EIA FINAL

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
Proposed Development-
Kuratau
An Environmental Impact Assessment (Screening and Scoping)
RED CAP CONSULTANCY
A report to fulfil the requirements of Assignment Two for 188.763 (Advanced
Environmental Management)
Attn: John Holland & Bob Stewart

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
Executive Summary
Using the information and resources provided by the client, Red Cap Consultancy has assessed the
proposed development of a subdivision and a marina located alongside the Kuratau River in the
township of Kuratau. It is the view of Red Cap Consultancy that a full environmental impact
assessment should be carried out.
The proposed development faces a number of challenges in gaining resource consents, including,
but not limited to, development in a significant natural area, liquefaction issues and sediment levels
in the Kuratau River and its mouth. It also faces challenges from various stakeholders, a number of
whom have been vocal on other proposed developments in the Kuratau Township.
Red Cap Consultancy has been limited in the assessment of the impacts of this proposal due to
external resource constraints. While the requirements and depth prescribed by the screening and
scoping elements of an environmental impact assessment has been performed, this has not been
exhaustive.
There are a range of alternative developments that could occur if this proposal proves unviable for
economic, ecological, or other reasons. These include an alternative to the marina; for example a
boat ramp, a smaller subdivision area, lower subdivision density, or an alternative subdivision site.
We recommend that a full environmental impact assessment also investigates the alternative
development options if the current proposal fails to gain approval.
For these reasons we believe the potential impacts of this proposal are significant and more
information and data collection is required to fully understand and mitigate these. Therefore a full
environmental impact assessment needs to be carried out for the development as proposed.

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
Table of Contents
Executive Summary.................................................................................................................................2
Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................................9
Consultants ...........................................................................................................................................10
Table of Figures.....................................................................................................................................12
Table of Tables......................................................................................................................................14
1.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................15
1.1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................................15
1.2 EIA Assumptions and Limitations................................................................................................16
1.3 Proposed Changes of Development............................................................................................17
1.4 Summary of Potential Development Impacts.............................................................................19
2.0 Background .....................................................................................................................................24
2.1 Kuratau........................................................................................................................................24
2.1.1 Overall Description of Kuratau and Community Profile ......................................................24
2.1.2 Proposed Development Area...............................................................................................25
2.2 Description of Biophysical Location............................................................................................30
2.2.1 Climate.................................................................................................................................30
2.2.2 Kuratau River........................................................................................................................30
2.2.3 Lake Kuratau and Hydroelectricity Generation ...................................................................31
2.2.4 Land and Soils.......................................................................................................................32
2.2.4.1 Elevation .......................................................................................................................32
2.2.4.2 Soils ...............................................................................................................................32
2.2.4.3 Geology .........................................................................................................................32
2.2.5 Flora and Fauna....................................................................................................................33
2.2.6 Erosion in the Kuratau River Catchment and Sedimentation in Lake Taupō.......................34
2.3 Ecological and Natural Significance ............................................................................................35
3.0 Institutions and Policy.....................................................................................................................37
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................37
3.2 Central Government - National Policy ........................................................................................38
3.2.1 Need for Resource Consent .................................................................................................38
3.2.2 Subdivision .........................................................................................................................39
3.2.3 Potential Conditions for Subdivisions ..............................................................................40
3.2.3.1 Conditions Due to Ground Type.................................................................................40

