The document discusses the classification of microorganisms according to taxonomy. It describes the taxonomic hierarchy from domain to species and explains how microorganisms are classified into three domains, multiple kingdoms, and assigned binomial nomenclature. The document also reviews different classification systems used for bacteria and archaea based on their physical and genetic characteristics.
Zoology is a fascinating subject that covers a vast range of topics. It is the study of the animal kingdom and all its wonders. Whether you're interested in animal behavior, anatomy, ecology, or evolution, zoology has something for everyone. We hope this beginner's guide has given you a glimpse into the world of zoology and inspired you to learn more about the animal kingdom.
1. The document discusses how zoology provides an essential foundation for understanding modern biological research, like genomics and parasitic diseases. It gives examples of how studying the taxonomy and biology of schistosomes and body lice has helped answer interesting evolutionary questions.
2. It then focuses on schistosomes, parasitic flatworms that cause schistosomiasis. Genomic studies have helped reveal genes involved in the parasite's complex lifecycle and ability to infect different hosts. However, drug resistance requires identifying new drug targets.
3. It also discusses how genomic analysis of the body louse determined that humans began regularly wearing clothing, by tracing the evolutionary divergence of head and body lice.
- The study examines the origin and evolution of feeding preferences within the Sesamiina stem borer subtribe in Africa using molecular, ecological, and morphological data from over 1,000 specimens and 200 species.
- Phylogenetic analyses and molecular species delimitation identified unexpected species richness and specialization levels within the subtribe, with diversification coinciding with the emergence of African savannahs.
- Ancestral state reconstruction showed high phylogenetic conservatism in host plant use, contradicting the hypothesis that specialization is an evolutionary dead end for these stem borers.
The document discusses the evolution of land plants from ancestral green algae. It describes charophycean algae as the closest living relatives of land plants based on genetic evidence. Five key traits that define land plants, such as apical meristems and alternation of generations, first evolved in these ancestral plants but are absent in charophyceans. Fossil evidence indicates that land plants first evolved around 475 million years ago.
International Conference on Fungal Evolution and Charles Darwin: From Morphology to Molecules : 9-11 July 2009 Sirindhorn Science Home, Thailand Science Park, Thailand
The document discusses different types of protists. It describes four main groups of protists: protozoa, algae, slime molds, and water molds. Within these groups it lists examples of different protist genera and describes some of their characteristics, such as their means of movement or pigments. It also provides details on Plasmodium, the protist that causes malaria, and its life cycle.
The document discusses the classification of microorganisms according to taxonomic systems. It describes the hierarchical taxonomic classification from domain to species. The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Bacteria are further classified by their phylogenetic relationships and phenotypic traits. Fungi and protozoa are also classified based on their sexual reproduction structures and life cycles. Molecular techniques now allow for more accurate phylogenetic classification of microorganisms.
The document discusses the classification of microorganisms according to taxonomy. It describes the taxonomic hierarchy from domain to species and explains how microorganisms are classified into three domains, multiple kingdoms, and assigned binomial nomenclature. The document also reviews different classification systems used for bacteria and archaea based on their physical and genetic characteristics.
Zoology is a fascinating subject that covers a vast range of topics. It is the study of the animal kingdom and all its wonders. Whether you're interested in animal behavior, anatomy, ecology, or evolution, zoology has something for everyone. We hope this beginner's guide has given you a glimpse into the world of zoology and inspired you to learn more about the animal kingdom.
1. The document discusses how zoology provides an essential foundation for understanding modern biological research, like genomics and parasitic diseases. It gives examples of how studying the taxonomy and biology of schistosomes and body lice has helped answer interesting evolutionary questions.
2. It then focuses on schistosomes, parasitic flatworms that cause schistosomiasis. Genomic studies have helped reveal genes involved in the parasite's complex lifecycle and ability to infect different hosts. However, drug resistance requires identifying new drug targets.
3. It also discusses how genomic analysis of the body louse determined that humans began regularly wearing clothing, by tracing the evolutionary divergence of head and body lice.
