeare himself, is fascinated with mythology's magical yet sometimes cruel world. These allusions in the play make it stand the test of time. 2) Historical Background Analyze the following Shakespearean Masterpiece according to Elements of Fiction Comedy: Midsummer Night's Dream Settings: A Midsummer Night's Dream sets in parts, some in the city of Athens and some in the forest that lie beyond the city's walls. Characters: Theseus,Duke ofAthens • Recently won a war against the Amazons. • He will marry Queen Hippolyta, whether she likes it or not. Philostrate
• Duke Theseus's party planner • The official title is "Master of the Revels." The Changeling • A little boy who was taken by Titania and raised as her own. Egeus • A courtier at Theseus’s court. Hippolyta • The legendary queen of the Amazons. Titania • Queen of the Fairies, wife of Oberon. Oberon • King of the Fairies, master of Puck, • Husband of Titania. Hermia • Daughter of Egeus and in love with Lysander even though she is betrothed to Demetrius. • Childhood friend of Helena. Lysander • A young man from Athens with a good family and fortune. • In love with Hermia, of whom Egeus disapproves. Demetrius • A young man from Athens. • Initially in love with Hermia and falls n love with Helena at the end. Helena • A young woman from Athens who is in love with Demetrius. Nick Bottom • The overconfident weaver. • Chosen to play Pyramus in the craftsmen's play for Theseus's marriage celebration. Puck • Also known as Robin Goodfellow. • Oberon's jester a mischievous fairy who delights in playing pranks on mortals. •
Plot Structure : ACT I • Theseus and Hippolyta, both noble and wealthy, are preparing for their wedding. • Hermia and Lysander are in love, but another male named Demetrius loves Hermia. Another girl named Helena is all alone. • In another part of Athens, a group of common laborers rehearses a play that the men hope to perform for the grand celebration preceding the wedding of Theseus and Hippolyta. ACT II • As the couples elope into a nearby forest, where there are many fairies, the fairy queen (Titania) and the fairy king (Oberon) are in a feud over an Indian boy. • Seeking revenge, Oberon orders another fairy (Puck) to squeeze a love potion into Titania's eyes which will cause her to fall in love with the first thing she sees after waking. • He also sees Demetrius acting rudely to Helena, and Puck is ordered to put the potion in Demetrius's eyes. • Puck leaves on his journey to put the potion in Demetrius's eyes. However, Puck accidentally places the love potion into Lysander's eyes. Lysander wakes up, sees Helena, and falls in love with her. Not knowing his mistake yet, Puck goes on with his job and puts the potion in Titania's eyes. ACT III • Puck decides to fool around and puts a donkey head onto one of the peasants (Nick Bottom) and is seen by Titania. She falls in love with the donkey-headed Bottom. • The play reaches its height when Puck accidentally places the love potion into the eyes of Demetrius, which causes him to fall in love with Helena. • Oberon dispatches Puck to prevent Lysander and Demetrius from fighting and says they must resolve this confusion by morning. ACT IV • As the young Athenians go to sleep in the woods, Puck squeezes the love potion into Lysander's eyes and declares that everything shall return to normal in the morning. • Puck and Oberon enter the glade to find Titania in love with Bottom and celebrate the successes of their revenge. Oberon orders the exchange of the Indian boy for the antidote for the love spell, and Titania complies. • Theseus found the Athenian youths sleeping in the glade. Everything is now back to normal. Theseus orders them to follow him to the temple for a great wedding feast. • At Quince's house, the craftsmen are all wondering where Bottom is and are considering dropping their performance. However, Bottom triumphantly enters the house and declares that the play must go on. ACT V • They watched the play Pyramus and Thisbe that the common craftsmen had prepared. • Shortly after, Oberon and Titania enter the castle and bless the lovers so that all stay true to one another and no harm visits Theseus and Hippolyta.
• Once the two fairies leave, Puck makes one final address to the audience, stating that they will remember it was all a dream if the play has offended anyone. Symbolisms  The Love Potion and Flower Symbolize the nature and the wild and benevolent nature of the fairy magic.  The Moon is an essential symbol in the play as it strongly influences many characters and symbolizes both chastity and lust. The play's action takes place at night when the moon rules, and it also appears during the weddings of Theseus and Hippolyta and the other two couples. The  The Woods is a powerful symbol of untamed nature and untamed magic, which are in this play intertwined. Themes  Passion & Love  Magic & Mischief  Dreams  Arts and Culture  Transformation  Gender Literary Conflicts  Man vs Man  Man vs Self  Man vs Nature  Man vs Supernatural Dramatic Conventions Setting  Has two or more settings of the play Characters  Presence of stock characters  Presence of a jester/clown Plot  Composed of five acts.  Plots are derived from history and mythology  Plot with sub-plots and a play within a play  Plot twists  Happy Ending Themes  Separation and Reconciliation  Love obstacles
 Mistaken identities Symbols  Contributes to the development of the theme Language  Foreshadowing  Use of Soliloquies, Monologues, and Asides  Irony  Paradox  Oxymoron  Satire  Comedic Language Staging techniques  Women are not allowed on stage  Incorporates dance in a play  Use of disguise and eavesdropping  Prologue is recited  Breaks the fourth wall (Aside) Literary merits  Universality  Artistry  Intellectual Value  Permanence  Style  Spiritual Value  Suggestiveness Tragedy: The Tragedy of Julius Ceasar Setting 44 b.c.: Ancient Rome, toward the end of the Roman republic Characters Brutus  A supporter of the republic who believes strongly in a government guided by the votes of senators Julius Caesar  After a successful military campaign, a great Roman general and senator recently returned to Rome in triumph.