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3.2.3.2 Condition to Create Esplanade...................................................................................40
3.2.3.4 Condition to Provide Future Measurements................................................................41
3.3 Central Government - National Environmental Standards.........................................................42
3.3.1 Discharges of Foul Water and Solid Waste..........................................................................42
3.3.2 Air Quality ............................................................................................................................42
3.3.3 Soil Contamination...............................................................................................................43
3.3.4 Utility Networks ...................................................................................................................44
3.3.4.1 Power Supplies..............................................................................................................44
3.3.4.2 Water Supplies..............................................................................................................44
3.4 Waikato Regional Council ...............................................................................................................45
3.4.1 Protecting Lake Taupō Strategies ........................................................................................45
3.4.2 Lake Taupō Catchment Policy..............................................................................................46
3.4.2.1 Tangata Whenua Values and Interests.........................................................................46
3.4.2.2 Identification of Lake Taupō as an Outstanding Water Body in the Waikato Region ..46
3.4.2.3 Phosphorus and Water Quality.....................................................................................47
3.4.3 Approaches to Resource Management Policy- (Land and Soil)...........................................47
3.4.4 Approaches to Resource Management Policy- (Water Management)................................48
3.4.4.1 Management of Water Resources................................................................................48
3.4.4.2 Water takes...................................................................................................................48
3.4.4.3 Discharges.....................................................................................................................49
3.4.4.4 Wetlands.......................................................................................................................49
3.4.4.5 Non Point Source Discharges........................................................................................49
3.4.5 Waikato Regional Council's Consents..................................................................................49
3.4.5.1 Land Use Consents........................................................................................................49
3.4.5.2 Water consents.............................................................................................................50
3.5 Taupō District Council.................................................................................................................51
3.5.1 Taupō District Plan...............................................................................................................52
3.5.2 Taupō District Plan: Objectives and Policies........................................................................52
3.5.2.1 Residential Development..............................................................................................52
3.5.2.2 Supporting Infrastructure .............................................................................................53
3.5.2.3 Suitability of New Residential Environment .................................................................54
3.5.2.4 Land Development........................................................................................................55
3.5.2.5 Landscape Value ...........................................................................................................56

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3.5.2.6 Natural Values...............................................................................................................57
3.5.2.7 Activities on the Surface of Water................................................................................57
3.5.3 Taupō District Plan: Rules and Standards ............................................................................58
3.5.4 Growth Management Strategy (TD2050) ............................................................................58
3.5.4.1 Policies ..........................................................................................................................58
3.5.4.2 Relevant Areas of Document ........................................................................................59
3.5.5 Southern Settlements Structure Plan ..................................................................................59
3.5.6 District Policies.....................................................................................................................60
3.5.6.1 Code of Practice for Development of Land...................................................................60
3.5.6.2 Development Contribution Policy.................................................................................62
3.5.6.3 Tree and Vegetation Policy...........................................................................................62
3.5.7 Specific Subdivision Applications and Consents ..................................................................63
3.6 Stakeholders ...............................................................................................................................63
3.6.1 Department of Conservation (DOC).....................................................................................63
3.6.2 Waikato Regional Council ....................................................................................................64
3.6.3 Taupō District Council..........................................................................................................64
3.6.4 Fish and Game......................................................................................................................64
3.6.5 Iwi.........................................................................................................................................65
3.6.6 King Country Energy Limited................................................................................................65
3.6.7 Existing Landowners ............................................................................................................65
3.7 Leopold Matrix............................................................................................................................67
3.8 Assumptions and Limitations......................................................................................................70
3.9 Summary.....................................................................................................................................71
4.0 Aquatic and Foreshore Ecology ......................................................................................................73
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................73
4.2 Background (Aquatic)..................................................................................................................76
4.2.1 Conditions ............................................................................................................................76
4.2.2 Aquatic Vegetation ..............................................................................................................77
4.2.3 Invertebrates........................................................................................................................78
4.2.4 Fisheries ...............................................................................................................................79
4.2.5 Native Fish Species...............................................................................................................80
4.3 Assessment of impacts................................................................................................................81
4.3.1 Physical Conditions ..............................................................................................................81

