The document discusses the concepts of ideal and real voltage and current sources in electrical engineering. Ideal voltage sources have no internal resistance and can supply infinite current, while real voltage sources include a resistor and have limitations on output. Similarly, ideal current sources can produce infinite voltage, but real current sources are modeled with a parallel resistor and also have constraints.

1. WELCOME TO THE DEPARTMENT
Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering
ICE 2154 NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SIGNALS
Dr. Dayananda Nayak
daya.nayak@manipal.edu Mob: 9448623805

9. Voltage Sources
Ideal Real
• An ideal voltage source
has no internal
resistance.
• It can produce as much
current as is needed to
provide power to the rest
of the circuit.
• A real voltage sources is
modeled as an ideal
voltage source in series
with a resistor.
• There are limits to the
current and output
voltage from the source.

10. L
L
L
S
S
L
L
L
R
V
I
V
R
R
R
V
/



IL
RL = 0W
W
0
/
V
0
max



L
S
S
L
L
P
R
V
I
V
RL = ∞W
W
0
P
A
0
min



L
L
S
L
I
V
V

11. Current Sources
Ideal
Real
• An ideal current source
has no internal
resistance.
• It can produce as much
voltage as is needed to
provide power to the rest
of the circuit.
• A real current sources is
modeled as an ideal
current source in parallel
with a resistor.
• Limitations on the
maximum voltage and
current.

12. • Appear as the resistance of the load on the source approaches Rs.
Real Current
Source
L
L
L
S
S
L
S
L
R
I
V
I
R
R
R
I



VL
IL
RL
• RL = 0W
W
0
V
0
min



L
L
S
L
P
V
I
I
• RL = ∞W
W
0
P
A
0
L
max



S
S
L
L
R
I
V
I

13. Sources when set to Zero
• Voltage Sources
• Current Sources
+
Vs=0 Ξ Short
- Circuit
Is Ξ Open
Circuit

32. References
• http://pongsak.ee.engr.tu.ac.th/le325/NetworkTheorem.pdf
• http://bapirajueca1.blogspot.com/2017/03/unit-6-network-theorems
-ppt.html?m=1
•
• https://www.iare.ac.in/sites/default/files/PPT/IARE_EC_PPT_1.pdf