Antony  A friend of Caesar. Antony claims allegiance to Brutus and the conspirators after Caesar's death to save his own life. Later, however, when speaking a funeral oration over Caesar's body, he spectacularly persuades the audience to withdraw its support of Brutus and instead condemn him as a traitor. Cassius  A talented general and longtime acquaintance of Caesar. Cassius dislikes the fact that Caesar has become godlike in the eyes of the Romans. Calpurnia  Caesar's wife. Calpurnia invests great authority in omens and portents. She warns Caesar against going to the Senate on the Ides of March since she has had terrible nightmares and heard reports of many bad omens. Nevertheless, Caesar's ambition ultimately causes him to disregard her advice. Octavius  Caesar's adopted son and appointed successor. Octavius, who had been traveling abroad, returns after Caesar's death; he then joins with Antony and sets off to fight Cassius and Brutus. Antony tries to control Octavius's movements, but Octavius follows his adopted father's example and emerges as the authoritative figure, paving the way for his eventual seizure of the reins of the Roman government. Casca  A public figure opposed to Caesar's rise to power. Casca relates to Cassius and Brutus how Antony offered the crown to Caesar three times and how each Time, Caesar declined it. He believes, however, that Caesar is the consummate actor, lulling the populace into believing that he has no personal ambition. Portia  Brutus's wife; is the daughter of a noble Roman who took sides against Caesar. Portia, accustomed to being Brutus's confidante, is upset to find him so reluctant to speak his mind when she finds him troubled. Brutus later hears that Portia has killed herself out of grief that Antony and Octavius have become so powerful. Flavius  A tribune (an official elected by the people to protect their rights). Flavius condemns the plebeians for their fickleness in cheering Caesar, when once they cheered for Caesar's enemy Pompey. Flavius is punished along with Murellus for removing the decorations from Caesar's statues during Caesar's triumphal parade Murellus  Like Flavius, a tribune who condemns the plebeians for their fickleness in cheering Caesar, Murellus and Flavius are punished for removing the decorations from Caesar's statues during Caesar's triumphal parade. Lepidus  The third member of Antony and Octavius's coalition. Though Antony has a low opinion of Lepidus, Octavius trusts his loyalty. Decius
 A member of the conspiracy. Decius convinces Caesar that Calpurnia misinterpreted her dire nightmares and that no danger awaits him at the Senate. Decius leads Caesar right into the hands of the conspirators. Setting: ACT I:  Celebration of Caesar's victory against Pompey.  Flavius and Murellus were deprived of their positions as civil servants.  The Soothsayer gives a warning to Caesar. "Beware the ides of March."  Cassius plotted to build opposition against Caesar by converting Brutus into an opponent of Caesar's.  Cassius asked Cinna to send the forged letters to Brutus. ACT II:  The conspirators came to Brutus's house and planned to kill Caesar.  Calpurnia dreamt of Caesar's statue running with blood like a fountain while many smiling Romans bathed their hands in the blood.  Decius convinced Caesar to go to the Senate. ACT III  Artemidorus and the Soothsayer tried to warn Caesar again but responded: "What touches us ourself shall be last served" - (III.i.8)  "Et Tu, Brute? – Then fall Caesar."  Anthony's Monologue "Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears"-Anthony ACT IV  Brutus encountered Caesar's ghost, telling him that they would see each other again at Philippi.  Death of Portia  Octavius, Lepidus, and Antony formed a triumvirate. ACT V  In the battle at Philippi – Antony's army defeats Cassius's army, Brutus's army defeats Octavius's army  Cassius sent his friend Titinius to investigate Cassius then committed suicide for thinking that Titinius was Captured.  Brutus killed himself by running onto his sword while one of his soldiers hold it. Symbolisms  Ghosts –Conscience  Women -Domestic Life, Feeling Men