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4.3.2 Aquatic Vegetation ..............................................................................................................81
4.3.3 Invertebrates........................................................................................................................82
4.3.4 Fisheries ...............................................................................................................................83
4.3.5 Native fish species................................................................................................................86
4.3.6 Leopold Matrix (Part1: Aquatic Ecology) .............................................................................88
4.4 Background (terrestrial)..............................................................................................................91
4.4.1 Vegetation............................................................................................................................91
4.4.2 Invertebrates........................................................................................................................92
4.4.3 Bird Species..........................................................................................................................94
4.4.4 Other Significant Species .....................................................................................................95
4.5 Assessment of impacts................................................................................................................96
4.5.1 Vegetation............................................................................................................................96
4.5.2 Invertebrates........................................................................................................................96
4.5.3 Birds .....................................................................................................................................97
4.5.4 Other Significant Species .....................................................................................................98
4.5.5 Leopold Matrix (Part 2: Terrestrial) .....................................................................................99
4.6 Mitigation..................................................................................................................................102
4.6.1 Continued Monitoring and Improvement of Current Studies ...........................................102
4.6.2 Replacement of Vegetation and Creation of Corridors Between Remnant Patches.........103
4.6.3 Wetland Development.......................................................................................................103
4.6.4 Native Bat Roosting Areas..................................................................................................104
4.6.5 Ongoing pest control..........................................................................................................104
4.6.6 Regulation of dredging times.............................................................................................104
4.6.7 Boat number and activity regulations................................................................................104
4.7 Assumptions and Limitations....................................................................................................106
4.8 Summary...................................................................................................................................108
5.0 Infrastructure................................................................................................................................109
5.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................109
5.2 Existing Infrastructure...............................................................................................................110
5.2.1 Road Networks...................................................................................................................110
5.2.2 Telecommunications. Electricity and Stormwater Drainage .............................................112
5.2.3 Waste Management ..........................................................................................................115
5.2.4 Residential, Commercial and Recreational Infrastructure.................................................116

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5.2.5 Marine Infrastructure and Dredging Schemes...................................................................118
5.2.6 Soil Profiles.........................................................................................................................120
5.3 Proposed Development ............................................................................................................125
5.4 Marina Proposal........................................................................................................................132
5.5 Impacts......................................................................................................................................134
5.5.1 Road Networks...................................................................................................................134
5.5.2 Stormwater Drainage.........................................................................................................134
5.5.3 Telecommunication and Electrical Systems.......................................................................135
5.5.4 Dredging Schemes (removal of substratum) .....................................................................135
5.5.6 Marine Infrastructure ........................................................................................................136
5.6 Mitigation..................................................................................................................................138
5.6.1 Road Networks...................................................................................................................138
5.6.2 Stormwater Drainage.........................................................................................................138
5.6.3 Telecommunication and Electricity Systems .....................................................................139
5.6.4 Dredging Schemes (removal of substratum) .....................................................................139
5.6.6 Marine Infrastructure ........................................................................................................140
5.7 Leopold Matrix..........................................................................................................................142
5.8 Assumptions and Limitations....................................................................................................147
5.8.1 Assumptions.......................................................................................................................147
5.8.2 Limitations..........................................................................................................................147
5.9 Summary...................................................................................................................................149
6.0 Longitudinal Study ....................................................................................................................150
6.1 Construction Phase...................................................................................................................150
6.2 Operational Phase.....................................................................................................................151
6.3 Proposed 10 years Monitoring Programme..............................................................................152
6.3.1 Water Quality.....................................................................................................................152
6.3.2 Native Species of Fauna and Flora.....................................................................................152
6.3.3 Sediment Load ...................................................................................................................153
6.3.4 Wetland..............................................................................................................................155

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6.3.5 Wastewater........................................................................................................................156
6.3.6 Health and Safety...............................................................................................................156
7.0 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................157
References ..........................................................................................................................................159
Appendices..........................................................................................................................................165
Appendix 1: Proposed Southern Structure Plan- Kuratau Growth Area.........................................165
Appendix 2: Geology Map...............................................................................................................166
Appendix 3: Taupō District Plan Criteria for Significant Natural Area Identification in the Taupō
District 19 November 2010............................................................................................................167
Appendix 4: Application form for resource consent.......................................................................169
Appendix 5: Application Form for a Notice to Environment Court of appeal or inquiry on decision
or recommendation on application concerning restricted coastal activity, resource consent, water
permit, certificate of compliance, or esplanade strip.....................................................................172
Appendix 6: Example of Resource Consent Submission Form........................................................175
Appendix 7: Code of Compliance Certificate ..................................................................................177
Appendix 8: Building Consent Application......................................................................................179
Appendix 9: Aquatic Conditions and Invertebrate Communities...................................................182
Appendix 10: Bird Survey................................................................................................................184
Appendix 11: List of Plant Species Identified Within Potential Subdivision Area...........................185
Appendix 12: Pitfall and Intercept Traps ........................................................................................186
Appendix 13: Raw and Processed Data from Sonar Profiles of the Lake Taupō Lakebed..............187

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
Acknowledgements
We would like to the following for their invaluable support and assistance in this project, without
them this project would not have been possible.
 Kevin Judd from Kevin O’Connor and Associates, for his assistance in the understanding of and
design of the subdivision and its requirements,
 Jerraldine Teng,
 Private Landowners,
 John Holland,
 Bob Stewart,
 Dr. Michel Dedual, fisheries scientist from Department of Conservation,
 Scott Devonport, Team Leader Development Liaison from the Taupō District Council.