- The study examines the origin and evolution of feeding preferences within the Sesamiina stem borer subtribe in Africa using molecular, ecological, and morphological data from over 1,000 specimens and 200 species.
- Phylogenetic analyses and molecular species delimitation identified unexpected species richness and specialization levels within the subtribe, with diversification coinciding with the emergence of African savannahs.
- Ancestral state reconstruction showed high phylogenetic conservatism in host plant use, contradicting the hypothesis that specialization is an evolutionary dead end for these stem borers.
The document discusses the evolution of land plants from ancestral green algae. It describes charophycean algae as the closest living relatives of land plants based on genetic evidence. Five key traits that define land plants, such as apical meristems and alternation of generations, first evolved in these ancestral plants but are absent in charophyceans. Fossil evidence indicates that land plants first evolved around 475 million years ago.
International Conference on Fungal Evolution and Charles Darwin: From Morphology to Molecules : 9-11 July 2009 Sirindhorn Science Home, Thailand Science Park, Thailand
The document discusses different types of protists. It describes four main groups of protists: protozoa, algae, slime molds, and water molds. Within these groups it lists examples of different protist genera and describes some of their characteristics, such as their means of movement or pigments. It also provides details on Plasmodium, the protist that causes malaria, and its life cycle.
The document discusses the classification of microorganisms according to taxonomic systems. It describes the hierarchical taxonomic classification from domain to species. The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Bacteria are further classified by their phylogenetic relationships and phenotypic traits. Fungi and protozoa are also classified based on their sexual reproduction structures and life cycles. Molecular techniques now allow for more accurate phylogenetic classification of microorganisms.
This document discusses different types of parasitism in plants. It defines parasitism as an organism that depends on another organism for living. There are two main types of parasites - ectoparasites which live on the external surface of the host, and endoparasites which live inside the host's tissues. Parasites can also be classified as destructive if they kill the host, balanced if they do not kill the host, facultative if they can switch between parasitic and saprophytic lifestyles, or obligate inappropriate if they can be cultured artificially. A key classification of parasitism proposed by Everett Stanley Luttrell divides parasites into biotrophs, hemibiotrophs, and
This document discusses the diversity, physical characteristics, distribution, and coevolution of lice (Phthiraptera). It notes that there are over 4,000 species of chewing lice that parasitize birds and over 400 species that parasitize mammals. Lice are wingless, flattened insects that feed on feathers, fur, skin or blood. Their distribution mirrors that of their hosts worldwide. The document examines the cophylogeny, cospeciation and coevolution between lice and their hosts.
This curriculum vitae provides biographical information about Majid Mirab-balou, including his educational background, areas of research interest, publications, and professional experience. Some key details include:
- Majid Mirab-balou is an Iranian entomologist currently working as a postdoctoral researcher in China, specializing in the taxonomy of thrips.
- He holds a PhD in Agricultural Entomology from Zhejiang University in China and has published over 100 papers on thrips systematics.
- His research focuses on the morphology, systematics, and identification of thrips species, especially those found in Iran and China.
This document discusses a study that found molecular and morphological evidence suggesting that the flagellate Ancyromonas is closely related to the common ancestor of metazoans, fungi, and choanoflagellates. Analyses of 18S rRNA gene sequences from major eukaryotic lineages using maximum likelihood, minimum evolution, and maximum parsimony supported Ancyromonas forming its own lineage, called Ancyromonadida, that is more closely related to opisthokonts than its nearest protist relatives. However, low bootstrap support for deep nodes limits the ability of 18S rDNA to fully resolve this aspect of eukaryotic phylogeny.
This document provides evidence for organic evolution from several sources:
1) Fossil records from sedimentary rocks show connecting links between different species over time.
2) Homologous and analogous organs between different species indicate common ancestry.
3) Embryological studies show that animals of the same class have common early embryonic structures.
4) Connecting links are organisms that exhibit characteristics of two adjacent groups, providing transitional forms.
5) Geographic distribution patterns show that isolated populations of the same ancestral species vary over generations in different climates.