 Stones/Feather- Commoners Motif  Blood  Rome  Crown  Omens and Portents  Letters Themes  Fate versus Free Will "Men at sometime were masters of their fates. The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, But in ourselves, that we are underlings" (I.ii.140-42)  Deception  Principle and Honor  Inflexibility versus Compromise  Rhetoric and Power  Public Self versus Private Self Dramatic conventions Setting  The play has two or more settings, but the events are not simultaneous, and the play transfers from one setting to the other. Characters  Presence of stock characters  Presence of a Soothsayer Plot  Composed of five acts.  Plots are derived from history.  Plot with sub-plots with the presence of ghosts, dreams, and omens.  Plot twists  Tragic Ending Themes  Deception and Treachery  Husbands neglect the opinions of their wives. Symbols  Contributes to the development of the theme
Language  Foreshadowing and Prophesies.  Use of soliloquies, monologues, and asides  Irony  Paradox  Oxymoron  Satire Staging techniques  Women are not allowed on stage  Incorporate music and sound effects  Use of crowd and stock characters  Prologue is recited  Breaks the fourth wall (Aside) Literary merits  Universality  Artistry  Intellectual Value  Permanence  Style  Spiritual Value  Suggestiveness Historical Play: Richard II Setting: England Medieval Times (early 13thCentury) Characters: Richard II  The Kingof Englandwhenthe playbegins.  He isa youngmanwho hasnot maturedmuch since hisadolescence.  Appreciatesthe trappingsof kingshipandhasan extraordinaryflairforpoeticlanguage.  He isdisconnectedfromhislandanditspeople. John Gaunt  Duke of Lancaster,  Richard's uncle,  Harry's father Harry Bolingbroke
 Duke of Hereford, Richard's cousin, later King Henry IV by usurpation Duke of Umerle  Richard's Ally Duke of York  Duke of Aumerle's father, Richard's uncle, Regent in his absence Queen Isabel  Richard's wife Thomas Mowbray  Duke of Norfold,  Richard's Ally Duchess of York Duke of York's wife Douches of Gloucester Wife of the dead Duke of Gloucester Plot : Act I • There is a dispute between Bolingbroke and Mowbray.  •On Richard's orders, they challenge each other to a duel  •The Duchess of Gloucester reveals that Richard ordered the murder of her husband  •John of Gaunt will not dare confront Richard  •Richard decides to call off the duel moments before it begins.  •He banishes Mowbray for life, Bolingbroke for six years  •Richard learns that Gaunt is on his deathbed  •Richard intends to oversee the growing war in Ireland and plans to pay for it by taking money from the wealthy. Act II  •Richard seized Gaunt's possessions and went to Ireland.  •The Lords are informed that Bolingbroke plans to invade England.  •Bolingbroke arrives in England after Richard leaves.  Bolingbroke meets with York at the castle and lets them stay for the Night  Welsh captain determines terrible omens in the landscape  •Becomes convinced that Richard is dead Act III  Bolingbroke sentences Bushy and Bagot to death
 Richard learns that Salisbury's army fled, York, sided with Bolingbroke, and his loyal men have been executed.  Bolingbroke wishes his inheritance returned, and Richard gives in.SCENE 4  Queen Isabel overhears from a gardener that Richard was arrested Act IV  Henry Bolingbroke, his allies, and the captured party of King Richard have returned from Wales to London.  The Duke of York abruptly enters to inform the company that King Richard has capitulated, agreeing to "adopt" Bolingbroke as his "heir" (109) and to yield the throne to him immediately.  The Bishop of Carlisle interrupts the long speech in which he condemns Bolingbroke for his insurrection against the rightful king. He tells Bolingbroke that if he takes the crown now from the true king of England, generations yet to come will suffer, and the ground will be soaked in English blood. Act V  Queen Isabel and her attendants have arrived in London, where they have stationed themselves on the street leading to the Tower of London so that they may meet the deposed King Richard when he passes by on his way to the Tower.  Isabel, angry and despairing, asks Richard what has happened to his courage and righteous indignation: has Bolingbroke taken that from him and his crown? Richard replies that it is no longer of any use to try to fight: his fate is settled, and Isabel should think of him as dead.  At the Duke of York's house at Langley, the aged Duke greets his wife, the Duchess of York, and tells her about the long day he has had: when Bolingbroke rode into London in triumph for his coronation, leading Richard in captivity  At Windsor Castle, near London, we find Bolingbroke complaining to young Harry Percy about the wild ways of Bolingbroke's son, whom he has not seen for a full three months.  