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
Consultants
This environmental impact assessment has been carried out by Red Cap Consultancy. A group of ten
post-graduate students at Massey University working to complete a paper in advanced
environmental management, under the guidance of Associate Professor John Holland.
The group of consultants comprises of:
Carla Muller- (Bachelor of Applied Economics (Massey Scholar), currently under taking a Bachelor of
Environmental Management (Honours)). Grew up in Tauranga. 20 years old and interested in natural
resource and environmental economics and policy, honours research based on economic value of
recreational fishing in the Far North.
Alana Bensemann- (Bachelor of Science in zoology, phyiology (majors) and ecology (minor).
Currently undertaking a Bachelor of Environmental Management (Honours)). Born in New Plymouth,
mostly grew up in Nelson. 22 years old and interested in native species conservation.
Jordan Ellmers- (Bachelor of Science in Geography and Environmental Science. Currently undertaking
a Bachelor of Environmental Management (Honours)). From the Hawkes Bay, 22 years old and
basing research on the rehabilitation of mine sites.
Brodie Rowse- (Bachelor of Science in Geography (major) and Environmental Science (minor) in
currently undertaking a Post Graduate Diploma in Environmental Management). From Hawera,
Taranaki. Research focus on nutrient budgets and losses on a river-estuarine system in Northland.
Sevasti (Sevi) Hartley- (Bachelor of Science in Geography (major) currently under taking a
Postgraduate Diploma in Geography). 21 years old, from Taranaki. Interested in physical geography
and environmental conservation and restoration.
Daniel Ryland- (Bachelor of Applied Economics (Massey Scholar), Postgraduate Diploma of Business
and Administration (Economics), Diploma of Science and Technology (mathematics and human
geography), Graduate Diploma of Science (mathematics and human geography. Currently
undertaking a Postgraduate Diploma of Arts (Geography)). Finished a study on homelessness and
housing insecurity in Palmerston North. 27 years old, grew up in Whanganui, interested in recycling,
corruption, religious incentive structures and transitional economies.
Nick Stewart- (Bachelor of Environmental Science in Geography (minor). Currently completing a
Postgraduate Diploma in Environmental Management). Born in Whakatane but grew up in Raumati
Beach on the Kapiti Coast. 21 years old and interested in environmental management, soil and water
pollution and land reclamation.
Obakeng Modongo- (Bachelor of Science in Soil and Water Conservation Engineering and higher
Diploma in Agricultural Engineering. Currently undertaking a Masters in Environmental
Management). 29 years old, from a beautiful country in Southern Africa (Botswana), A nice
destination for tourists and investors in mining industry.

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
Zachary (Zac) Milner- (Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science and Geography (majors).
Currently under taking a Bachelor of Environmental Management (Honours)). 21 years old, from
New Plymouth. Honours research looks at the management of New Zealand Falcon in commercial
pine plantations.
Hatthaphone (Ting) Sisouvong- (Bachelor of Environmental Management and Diploma of
Information Technology Management. Currently, under taking a Masters of Environmental
Management (New Zealand Asian Scholarship Student)). 26 years old from Vientiane Capital, Laos.
Worked for two years in Laos Institute for Renewable Energy as a Project Assistant and UNDP-DoF
for Rio Conventions Implementation Project as a Project Manager Assistant for one year. Interested
in environmental management, environmental technologies, environmental policy, renewable
energy, and natural resource management.
Source: (Stewart, B. 2013).
The Red Cap Consultancy: Front row from left: Ting, Zac, Brody, Carla, Alana, Sevi. Back row from
left: John, Daniel, Jordan, Nick, Obakeng.