Talk by Jonathan Eisen for GSAC2000 on "Phylogenomics"Jonathan Eisen
This document discusses phylogenomics, which combines evolutionary reconstructions and genome analysis into a single composite approach. It provides examples of how phylogenomics can be used to infer functional predictions, identify gene duplications, and compare closely related genomes. The document outlines the key components of a phylogenomic analysis, including constructing gene and species trees, analyzing patterns of presence/absence and evolutionary distribution of genes, and making functional predictions based on the integrated analysis.
The document summarizes a presentation about using multi-locus phylogenetic analysis to study the relationships within the genus Phytophthora. It discusses the importance of Phytophthora species as plant pathogens, provides background on their taxonomy and relevant disease examples. It then describes the development of phylogenetic markers from genome sequences of several Phytophthora species and the analysis of sequence data from multiple loci to infer evolutionary relationships among 82 Phytophthora species.
Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers were utilized to identify the levels of heritable varieties and patterns of the populace structure among the five populaces of Pteris biaurita, a natural fern in India. A comprehensive examination was directed in three replicates at 2013-14 seasons in the Western Ghats, South India. Five wild P. biaurita, accessions (maiden hair) were assessed for genotyping studies. Results demonstrated a pivotal discrepancy among genotypes for they were characterized in view of this uniqueness in four groups by the genetic cluster examination. In this trial, ISSR primers amplified 63 polymorphic groups. In view of the genetic identity data, genotypes were figured and differed from 0.5714 to 0.6984. The percentage of polymorphism indicated predominant genotype that may be utilized for the conservation of species. ISSR appeared to be an obliging marker for prediction of genotype inside a closed group of inter specific populace in the investigation territory.
Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers were utilized to identify the levels of heritable varieties and patterns of the populace structure among the five populaces of Pteris biaurita, a natural fern in India. A comprehensive examination was directed in three replicates at 2013-14 seasons in the Western Ghats, South India. Five wild P. biaurita, accessions (maiden hair) were assessed for genotyping studies. Results demonstrated a pivotal discrepancy among genotypes for they were characterized in view of this uniqueness in four groups by the genetic cluster examination. In this trial, ISSR primers amplified 63 polymorphic groups. In view of the genetic identity data, genotypes were figured and differed from 0.5714 to 0.6984. The percentage of polymorphism indicated predominant genotype that may be utilized for the conservation of species. ISSR appeared to be an obliging marker for prediction of genotype inside a closed group of inter specific populace in the investigation territory
Microbial eukaryotes in the Movile Cave chemosynthetic ecosystemGuillaume Reboul
This document describes a study of microbial eukaryotes in the Movile Cave ecosystem using metabarcoding of the 18S rRNA gene. The researchers used Illumina sequencing of the V4-V5 regions and bioinformatic analysis to characterize the protist diversity and compare communities across three samples: floating biofilm, live biofilm, and plankton. The analysis identified 30 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) shared among all three samples, representing the core protist community of the cave. Alveolata and Stramenopiles were the most abundant superphyla. Additionally, 197 OTUs found in only one sample indicate minor divergent species depending on the environment.
Which of the following is not true about prokaryotes 1) They are th.pdfinfo309708
Which of the following is not true about prokaryotes? 1) They are the oldest organisms on
Earth. 2) They are the structurally simplest organisms. 3) They are the most abundant life forms
on Earth. 4) They contain organelles. 5) They are found in fossils that are 3.0 -3.5 billion years
old. The eye in which animal is often used as a model for the human eye? 1) snails 2) flukes 3)
slugs 4) octopus 5) starfish Which of the following organisms is not in the kingdom Protista?
1) an amoeba 2) a red algae 3) a sporozoan 4) a slime mold 5) an archaea Which one of the
following groups contains the methanogens and extreme halophiles? 1) Eubacteria 2)
Crenarchaeota 3) Protista 4) Crenaprotista 5) Euryarchaeota
Solution
Question 1
Correct Answer:
4. They contain organelles.
Explanation: Prokaryotic cells are primitive and less organised than eukaryotic cells. They lack
cellular structures called organelles that reduces the efficiency of the cell to perform certain
functions.
