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electronics 1

Engineering

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Electronics Devices (19EC31)
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Dr. Shilpa K.C
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Electronics and
Communication
Engineering
Dr.AIT
9/3/2020 1
Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
9/3/2020
Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 2
Introduction
An Atom

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
9/3/2020
Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 3
Introduction
Energy Level Diagram in
an Atom
• Electron capacity = 2(n2)
• n = energy level

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
n = energy level
s,p,d,f = subshells
9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 4
Energy Sublevel Diagram

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Sublevels Electrons capacity
s 2 electrons
p 6 electrons
d 10 electrons
f 14electrons
9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 5
Sublevels and electrons in the subshell

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s
9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 6
Atomic Data Representation

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 7
SL.NO Compound Atomic Weight Data Representation
1 Sodium (Na) 11 1s2 2s22p6 3s2
Examples of Atomic Data Representation
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
Energy levels
Electrons capacity

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 8
Examples of Atomic Data Representation
SL.NO Compound Atomic Weight Data Representation
1 Sodium (Na) 11
2 Chlorine (Cl) 17
3. Oxygen(02) 08
4. Nitrogen 07
5 Zinc 30
6. Iron 26

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
d
Examples of Atomic Data Representation
SL.NO Compound Atomic Weight Data Representation
1. Sodium (Na) 11 1s2 2s22p6 3s2
2. Chlorine (Cl) 17 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
3. Oxygen(02) 08 1s2 2s22p4
4. Nitrogen 07 1s2 2s2 2p3
5. Zinc 30 1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10
6. Iron 26 1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6
9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 9

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bonds-
Are the forces that holds
atoms together to make a
molecule or compound.
9/3/2020 10
Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Ionic Bonding –
Connects between
Metal & Non-Metal
Sodium(Na) is a Metal
Chlorine (Cl) is a Non-Metal
9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 11
Ionic Bonding

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 12
Ionic Bonding
Na – 1s2 2s22p6 3s2
Cl – 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
Octet Rule
The Octet rule refers
to the tendency of
atoms to prefer to
have eight electrons
in the valence shell.

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 13
Ionic Bonding

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Ionic Bonding
Na + Cation
Cl – Anion
The atoms that have
charges are called
Ions
The Ions have opposite
charges , hence
Electrostatic attractive
forces bonds the atoms
together
9/3/2020 14
Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Electronics Devices (19EC31)
Class 2
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Dr. Shilpa K.C
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Electronics and
Communication
Engineering
Dr.AIT
9/3/2020 15
Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Covalent Bonding
Covalent Bonding –
Connects between
Non-Metal & Non-Metal
Sharing of electrons between atoms of the same kind
E.g. Formation of H2, Cl2, O2, etc.
Sharing of electrons between atoms of different kind .
E.g. Formation of CH4, H2O etc.
9/3/2020 16
Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE
H – atomic number 1 – 1s1

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 17
Covalent Bonding
O – atomic number 8 – 1s2 2s2 2p4

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 18
Covalent Bonding
H – atomic number 1 – 1s1
F – atomic number 9 – 1s2 2s2 2p5
Sharing of electrons between atoms of different kind .
E.g. Formation of CH4, H2O, HF , HCl etc.

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 19
Covalent Bonding
H – atomic number 1 – 1s1
Cl – atomic number 17 –
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 20
Covalent Bonding
Bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule
Sharing of
Electrons
bonds the
atoms
together
In Covalent
Bonding

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Metallic Bonding –
Connects between
Metal & Metal
Sodium(Na) is a Metal
Valence electrons are 1 in outer most orbit
9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 21
Metallic Bonding
Metallic Bonding - The bond produced due to the combination of electrostatic force of attraction
between the electrons and the positive nuclei of metal atoms

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 22
Metallic Bonding
Zinc is a Metal
Atomic number of Zinc is 30
1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 4s2 3d10
Valence electrons are 2 in outer
most orbit

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 23
Metallic Bonding
Iron is a Metal
Atomic number of Iron (Fe) is
26
1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 4s2 3d6
Valence electrons are 2 in outer
most orbit

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 24
Metallic Bonding
Atomic number of Iron (Fe) is
26
1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 4s2 3d6
Valence electrons are 2 in outer
most orbit

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 25
Metallic Bonding
• Properties of Metals
1.They are also called as Sea of Electrons
2.High Conductivity
3.High Ductility -- Can be drawn into fine wires
4.High Malleability --- Can be bend any shapes

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
1`
9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 26
Comparsion of the 3 Chemical Bonding
Ionic Bonding Covalent Bonding Metallic Bonding
Bonding between
Metal and Non Metal
Bonding between
Non Metal and Non Metal
Bonding between
Metal and Metal
Electrostatic attraction
between positive and
negative ions
Sharing of electrons
between atoms of the
same kind or different
kinds
Electrostatic force of
attraction between the
electrons and the positive
nuclei of metal atoms

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Thank You
Dr. Ambedkar
Institute of Technology
HAVE A NICE DAY
9/3/2020 27
Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE

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Electronics_Devices_class_1.pdf

1. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology Electronics Devices (19EC31) Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology Dr. Shilpa K.C Assistant Professor Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering Dr.AIT 9/3/2020 1 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE

2. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology 9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 2 Introduction An Atom

3. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology 9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 3 Introduction Energy Level Diagram in an Atom • Electron capacity = 2(n2) • n = energy level

4. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology n = energy level s,p,d,f = subshells 9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 4 Energy Sublevel Diagram

5. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology Sublevels Electrons capacity s 2 electrons p 6 electrons d 10 electrons f 14electrons 9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 5 Sublevels and electrons in the subshell

6. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 6 Atomic Data Representation

7. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology 9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 7 SL.NO Compound Atomic Weight Data Representation 1 Sodium (Na) 11 1s2 2s22p6 3s2 Examples of Atomic Data Representation 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 Energy levels Electrons capacity

8. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology 9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 8 Examples of Atomic Data Representation SL.NO Compound Atomic Weight Data Representation 1 Sodium (Na) 11 2 Chlorine (Cl) 17 3. Oxygen(02) 08 4. Nitrogen 07 5 Zinc 30 6. Iron 26

9. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology d Examples of Atomic Data Representation SL.NO Compound Atomic Weight Data Representation 1. Sodium (Na) 11 1s2 2s22p6 3s2 2. Chlorine (Cl) 17 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 3. Oxygen(02) 08 1s2 2s22p4 4. Nitrogen 07 1s2 2s2 2p3 5. Zinc 30 1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 6. Iron 26 1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6 9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 9

10. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology Chemical Bonding Chemical Bonds- Are the forces that holds atoms together to make a molecule or compound. 9/3/2020 10 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE

11. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology Ionic Bonding – Connects between Metal & Non-Metal Sodium(Na) is a Metal Chlorine (Cl) is a Non-Metal 9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 11 Ionic Bonding

12. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology 9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 12 Ionic Bonding Na – 1s2 2s22p6 3s2 Cl – 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 Octet Rule The Octet rule refers to the tendency of atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in the valence shell.

13. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology 9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 13 Ionic Bonding

14. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology Ionic Bonding Na + Cation Cl – Anion The atoms that have charges are called Ions The Ions have opposite charges , hence Electrostatic attractive forces bonds the atoms together 9/3/2020 14 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE

15. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology Electronics Devices (19EC31) Class 2 Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology Dr. Shilpa K.C Assistant Professor Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering Dr.AIT 9/3/2020 15 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE

16. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology Covalent Bonding Covalent Bonding – Connects between Non-Metal & Non-Metal Sharing of electrons between atoms of the same kind E.g. Formation of H2, Cl2, O2, etc. Sharing of electrons between atoms of different kind . E.g. Formation of CH4, H2O etc. 9/3/2020 16 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE H – atomic number 1 – 1s1

17. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology 9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 17 Covalent Bonding O – atomic number 8 – 1s2 2s2 2p4

18. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology 9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 18 Covalent Bonding H – atomic number 1 – 1s1 F – atomic number 9 – 1s2 2s2 2p5 Sharing of electrons between atoms of different kind . E.g. Formation of CH4, H2O, HF , HCl etc.

19. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology 9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 19 Covalent Bonding H – atomic number 1 – 1s1 Cl – atomic number 17 – 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

20. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology 9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 20 Covalent Bonding Bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule Sharing of Electrons bonds the atoms together In Covalent Bonding

21. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology Metallic Bonding – Connects between Metal & Metal Sodium(Na) is a Metal Valence electrons are 1 in outer most orbit 9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 21 Metallic Bonding Metallic Bonding - The bond produced due to the combination of electrostatic force of attraction between the electrons and the positive nuclei of metal atoms

22. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology 9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 22 Metallic Bonding Zinc is a Metal Atomic number of Zinc is 30 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 4s2 3d10 Valence electrons are 2 in outer most orbit

23. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology 9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 23 Metallic Bonding Iron is a Metal Atomic number of Iron (Fe) is 26 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 4s2 3d6 Valence electrons are 2 in outer most orbit

24. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology 9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 24 Metallic Bonding Atomic number of Iron (Fe) is 26 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 4s2 3d6 Valence electrons are 2 in outer most orbit

25. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology 9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 25 Metallic Bonding • Properties of Metals 1.They are also called as Sea of Electrons 2.High Conductivity 3.High Ductility -- Can be drawn into fine wires 4.High Malleability --- Can be bend any shapes

26. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology 1` 9/3/2020 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE 26 Comparsion of the 3 Chemical Bonding Ionic Bonding Covalent Bonding Metallic Bonding Bonding between Metal and Non Metal Bonding between Non Metal and Non Metal Bonding between Metal and Metal Electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions Sharing of electrons between atoms of the same kind or different kinds Electrostatic force of attraction between the electrons and the positive nuclei of metal atoms

27. Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology Thank You Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology HAVE A NICE DAY 9/3/2020 27 Prepared by Dr.Shilpa K.C, Dept of ECE

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