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
Table of Figures
Figure 1: Area for Proposed Development...........................................................................................15
Figure 2: Proposed Development .........................................................................................................18
Figure 3: Land Titles in Proposed Development Area...........................................................................25
Figure 4: Comparison of Proposed Development areas in Kuratau .....................................................28
Figure 5: Kuratau District Plan ..............................................................................................................36
Figure 6: Taupō Airshed .......................................................................................................................43
Figure 7: Map showing TDC border ......................................................................................................51
Figure 8: South Facing on Huriwaka Street Showing Vegetated Roadside..........................................54
Figure 9: Map Showing Natural and Landscape Significance of Development Site .............................56
Figure 10: Locations of Invertebrate Trap sites and Stream Sampling Sites ........................................74
Figure 11: Location of Bird Observation Sites.......................................................................................75
Figure 12: View of Four River Sampling Sites........................................................................................77
Figure 13: Trout Habitat Suitability for Food Production .....................................................................85
Figure 14: Depth, Velocity and Substrate Size Preferences of the Common Bully...............................87
Figure 15: Near River Bank Vegetation Which Includes Numerous Species of Native Tree and Shrub.
..............................................................................................................................................................91
Figure 16: Wetland Vegetation Which Includes Numerous Flax, Grass And Some Native Tree Species.
..............................................................................................................................................................92
Figure 17: Intercept Trap Located Near River Bank..............................................................................93
Figure 18: Pitfall Trap Located Near River Bank ...................................................................................94
Figure 19: Map of Road Access to the Settlement of Kuratau ...........................................................111
Figure 20: Map of State Highway 41 on the South-Western Side of Lake Taupō...............................111
Figure 21: Photo of One of the Cul-de-sacs in a new Subdivision, Kuratau........................................112
Figure 22: Transmission Lines and Telecommunication Wire in Kuratau (230Volts per line)............113
Figure 23: Map Showing Services Around the Proposed Development Site......................................114
Figure 24: Stormwater Outfall at the End of Huriwaka Street ...........................................................115
Figure 25: Omori Wastewater Treatment Plant .................................................................................116
Figure 26: Recreational Structures in the Whiowhio Reserve............................................................117
Figure 27: Man-made Wetland in the Whiowhio Reserve .................................................................118
Figure 28: Kuratau Boat Ramp............................................................................................................119
Figure 29: Sedimentation in Lake Taupō from Kuratau River............................................................119
Figure 30: Locations of the Four Soil Profile Sites...............................................................................120
Figure 31: Site One Soil Profile............................................................................................................121
Figure 32: Site Two Soil Profile ...........................................................................................................122
Figure 33: Site Three Soil Profile.........................................................................................................123
Figure 34: Site Four Soil Profile...........................................................................................................124
Figure 35: Proposed Development Plan .............................................................................................125
Figure 36: Proposed Development Plan II ..........................................................................................126
Figure 37: The Operating Datum Range for Lake Taupō and Flood Range.........................................128
Figure 38: Proposed Location of Riprap..............................................................................................129
Figure 39: Proposed Marina Design (Not to Scale).............................................................................133
Figure 40: Bathymetry Profile of Lake Taupō .....................................................................................154

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
Figure 41: Sonar Profile Headings.......................................................................................................155