Question 3
Correct Answer:
4. Octopus
Explanation: Octopus is a cephalopod mollusc. It has a pair of eyes. Cephalopods being marine
predators have very well developed eyes. The eyes of Octopus and Humans are very similar
though they developed on different paths. Each has an accomodating lens, cornea, iris, fluid-
filled vitreous humor, retina, etc.
Question 6
Correct Answer:
5. an archaea
Explanation: Archaea are single celled prokaryotic microrganisms that are inetrmediate between
bacteria and eukaryotes. While protists are eukaryotic organisms that cannot be classified as
plant, animal or fungus. So, Archaea does not belong to kingdom Protista.
Question 8
Correct Answer:
5. Euryarchaeota
Explanation: Methanogens and halophiles belong to the Archaea domain. The Archaea domain is
further classified into - Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. Methanogens and halophiles belong to
the group Euryarchaeota..
The document provides an overview of a plant diversity lecture and lab activities, including:
1) A quiz, lecture on plant diversity terms, and cladistics exercise to be completed.
2) A lab practical on plant phyla to study for.
3) Background on the evolution of early land plants and their adaptations to terrestrial environments.
4) A classification of the kingdoms and phyla of plants from green algae to seed plants.
This document contains a series of slides summarizing archaeoparasitology and molecular archaeoparasitology. It defines parasitology and archaeoparasitology, discusses the history of the field and sources of evidence. It describes methods used to identify parasite remains from archaeological samples, including microscopy, antigenic assays and DNA sequencing. Finally, it outlines applications of archaeoparasitology research including insights into past human health, diet, farming, migration patterns and cultural contacts.
This document discusses the classification of microorganisms. It describes how Carl Linnaeus originated the formal system of taxonomy, which organizes and names living things in a hierarchical system of domains, kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera and species. The three domains are Eubacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. Fungal classification is based on sexual reproduction structures like zygospores, ascospores and basidiospores. Protozoan classification groups them by motility and reproduction methods.
This document discusses the classification and nomenclature of human parasites. It begins by explaining that parasites are scientifically classified using binomial nomenclature with their genus and species. Parasites are further classified into taxonomic groups like phylum, class, order, family and genus based on their life cycles and morphological characteristics.
The document then provides examples of how major groups of human parasites are classified, including protozoa (amebae, flagellates, ciliates), fungi, platyhelminthes (cestodes, trematodes), nematodes, acanthocephala, and arthropods. It notes that classifying parasites can be difficult due to lack of specimens, morphological variations, and differences
Palynology is the study of spores and pollen, whether living or fossil. It has been used to study plant evolution and identify plant species. There are many subfields of palynology including paleopalynology, which uses fossil spores and pollen to reconstruct past environments. Pollen and spores are prepared for analysis using various chemical treatments to remove cellular contents while preserving morphology. This allows identification of plant taxa from pollen morphology.
Palynology is the study of spores and pollen, whether living or fossil. It has been used to study plant evolution and identify plant species. There are many subfields of palynology including paleopalynology, which uses fossil spores and pollen to reconstruct past environments. Pollen and spores are prepared for analysis using various chemical treatments to remove cellular contents while preserving morphology. This allows detailed study of size, shape, and ornamentation for identification and classification.
The need for a phylogeny driven genomic encyclopedia of eukaryotes #SMBEEuksJonathan Eisen
This document discusses the need for a phylogeny-driven genomic encyclopedia of eukaryotes. It notes that current sources of information on sequenced eukaryotic genomes, such as Wikipedia and GOLD, are disorganized and lack phylogenetic context. The document then analyzes genomic data from the poorly studied protist Collodictyon using 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA sequencing and phylogenomic trees inferred from 124 genes. The analysis finds that Collodictyon is closely related to Diphylleia and occupies a very early divergence in the eukaryote tree of life, either alone or as the sister group to Malawimonas. This suggests Collodictyon represents an important new lineage for
The document provides an overview of plant evolution and diversity. It begins with the earliest aquatic algae and charophytes, transitions to the first land plants like Cooksonia, and traces the major lineages including bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns, gymnosperms like cycads and conifers, and finally flowering plants. Key adaptations that facilitated the colonization of land are discussed. Various terms related to plant reproduction and life cycles are also defined.