Aumerle enters and begs his cousin Bolingbroke for a private audience.  In highly formal language, a strange three-way conversation ensues between the Duchess of York, the Duke of York, and the king: York pleads with the king to execute his son as a traitor while the Duchess begs him to spare Aumerle's life.  In Windsor Castle, where the new King Henry IV (a.k.a. Bolingbroke) now resides, a nobleman called Sir Piers Exton is talking with his servants.  "Have I no friend who will rid me of this living fear?  Richard, in Pomfret, is soliloquizing to himself. Still trying to come to terms with his isolation from the world,  Exton enters with the coffin containing Richard's body and tells Bolingbroke that he has taken the cue from his mouth and murdered the former king.  Bolingbroke himself vows to take a pilgrimage to the Holy Land--Jerusalem--to wash the guilt of this murder from his soul. He orders a sad funeral for Richard, and he and his retinue depart the stage in mourning. Symbols  The Garden  "Seven Vials of Sacred Blood and Seven Fair Branches"
 The Mirror Literary Devices  Juxtapositions  Foreshadowing  Allusions GREEK MYTH:  "Down, down I come; like glist'ring "Phaethon BIBLICAL REFERENCES  Which blood, like sacrificing Abel's, cries…  Three Judases, each one thrice worse than Judas! Dramatic Conventions Setting  There is more than one setting for the play, but the setting will transfer from one place to another. Characters  English monarchs/ royalty and nobility  Presence of round characters. Plot •Not historically accurate •Has omissions and foreshortening •Double plot structure, no subplots Language  Entirely in verse  In Blank Verse Staging Techniques  Spectacle –formal entries, processions, sophisticated court scenes  Sound effects –brass instruments and drums Literary Merits  Universality  Artistry
 Intellectual Value  Permanence  Style  Spiritual Value  Suggestiveness Sonnet Sonnet 60: Like as the waves make towards the pebbl'd shore BY WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Like as the waves make towards the pebbl'd shore, So do our minutes hasten to their end; Each changing place with that which goes before, In sequent toil all forwards do contend. Nativity, once in the main of light, Crawls to maturity, wherewith being crown'd, Crooked eclipses 'gainst his glory fight, And Time that gave doth now his gift confound. Time doth transfix the flourish set on youth And delves the parallels in beauty's brow, Feeds on the rarities of nature's truth, And nothing stands but for his scythe to mow: And yet to times in hope my verse shall stand, Praising thy worth, despite his cruel hand. Analysis: Sonnet 60 is part of the "Fair Youth" sonnets, where Shakespeare addresses a fair youth; whether this fair youth is a young man, a lover or Shakespeare himself, is still unclear and being debated up to this day. Sonnet 60 comprises 14 lines within one stanza, made up of three quatrains and one couplet at the end. There is a consistent full-rhyme scheme to the Sonnet, following the pattern of ABAB CDCD EFEF GG, which is typical in a Shakespearean sonnet. The sonnet is written in an iambic pentameter. The Poetic Devices that was visible in Sonnet 60 are as follows: Alliteration
 "time doth transfix"  "beauty's brow" Consonance  "forwards do contend"  "sequent toil"  "Like as the waves make towards the pebbled shore,  So do our minutes hasten to their end…" Metaphor  "And nothing stands but for his scythe to mow…" Personification • "Nativity, once in the main of light, crawls to maturity…" • "[Time] feeds on the rarities of nature's truth…" Allusion • The "pebbled shore" = allusion to the River Styx On the other hand, the imagery in the Sonnet were as follows:  The rush of the sea  "…waves make towards the pebbled shore"  The changes that happen to the mortal as Time pass by.  "parallels in beauty's brow"  The vision of the Grim Reaper  "…for his scythe to mow" In addition, Symbolisms found in the Sonnet are listed as: • Sea/Waves • Sun • Scythe Final Thoughts, Reading Sonnet 60 will make anyone realize the undeniable truths below: • Time does not discriminate, and it will take everything and everyone; just like a Turnado or a storm, it will lift and sometimes leave devastated anything on its path. • Everything will perish when its Time comes, but memories will stay forever, so cherish memories.

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Elements of some Shakespearean play

  • 1.