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
Table of Tables
Table 1: Combined Leopold Matrix for Modification of Regime and Land Transformation and
Construction..........................................................................................................................................19
Table 2: Combined Leopold Matrix For Resource Extraction, Land Alteration, And Resource Renewal.
..............................................................................................................................................................21
Table 3: Combined Leopold Matrix For Changes In Traffic, Waste Emplacement And Treatment, and
Accidents...............................................................................................................................................23
Table 4: Land Title Details.....................................................................................................................26
Table 5: Kuratau Climate Data..............................................................................................................30
Table 6: Summary of flow statistics for the Kuratau River at mouth (m3
/s) November 1978-July 2010.
..............................................................................................................................................................31
Table 7: Institutional Leopold Matrix for Modification of Regime and Land Transformation. ............68
Table 8: Institutional Leopold Matrix for Resource Extraction, Land Alteration, Resource Renewal,
and Waste Emplacement......................................................................................................................69
Table 9: Aquatic Ecological Leopold Matrix for Modification of Regime, Land Transformation and
Resource Extraction..............................................................................................................................89
Table 10: Aquatic Ecological Leopold Matrix for Processing, Land Alteration, Resource Renewal,
Changes in Traffic, Waste Emplacement and Treatments, and Chemical Treatment..........................90
Table 11: Terrestrial Ecological Leopold Matrix for Modification of Regime, Land Transformation, and
Resource Extraction............................................................................................................................100
Table 12: Terrestrial Ecological Leopold Matrix for Land Alteration, Resource Renewal, Changes in
Traffic, Waste Emplacement and Treatment, Chemical Treatment, and Accidents. .........................101
Table 13: Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Fish Survey Protocol Methods........................102
Table 14: Estimated Table of Costs.....................................................................................................131
Table 15: Infrastructure Leopold Matrix for Modification of Regime and Land Transformation and
Construction........................................................................................................................................143
Table 16: Infrastructure Leopold Matrix for Land Alteration, Changes in Traffic, Waste Emplacement
and Treatment, Chemical Treatment and Accidents..........................................................................145

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
1.0 Introduction
1.1. Introduction
A consortium of investors are considering developing a new subdivision, including a marina that can
accommodate a small number of large, high-value boats as well as typical lake boats. This
development is proposed at Kuratau, in the area identified on the adjoining map, the marina needs
to be between the red circles, with the area contained in the white border proposed for
development.
Figure 1: Area for Proposed Development
Source: Google Earth, 2013.
This report contains the screening and scoping elements of an environmental impact assessment
(EIA). An EIA is “an assessment of the impact of a planned activity on the environment” (UNECE, as
cited in Glasson, Therivel & Chadwick, 2005). Screening is the process of deciding, at the planning
stage, which of the developments proposed need further environmental consideration (Hanna,
2005). Screening can be partially determined by regulations in the host country. Scoping is the
process that follows a screening exercise and involves the EIA being focused on significant issues and
reasonable alternatives (Clarke & Harvey, 2012). Scoping is an ongoing process throughout the EIA.
The main outcome from a screening exercise of proposed developments is to determine if an EIA
needs to be carried out. The Environmental Impact Assessment and Evaluation: a Training Workshop
(1988) detail that the conclusion of a scoping exercise will therefore be one of the following:

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
 environmental impacts are considered minimal and the project can go ahead without
further EIA;
 further preliminary assessment is needed as screening was inconclusive, or some impacts
have been identified;
 a detailed EIA is required as significant impacts are identified or preliminary assessment is
not sufficient.
Scoping helps to coordinate the environmental management of a project and promotes
communication among stakeholders (Carroll & Turpin, 2009). Glasson, et. al. (2005) describes
scoping as normally including the following:
 background information;
 information on key stakeholders and potential involvement with them;
 identification of important impacts, mitigation where necessary, alternatives where
appropriate and where further study is required.
Red Cap Consultancy will carry out the screening and scoping parts of an EIA for this proposed
development. In particular we will assess the potential impacts and interaction of this proposed
development on ecology, infrastructure and policy, with the aim of determining if a full EIA needs to
be carried out.
1.2 EIA Assumptions and Limitations
General assumptions of this EIA revolved around the understanding that we, as consultants would
be able to carry out the planned field tests when we were at the site.
General limitations of this EIA include:
 The hypothetical nature of the study, which constrains consultants to a desk top study with no
consultation of some of the key stakeholders, in particular Kuratau residents.
 The time constraints of this EIA limits consultants as we are unable to interact with all
stakeholders. This is particularly relevant as Kuratau has a large portion of holiday homes and
residents who are absent during this study period.
 Financial constraints limit Red Cap Consultancy from possessing all the gear required as well as
limiting the depth of study in terms of available resources.