From baleen to cleft palate: an ontological exploration of evolution and dis...mhaendel
The document discusses efforts to integrate anatomical and phenotypic ontologies across species. It describes how Uberon was created to bridge model organism anatomies and now includes over 11,000 classes covering metazoan anatomy. Tools like Exomiser and Phenotree leverage integrated phenotype data from human and model organisms to aid in diagnosing undiagnosed patients or predicting gene function based on phenotypic similarity. The goal is to develop a cross-species semantic framework like Uberpheno to represent phenotypes in a way that facilitates discovery of genotype-phenotype relationships across evolutionary diversity.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This document discusses different types of parasitism in plants. It defines parasitism as an organism that depends on another organism for living. There are two main types of parasites - ectoparasites which live on the external surface of the host, and endoparasites which live inside the host's tissues. Parasites can also be classified as destructive if they kill the host, balanced if they do not kill the host, facultative if they can switch between parasitic and saprophytic lifestyles, or obligate inappropriate if they can be cultured artificially. A key classification of parasitism proposed by Everett Stanley Luttrell divides parasites into biotrophs, hemibiotrophs, and
This document discusses the diversity, physical characteristics, distribution, and coevolution of lice (Phthiraptera). It notes that there are over 4,000 species of chewing lice that parasitize birds and over 400 species that parasitize mammals. Lice are wingless, flattened insects that feed on feathers, fur, skin or blood. Their distribution mirrors that of their hosts worldwide. The document examines the cophylogeny, cospeciation and coevolution between lice and their hosts.
This curriculum vitae provides biographical information about Majid Mirab-balou, including his educational background, areas of research interest, publications, and professional experience. Some key details include:
- Majid Mirab-balou is an Iranian entomologist currently working as a postdoctoral researcher in China, specializing in the taxonomy of thrips.
- He holds a PhD in Agricultural Entomology from Zhejiang University in China and has published over 100 papers on thrips systematics.
- His research focuses on the morphology, systematics, and identification of thrips species, especially those found in Iran and China.
This document discusses a study that found molecular and morphological evidence suggesting that the flagellate Ancyromonas is closely related to the common ancestor of metazoans, fungi, and choanoflagellates. Analyses of 18S rRNA gene sequences from major eukaryotic lineages using maximum likelihood, minimum evolution, and maximum parsimony supported Ancyromonas forming its own lineage, called Ancyromonadida, that is more closely related to opisthokonts than its nearest protist relatives. However, low bootstrap support for deep nodes limits the ability of 18S rDNA to fully resolve this aspect of eukaryotic phylogeny.
This document provides evidence for organic evolution from several sources:
1) Fossil records from sedimentary rocks show connecting links between different species over time.
2) Homologous and analogous organs between different species indicate common ancestry.
3) Embryological studies show that animals of the same class have common early embryonic structures.
4) Connecting links are organisms that exhibit characteristics of two adjacent groups, providing transitional forms.
5) Geographic distribution patterns show that isolated populations of the same ancestral species vary over generations in different climates.
Talk by Jonathan Eisen for GSAC2000 on "Phylogenomics"Jonathan Eisen
This document discusses phylogenomics, which combines evolutionary reconstructions and genome analysis into a single composite approach. It provides examples of how phylogenomics can be used to infer functional predictions, identify gene duplications, and compare closely related genomes. The document outlines the key components of a phylogenomic analysis, including constructing gene and species trees, analyzing patterns of presence/absence and evolutionary distribution of genes, and making functional predictions based on the integrated analysis.
The document summarizes a presentation about using multi-locus phylogenetic analysis to study the relationships within the genus Phytophthora. It discusses the importance of Phytophthora species as plant pathogens, provides background on their taxonomy and relevant disease examples. It then describes the development of phylogenetic markers from genome sequences of several Phytophthora species and the analysis of sequence data from multiple loci to infer evolutionary relationships among 82 Phytophthora species.
Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers were utilized to identify the levels of heritable varieties and patterns of the populace structure among the five populaces of Pteris biaurita, a natural fern in India. A comprehensive examination was directed in three replicates at 2013-14 seasons in the Western Ghats, South India. Five wild P. biaurita, accessions (maiden hair) were assessed for genotyping studies. Results demonstrated a pivotal discrepancy among genotypes for they were characterized in view of this uniqueness in four groups by the genetic cluster examination. In this trial, ISSR primers amplified 63 polymorphic groups. In view of the genetic identity data, genotypes were figured and differed from 0.5714 to 0.6984. The percentage of polymorphism indicated predominant genotype that may be utilized for the conservation of species. ISSR appeared to be an obliging marker for prediction of genotype inside a closed group of inter specific populace in the investigation territory.
Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers were utilized to identify the levels of heritable varieties and patterns of the populace structure among the five populaces of Pteris biaurita, a natural fern in India. A comprehensive examination was directed in three replicates at 2013-14 seasons in the Western Ghats, South India. Five wild P. biaurita, accessions (maiden hair) were assessed for genotyping studies. Results demonstrated a pivotal discrepancy among genotypes for they were characterized in view of this uniqueness in four groups by the genetic cluster examination. In this trial, ISSR primers amplified 63 polymorphic groups. In view of the genetic identity data, genotypes were figured and differed from 0.5714 to 0.6984. The percentage of polymorphism indicated predominant genotype that may be utilized for the conservation of species. ISSR appeared to be an obliging marker for prediction of genotype inside a closed group of inter specific populace in the investigation territory
Microbial eukaryotes in the Movile Cave chemosynthetic ecosystemGuillaume Reboul
This document describes a study of microbial eukaryotes in the Movile Cave ecosystem using metabarcoding of the 18S rRNA gene. The researchers used Illumina sequencing of the V4-V5 regions and bioinformatic analysis to characterize the protist diversity and compare communities across three samples: floating biofilm, live biofilm, and plankton. The analysis identified 30 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) shared among all three samples, representing the core protist community of the cave. Alveolata and Stramenopiles were the most abundant superphyla. Additionally, 197 OTUs found in only one sample indicate minor divergent species depending on the environment.
Which of the following is not true about prokaryotes 1) They are th.pdfinfo309708
Which of the following is not true about prokaryotes? 1) They are the oldest organisms on
Earth. 2) They are the structurally simplest organisms. 3) They are the most abundant life forms
on Earth. 4) They contain organelles. 5) They are found in fossils that are 3.0 -3.5 billion years
old. The eye in which animal is often used as a model for the human eye? 1) snails 2) flukes 3)
slugs 4) octopus 5) starfish Which of the following organisms is not in the kingdom Protista?
1) an amoeba 2) a red algae 3) a sporozoan 4) a slime mold 5) an archaea Which one of the
following groups contains the methanogens and extreme halophiles? 1) Eubacteria 2)
Crenarchaeota 3) Protista 4) Crenaprotista 5) Euryarchaeota
Solution
Question 1
Correct Answer:
4. They contain organelles.
Explanation: Prokaryotic cells are primitive and less organised than eukaryotic cells. They lack
cellular structures called organelles that reduces the efficiency of the cell to perform certain
functions.
Question 3
Correct Answer:
4. Octopus
Explanation: Octopus is a cephalopod mollusc. It has a pair of eyes. Cephalopods being marine
predators have very well developed eyes. The eyes of Octopus and Humans are very similar
though they developed on different paths. Each has an accomodating lens, cornea, iris, fluid-
filled vitreous humor, retina, etc.
Question 6
Correct Answer:
5. an archaea
Explanation: Archaea are single celled prokaryotic microrganisms that are inetrmediate between
bacteria and eukaryotes. While protists are eukaryotic organisms that cannot be classified as
plant, animal or fungus. So, Archaea does not belong to kingdom Protista.
Question 8
Correct Answer:
5. Euryarchaeota
Explanation: Methanogens and halophiles belong to the Archaea domain. The Archaea domain is
further classified into - Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. Methanogens and halophiles belong to
the group Euryarchaeota..
The document provides an overview of a plant diversity lecture and lab activities, including:
1) A quiz, lecture on plant diversity terms, and cladistics exercise to be completed.