    Analyze the followingShakespearean Masterpiece according to Sources and Influences 1) Mythological, 2) Historical, 3) Contemporary Events Comedy: Midsummer Night's Dream 1) Mythological Background Midsummer Night's Dream is a play set in Athens, Greece, a place that is rich in culture, legends, and mythology. Several mythological characters have been made, as evident in Shakespeare's play the Midsummer night's dream. Firstly, the Fairies/ Fae are tiny creatures with supernatural abilities known as magic. In the Celtic culture, fairies and their likes are portrayed as powerful, humanoid, and sometimes superior to humans. Oberon, the ruler of the fairies in the Midsummer Night's Dream, is an allusion to an ancient character in Mythology depicted in the earliest story as inhumanely beautiful who helped a human whoever crosses his path. Secondly, the character Puck which is a Medieval term for the devil. Puck is portrayed as a horned figure, an allusion to Satan, Bacchus, Pan, and their likes. Puck's character is more equated to tricksters such as Hermes and Pan and can be attributed less to Satan in terms of modern mythology. Thirdly, the play's setting is Athens which may have been introduced to Shakespeare and the Elizabethans by studying The Classics. The play's setting has this familiar yet exotic vibe to the Elizabethans, and it will entice them to watch them play and connect their parallel narratives to it. Fourth, Theseus and Hippolyta are both present in the Greek Mythology; Theseus has deemed the King and Founder of Athens, and Hippolyta is the Queen of Amazons during the Age of Heroes. In a nutshell, Shakespeare's The Midsummer Night's Dream has taken much inspiration from mythology and mythological characters. It is proof that even the most brilliant literary mind, such as Shakespeare himself, is fascinated with mythology's magical yet sometimes cruel world. These allusions in the play make it stand the test of time. 2) Historical Background Analyze the following Shakespearean Masterpiece according to Elements of Fiction Comedy: Midsummer Night's Dream Settings: A Midsummer Night's Dream sets in parts, some in the city of Athens and some in the forest that lie beyond the city's walls. Characters: Theseus,Duke ofAthens • Recently won a war against the Amazons. • He will marry Queen Hippolyta, whether she likes it or not. Philostrate
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    • Duke Theseus'sparty planner • The official title is "Master of the Revels." The Changeling • A little boy who was taken by Titania and raised as her own. Egeus • A courtier at Theseus’s court. Hippolyta • The legendary queen of the Amazons. Titania • Queen of the Fairies, wife of Oberon. Oberon • King of the Fairies, master of Puck, • Husband of Titania. Hermia • Daughter of Egeus and in love with Lysander even though she is betrothed to Demetrius. • Childhood friend of Helena. Lysander • A young man from Athens with a good family and fortune. • In love with Hermia, of whom Egeus disapproves. Demetrius • A young man from Athens. • Initially in love with Hermia and falls n love with Helena at the end. Helena • A young woman from Athens who is in love with Demetrius. Nick Bottom • The overconfident weaver. • Chosen to play Pyramus in the craftsmen's play for Theseus's marriage celebration. Puck • Also known as Robin Goodfellow. • Oberon's jester a mischievous fairy who delights in playing pranks on mortals. •
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    Plot Structure : ACTI • Theseus and Hippolyta, both noble and wealthy, are preparing for their wedding. • Hermia and Lysander are in love, but another male named Demetrius loves Hermia. Another girl named Helena is all alone. • In another part of Athens, a group of common laborers rehearses a play that the men hope to perform for the grand celebration preceding the wedding of Theseus and Hippolyta. ACT II • As the couples elope into a nearby forest, where there are many fairies, the fairy queen (Titania) and the fairy king (Oberon) are in a feud over an Indian boy. • Seeking revenge, Oberon orders another fairy (Puck) to squeeze a love potion into Titania's eyes which will cause her to fall in love with the first thing she sees after waking. • He also sees Demetrius acting rudely to Helena, and Puck is ordered to put the potion in Demetrius's eyes. • Puck leaves on his journey to put the potion in Demetrius's eyes. However, Puck accidentally places the love potion into Lysander's eyes. Lysander wakes up, sees Helena, and falls in love with her. Not knowing his mistake yet, Puck goes on with his job and puts the potion in Titania's eyes. ACT III • Puck decides to fool around and puts a donkey head onto one of the peasants (Nick Bottom) and is seen by Titania. She falls in love with the donkey-headed Bottom. • The play reaches its height when Puck accidentally places the love potion into the eyes of Demetrius, which causes him to fall in love with Helena. • Oberon dispatches Puck to prevent Lysander and Demetrius from fighting and says they must resolve this confusion by morning. ACT IV • As the young Athenians go to sleep in the woods, Puck squeezes the love potion into Lysander's eyes and declares that everything shall return to normal in the morning. • Puck and Oberon enter the glade to find Titania in love with Bottom and celebrate the successes of their revenge. Oberon orders the exchange of the Indian boy for the antidote for the love spell, and Titania complies. • Theseus found the Athenian youths sleeping in the glade. Everything is now back to normal. Theseus orders them to follow him to the temple for a great wedding feast. • At Quince's house, the craftsmen are all wondering where Bottom is and are considering dropping their performance. However, Bottom triumphantly enters the house and declares that the play must go on. ACT V • They watched the play Pyramus and Thisbe that the common craftsmen had prepared. • Shortly after, Oberon and Titania enter the castle and bless the lovers so that all stay true to one another and no harm visits Theseus and Hippolyta.