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
 Physical limitations of accessing the proposed development site. When arriving at the proposed
development site we found a number of our data collection methods where inappropriate as we
could not penetrate the bush cover of the site, nor walk fully around its boundary. This means
some data collection tools, including some global positioning satellite (GPS) mapping and
ecological data collection, are unable to be used.
 Census data is outdated which makes desk top community studies potentially inaccurate.
Each of the areas examined in this study, institutional, ecology and infrastructure, have unique
assumptions and limitations examined in their relevant sections (3.8, 4.8 and 5.7 respectively).
1.3 Proposed Changes of Development
The initial proposed development includes a subdivision (see figure 2) and a marina. Following the
EIA the proposed development, on a 13.3099 hectares site, includes a subdivision and instead of a
marina (due to reasons discussed in the body of this report) a boat ramp will be created.
The proposed development examined in this report contains 88 subdivided lots. These differ in size
from 600m2
to 1000m2
. Their prices will also be impacted by the placement, with the riverside
properties expecting to fetch more. There is also a wetland created as a stormwater buffer zone, this
will be in the existing Whiowhio Reserve providing aesthetic and ecological qualities. Adjacent to
this wetland area will be a parking area. This will service the wetland for recreational use, the
esplanade reserve for walking, as well as providing parking for the twentyfive meter boat ramp to be
established across the road from the wetland and parking space.

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
Figure 2: Proposed Development
Source: Rowse, B., 2013.

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1.4 Summary of Potential Development Impacts
Table 1: Combined Leopold Matrix for Modification of Regime and Land Transformation and Construction.
Project Actions
Natural and Human
Envirionmental Elements
Modificationofhabitat
Alterationofgroundcover
Alterationofgroundwaterhydrology
Alterationofdrainage
Rivercontrolandflowmodification
Canalisation
Surfaceorpaving
Noiseandvibration
Urbanization
Industrialsitesandbuilding
Roadsandtrails
Channeldredgingandstraightening
Piersseawallsmarinas&s.terminals
Recreationalstructures
1. Earth Construction material
Soils
Landform
Unique physical features
2. Water Surface
Quality
Temperature
3. Atmoshere Climate
Temperature
4. Processes Floods
Erosion
Deposition
Solution
Sorption
Compaction and settling
Stress-Strain
Physical and
Chemical
Characteristics
LAND TRANSFORMATION
& CONSTRUCTION
MODIFICATION OF REGIME
1. Flora Trees
Shrubs
Grass
Microflora
Aquatic plants
Endangered species
Barriers
2. Fauna Birds
Land animals including reptiles
Fish and shellfish
Benthic organisms
Insect
Microfauna
Endangered species
1. Landuse Wetlands
Residential
2. Recreation Fishing
Boating
Swimming
Camping and hiking
Picnicking
3. Aesthetics and Human Scenic views and vistas
Interests Open space qualities
Landscape design
Parks and reserves
Rare and unique species or ecosystems
4. Cultural Status Cultural patterns
Health and Safety
Employment
Population density
5. Man-made facilities and Structures
activities Transportation network
Utility networks
Waste disposal
Eutrophication
Brush encroachment
such as: Food chains
Brush encroachment
Biological
Conditions
Cultural Factors
Ecological
Relationships

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LEGEND
3 Indicates a high negative impact 3
2 Indicates a medium negative impact 2
1 Indicates a low negative impact 1
3+ Indicates a HIGH positive impact 3+
2+ Indicates a medium positive impact 2+
1+ Indicates a low positive impact 1+

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
Table 2: Combined Leopold Matrix For Resource Extraction, Land Alteration, And Resource Renewal.
Project Actions
Natural and Human
Blastinganddrilling
Surfaceexcavation
Subsurfaceexcavationandretorting
Dredging
Clearcuttingandotherlumbering
Erosioncontrolandterracing
Landscaping
Harbourdredging
Reforestation
Wildlifestockingandmanagement
Wasterecycling
Soils
Landform
2. Water Surface
Quality
Temperature
Temperature
4. Processes Floods
Erosion
Deposition
Solution
Sorption
Stress-Strain
Physical and
Chemical
Characteristics
LAND
ALTERATIO
N
RESOURCE
EXTRACTION
RESOURCE
RENEWAL
1. Flora Trees
Shrubs
Grass
Microflora
Aquatic plants
Endangered species
Barriers
2. Fauna Birds
Fish and shellfish
Benthic organisms
Insect
Microfauna
Endangered species
1. Landuse Wetlands
Residential
Boating
Swimming
Camping and hiking
Picnicking
Landscape design
Parks and reserves
Health and Safety
Employment
Population density
Utility networks
Waste disposal
Eutrophication
Brush encroachment
Brush encroachment
Biological
Conditions
Cultural Factors
Ecological
Relationships