2) A lab practical on plant phyla to study for.
3) Background on the evolution of early land plants and their adaptations to terrestrial environments.
4) A classification of the kingdoms and phyla of plants from green algae to seed plants.
This document contains a series of slides summarizing archaeoparasitology and molecular archaeoparasitology. It defines parasitology and archaeoparasitology, discusses the history of the field and sources of evidence. It describes methods used to identify parasite remains from archaeological samples, including microscopy, antigenic assays and DNA sequencing. Finally, it outlines applications of archaeoparasitology research including insights into past human health, diet, farming, migration patterns and cultural contacts.
This document discusses the classification of microorganisms. It describes how Carl Linnaeus originated the formal system of taxonomy, which organizes and names living things in a hierarchical system of domains, kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera and species. The three domains are Eubacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. Fungal classification is based on sexual reproduction structures like zygospores, ascospores and basidiospores. Protozoan classification groups them by motility and reproduction methods.
This document discusses the classification and nomenclature of human parasites. It begins by explaining that parasites are scientifically classified using binomial nomenclature with their genus and species. Parasites are further classified into taxonomic groups like phylum, class, order, family and genus based on their life cycles and morphological characteristics.
The document then provides examples of how major groups of human parasites are classified, including protozoa (amebae, flagellates, ciliates), fungi, platyhelminthes (cestodes, trematodes), nematodes, acanthocephala, and arthropods. It notes that classifying parasites can be difficult due to lack of specimens, morphological variations, and differences
Palynology is the study of spores and pollen, whether living or fossil. It has been used to study plant evolution and identify plant species. There are many subfields of palynology including paleopalynology, which uses fossil spores and pollen to reconstruct past environments. Pollen and spores are prepared for analysis using various chemical treatments to remove cellular contents while preserving morphology. This allows identification of plant taxa from pollen morphology.
Palynology is the study of spores and pollen, whether living or fossil. It has been used to study plant evolution and identify plant species. There are many subfields of palynology including paleopalynology, which uses fossil spores and pollen to reconstruct past environments. Pollen and spores are prepared for analysis using various chemical treatments to remove cellular contents while preserving morphology. This allows detailed study of size, shape, and ornamentation for identification and classification.
The need for a phylogeny driven genomic encyclopedia of eukaryotes #SMBEEuksJonathan Eisen
This document discusses the need for a phylogeny-driven genomic encyclopedia of eukaryotes. It notes that current sources of information on sequenced eukaryotic genomes, such as Wikipedia and GOLD, are disorganized and lack phylogenetic context. The document then analyzes genomic data from the poorly studied protist Collodictyon using 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA sequencing and phylogenomic trees inferred from 124 genes. The analysis finds that Collodictyon is closely related to Diphylleia and occupies a very early divergence in the eukaryote tree of life, either alone or as the sister group to Malawimonas. This suggests Collodictyon represents an important new lineage for
The document provides an overview of plant evolution and diversity. It begins with the earliest aquatic algae and charophytes, transitions to the first land plants like Cooksonia, and traces the major lineages including bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns, gymnosperms like cycads and conifers, and finally flowering plants. Key adaptations that facilitated the colonization of land are discussed. Various terms related to plant reproduction and life cycles are also defined.
From baleen to cleft palate: an ontological exploration of evolution and dis...mhaendel
The document discusses efforts to integrate anatomical and phenotypic ontologies across species. It describes how Uberon was created to bridge model organism anatomies and now includes over 11,000 classes covering metazoan anatomy. Tools like Exomiser and Phenotree leverage integrated phenotype data from human and model organisms to aid in diagnosing undiagnosed patients or predicting gene function based on phenotypic similarity. The goal is to develop a cross-species semantic framework like Uberpheno to represent phenotypes in a way that facilitates discovery of genotype-phenotype relationships across evolutionary diversity.
Similar to Eichler System of Classification.pptx (20)
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
1. Eichler System of Classification
Dr. Farzin M. Parabia
Assistant Professor
Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Intigrated Study and
Research in Biotechnology and Allied Sciences