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    • Once thetwo fairies leave, Puck makes one final address to the audience, stating that they will remember it was all a dream if the play has offended anyone. Symbolisms  The Love Potion and Flower Symbolize the nature and the wild and benevolent nature of the fairy magic.  The Moon is an essential symbol in the play as it strongly influences many characters and symbolizes both chastity and lust. The play's action takes place at night when the moon rules, and it also appears during the weddings of Theseus and Hippolyta and the other two couples. The  The Woods is a powerful symbol of untamed nature and untamed magic, which are in this play intertwined. Themes  Passion & Love  Magic & Mischief  Dreams  Arts and Culture  Transformation  Gender Literary Conflicts  Man vs Man  Man vs Self  Man vs Nature  Man vs Supernatural Dramatic Conventions Setting  Has two or more settings of the play Characters  Presence of stock characters  Presence of a jester/clown Plot  Composed of five acts.  Plots are derived from history and mythology  Plot with sub-plots and a play within a play  Plot twists  Happy Ending Themes  Separation and Reconciliation  Love obstacles
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     Mistaken identities Symbols Contributes to the development of the theme Language  Foreshadowing  Use of Soliloquies, Monologues, and Asides  Irony  Paradox  Oxymoron  Satire  Comedic Language Staging techniques  Women are not allowed on stage  Incorporates dance in a play  Use of disguise and eavesdropping  Prologue is recited  Breaks the fourth wall (Aside) Literary merits  Universality  Artistry  Intellectual Value  Permanence  Style  Spiritual Value  Suggestiveness Tragedy: The Tragedy of Julius Ceasar Setting 44 b.c.: Ancient Rome, toward the end of the Roman republic Characters Brutus  A supporter of the republic who believes strongly in a government guided by the votes of senators Julius Caesar  After a successful military campaign, a great Roman general and senator recently returned to Rome in triumph.
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    Antony  A friendof Caesar. Antony claims allegiance to Brutus and the conspirators after Caesar's death to save his own life. Later, however, when speaking a funeral oration over Caesar's body, he spectacularly persuades the audience to withdraw its support of Brutus and instead condemn him as a traitor. Cassius  A talented general and longtime acquaintance of Caesar. Cassius dislikes the fact that Caesar has become godlike in the eyes of the Romans. Calpurnia  Caesar's wife. Calpurnia invests great authority in omens and portents. She warns Caesar against going to the Senate on the Ides of March since she has had terrible nightmares and heard reports of many bad omens. Nevertheless, Caesar's ambition ultimately causes him to disregard her advice. Octavius  Caesar's adopted son and appointed successor. Octavius, who had been traveling abroad, returns after Caesar's death; he then joins with Antony and sets off to fight Cassius and Brutus. Antony tries to control Octavius's movements, but Octavius follows his adopted father's example and emerges as the authoritative figure, paving the way for his eventual seizure of the reins of the Roman government. Casca  A public figure opposed to Caesar's rise to power. Casca relates to Cassius and Brutus how Antony offered the crown to Caesar three times and how each Time, Caesar declined it. He believes, however, that Caesar is the consummate actor, lulling the populace into believing that he has no personal ambition. Portia  Brutus's wife; is the daughter of a noble Roman who took sides against Caesar. Portia, accustomed to being Brutus's confidante, is upset to find him so reluctant to speak his mind when she finds him troubled. Brutus later hears that Portia has killed herself out of grief that Antony and Octavius have become so powerful. Flavius  A tribune (an official elected by the people to protect their rights). Flavius condemns the plebeians for their fickleness in cheering Caesar, when once they cheered for Caesar's enemy Pompey. Flavius is punished along with Murellus for removing the decorations from Caesar's statues during Caesar's triumphal parade Murellus  Like Flavius, a tribune who condemns the plebeians for their fickleness in cheering Caesar, Murellus and Flavius are punished for removing the decorations from Caesar's statues during Caesar's triumphal parade. Lepidus  The third member of Antony and Octavius's coalition. Though Antony has a low opinion of Lepidus, Octavius trusts his loyalty. Decius
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     A memberof the conspiracy. Decius convinces Caesar that Calpurnia misinterpreted her dire nightmares and that no danger awaits him at the Senate. Decius leads Caesar right into the hands of the conspirators. Setting: ACT I:  Celebration of Caesar's victory against Pompey.  Flavius and Murellus were deprived of their positions as civil servants.  The Soothsayer gives a warning to Caesar. "Beware the ides of March."  Cassius plotted to build opposition against Caesar by converting Brutus into an opponent of Caesar's.  Cassius asked Cinna to send the forged letters to Brutus. ACT II:  The conspirators came to Brutus's house and planned to kill Caesar.  Calpurnia dreamt of Caesar's statue running with blood like a fountain while many smiling Romans bathed their hands in the blood.  Decius convinced Caesar to go to the Senate. ACT III  Artemidorus and the Soothsayer tried to warn Caesar again but responded: "What touches us ourself shall be last served" - (III.i.8)  "Et Tu, Brute? – Then fall Caesar."  Anthony's Monologue "Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears"-Anthony ACT IV  Brutus encountered Caesar's ghost, telling him that they would see each other again at Philippi.  Death of Portia  Octavius, Lepidus, and Antony formed a triumvirate. ACT V  In the battle at Philippi – Antony's army defeats Cassius's army, Brutus's army defeats Octavius's army  Cassius sent his friend Titinius to investigate Cassius then committed suicide for thinking that Titinius was Captured.  Brutus killed himself by running onto his sword while one of his soldiers hold it. Symbolisms  Ghosts –Conscience  Women -Domestic Life, Feeling Men
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     Stones/Feather- Commoners Motif Blood  Rome  Crown  Omens and Portents  Letters Themes  Fate versus Free Will "Men at sometime were masters of their fates. The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, But in ourselves, that we are underlings" (I.ii.140-42)  Deception  Principle and Honor  Inflexibility versus Compromise  Rhetoric and Power  Public Self versus Private Self Dramatic conventions Setting  The play has two or more settings, but the events are not simultaneous, and the play transfers from one setting to the other. Characters  Presence of stock characters  Presence of a Soothsayer Plot  Composed of five acts.  Plots are derived from history.  Plot with sub-plots with the presence of ghosts, dreams, and omens.  Plot twists  Tragic Ending Themes  Deception and Treachery  Husbands neglect the opinions of their wives. Symbols  Contributes to the development of the theme
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    Language  Foreshadowing andProphesies.  Use of soliloquies, monologues, and asides  Irony  Paradox  Oxymoron  Satire Staging techniques  Women are not allowed on stage  Incorporate music and sound effects  Use of crowd and stock characters  Prologue is recited  Breaks the fourth wall (Aside) Literary merits  Universality  Artistry  Intellectual Value  Permanence  Style  Spiritual Value  Suggestiveness Historical Play: Richard II Setting: England Medieval Times (early 13thCentury) Characters: Richard II  The Kingof Englandwhenthe playbegins.  He isa youngmanwho hasnot maturedmuch since hisadolescence.  Appreciatesthe trappingsof kingshipandhasan extraordinaryflairforpoeticlanguage.  He isdisconnectedfromhislandanditspeople. John Gaunt  Duke of Lancaster,  Richard's uncle,  Harry's father Harry Bolingbroke
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     Duke ofHereford, Richard's cousin, later King Henry IV by usurpation Duke of Umerle  Richard's Ally Duke of York  Duke of Aumerle's father, Richard's uncle, Regent in his absence Queen Isabel  Richard's wife Thomas Mowbray  Duke of Norfold,  Richard's Ally Duchess of York Duke of York's wife Douches of Gloucester Wife of the dead Duke of Gloucester Plot : Act I • There is a dispute between Bolingbroke and Mowbray.  •On Richard's orders, they challenge each other to a duel  •The Duchess of Gloucester reveals that Richard ordered the murder of her husband  •John of Gaunt will not dare confront Richard  •Richard decides to call off the duel moments before it begins.  •He banishes Mowbray for life, Bolingbroke for six years  •Richard learns that Gaunt is on his deathbed  •Richard intends to oversee the growing war in Ireland and plans to pay for it by taking money from the wealthy. Act II  •Richard seized Gaunt's possessions and went to Ireland.  •The Lords are informed that Bolingbroke plans to invade England.  •Bolingbroke arrives in England after Richard leaves.  Bolingbroke meets with York at the castle and lets them stay for the Night  Welsh captain determines terrible omens in the landscape  •Becomes convinced that Richard is dead Act III  Bolingbroke sentences Bushy and Bagot to death
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     Richard learnsthat Salisbury's army fled, York, sided with Bolingbroke, and his loyal men have been executed.  Bolingbroke wishes his inheritance returned, and Richard gives in.SCENE 4  Queen Isabel overhears from a gardener that Richard was arrested Act IV  Henry Bolingbroke, his allies, and the captured party of King Richard have returned from Wales to London.  The Duke of York abruptly enters to inform the company that King Richard has capitulated, agreeing to "adopt" Bolingbroke as his "heir" (109) and to yield the throne to him immediately.  The Bishop of Carlisle interrupts the long speech in which he condemns Bolingbroke for his insurrection against the rightful king. He tells Bolingbroke that if he takes the crown now from the true king of England, generations yet to come will suffer, and the ground will be soaked in English blood. Act V  Queen Isabel and her attendants have arrived in London, where they have stationed themselves on the street leading to the Tower of London so that they may meet the deposed King Richard when he passes by on his way to the Tower.  Isabel, angry and despairing, asks Richard what has happened to his courage and righteous indignation: has Bolingbroke taken that from him and his crown? Richard replies that it is no longer of any use to try to fight: his fate is settled, and Isabel should think of him as dead.  At the Duke of York's house at Langley, the aged Duke greets his wife, the Duchess of York, and tells her about the long day he has had: when Bolingbroke rode into London in triumph for his coronation, leading Richard in captivity  At Windsor Castle, near London, we find Bolingbroke complaining to young Harry Percy about the wild ways of Bolingbroke's son, whom he has not seen for a full three months.  Aumerle enters and begs his cousin Bolingbroke for a private audience.  In highly formal language, a strange three-way conversation ensues between the Duchess of York, the Duke of York, and the king: York pleads with the king to execute his son as a traitor while the Duchess begs him to spare Aumerle's life.  In Windsor Castle, where the new King Henry IV (a.k.a. Bolingbroke) now resides, a nobleman called Sir Piers Exton is talking with his servants.  "Have I no friend who will rid me of this living fear?  Richard, in Pomfret, is soliloquizing to himself. Still trying to come to terms with his isolation from the world,  Exton enters with the coffin containing Richard's body and tells Bolingbroke that he has taken the cue from his mouth and murdered the former king.  Bolingbroke himself vows to take a pilgrimage to the Holy Land--Jerusalem--to wash the guilt of this murder from his soul. He orders a sad funeral for Richard, and he and his retinue depart the stage in mourning. Symbols  The Garden  "Seven Vials of Sacred Blood and Seven Fair Branches"
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     The Mirror LiteraryDevices  Juxtapositions  Foreshadowing  Allusions GREEK MYTH:  "Down, down I come; like glist'ring "Phaethon BIBLICAL REFERENCES  Which blood, like sacrificing Abel's, cries…  Three Judases, each one thrice worse than Judas! Dramatic Conventions Setting  There is more than one setting for the play, but the setting will transfer from one place to another. Characters  English monarchs/ royalty and nobility  Presence of round characters. Plot •Not historically accurate •Has omissions and foreshortening •Double plot structure, no subplots Language  Entirely in verse  In Blank Verse Staging Techniques  Spectacle –formal entries, processions, sophisticated court scenes  Sound effects –brass instruments and drums Literary Merits  Universality  Artistry
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     Intellectual Value Permanence  Style  Spiritual Value  Suggestiveness Sonnet Sonnet 60: Like as the waves make towards the pebbl'd shore BY WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Like as the waves make towards the pebbl'd shore, So do our minutes hasten to their end; Each changing place with that which goes before, In sequent toil all forwards do contend. Nativity, once in the main of light, Crawls to maturity, wherewith being crown'd, Crooked eclipses 'gainst his glory fight, And Time that gave doth now his gift confound. Time doth transfix the flourish set on youth And delves the parallels in beauty's brow, Feeds on the rarities of nature's truth, And nothing stands but for his scythe to mow: And yet to times in hope my verse shall stand, Praising thy worth, despite his cruel hand. Analysis: Sonnet 60 is part of the "Fair Youth" sonnets, where Shakespeare addresses a fair youth; whether this fair youth is a young man, a lover or Shakespeare himself, is still unclear and being debated up to this day. Sonnet 60 comprises 14 lines within one stanza, made up of three quatrains and one couplet at the end. There is a consistent full-rhyme scheme to the Sonnet, following the pattern of ABAB CDCD EFEF GG, which is typical in a Shakespearean sonnet. The sonnet is written in an iambic pentameter. The Poetic Devices that was visible in Sonnet 60 are as follows: Alliteration
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     "time dothtransfix"  "beauty's brow" Consonance  "forwards do contend"  "sequent toil"  "Like as the waves make towards the pebbled shore,  So do our minutes hasten to their end…" Metaphor  "And nothing stands but for his scythe to mow…" Personification • "Nativity, once in the main of light, crawls to maturity…" • "[Time] feeds on the rarities of nature's truth…" Allusion • The "pebbled shore" = allusion to the River Styx On the other hand, the imagery in the Sonnet were as follows:  The rush of the sea  "…waves make towards the pebbled shore"  The changes that happen to the mortal as Time pass by.  "parallels in beauty's brow"  The vision of the Grim Reaper  "…for his scythe to mow" In addition, Symbolisms found in the Sonnet are listed as: • Sea/Waves • Sun • Scythe Final Thoughts, Reading Sonnet 60 will make anyone realize the undeniable truths below: • Time does not discriminate, and it will take everything and everyone; just like a Turnado or a storm, it will lift and sometimes leave devastated anything on its path. • Everything will perish when its Time comes, but memories will stay forever, so cherish memories.