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
LEGEND

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
Table 3: Combined Leopold Matrix For Changes In Traffic, Waste Emplacement And Treatment, and Accidents.
Project Actions
Natural and Human
Automobile
Trucking
Riverandcanaltraffic
Pleasureboating
Communication
Pipelines
Municipalwastedischarge+spirrig
Septictankscommercial&domestic
Stormwater
Explosions
Spillsandleaks
Operationalfailure
Soils
Landform
2. Water Surface
Quality
Temperature
Temperature
4. Processes Floods
Erosion
Deposition
Solution
Sorption
Stress-Strain
ACCIDENTS
WASTE
EMPLACEM
ENT &
TREATMEN
T
CHANGES IN TRAFFIC
Physical and
Chemical
Characteristics
1. Flora Trees
Shrubs
Grass
Microflora
Aquatic plants
Endangered species
Barriers
2. Fauna Birds
Fish and shellfish
Benthic organisms
Insect
Microfauna
Endangered species
1. Landuse Wetlands
Residential
Boating
Swimming
Camping and hiking
Picnicking
Landscape design
Parks and reserves
Health and Safety
Employment
Population density
Utility networks
Waste disposal
Eutrophication
Brush encroachment
Brush encroachment
Biological
Conditions
Cultural Factors
Ecological
Relationships
LEGEND

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
2.0 Background
2.1 Kuratau
2.1.1 Overall Description of Kuratau and Community Profile
Kuratau is a small village located north of Omori and Turangi, on the western/south side of Lake
Taupō. Its coordinates are -38.889296S, 175.766652E. The Kuratau settlement is adjacent to the 1-
1.5km Kuratau River channel immediately upstream of Lake Taupō. According to Census data it is
home to approximately 132 permanent residents (Statistics New Zealand, 2006) spread over
approximately 600 houses. Kuratau is in the Turangi- Tongariro Ward, under the jurisdiction of
Taupō District Council (TDC), and Waikato Regional Council (WRC).
According to the New Zealand Census Data (Statistics New Zealand, 2006), Kuratau has 132 privately
occupied dwellings in 2006, this includes permanent rentals. These are on average three bedrooms.
Kuratau has 96 total families in private occupied dwellings in 2006, up from 93 in 1996, with a typical
family consisting of three members. For individuals, the mean annual income in 2006 was $27,100,
while mean total household income is $45,000. With over half of the usual residents employed in
agriculture and forestry professions. An approximate number of houses in the Kuratau area is 600.
When allowing for the time discrepancy (Census 2006 and house count 2013) there is an
approximate 140 permanent occupied dwellings, or around 25% of the permanent dwellings in
Kuratau, with the remainder being holiday homes. While Census data cannot indicate housing
growth, changes in occupied dwellings or population have been relatively stable over the 1996 -
2006 period. Significant changes in population may have occurred after 2006 as the Census data is
out of date, but no large jumps are anticipated.
Kuratau is as a prime spot for boating and fishing due to its proximity to Lake Taupō. Both of these
activities, along with walking and swimming, are dominant summertime recreational activities in the
locality. In winter this changes dramatically with use of the area as a base for access to Tongariro
National Park for skiing and other winter sports (KCE, 2000).
Kuratau, and neighbouring Omori, according to the TDC (2012a, pp. 27-28), are characterised by:
 steep topography;
 a relatively high percentage of multi-storey dwellings (which may be reflective of the
topography and ability to obtain lake views);
 buildings predominantly developed from the mid-1970s onwards;

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
 significant areas of dense vegetation (predominantly indigenous species), both on private
and public land;
 uniform allotment sizes in the residential areas (average between 710m2
-718m2
);
 building coverage and plot ratio at an average of 14-16% and 19-21% respectively, which is
very low in comparison with the levels permitted by planning rules; and
 most servicing is underground.
There are benefits in maintaining and enhancing this by preventing overcrowding, maintaining
reserves and trees. Also if additional reserves are developed, in particularly along the river’s edge,
this will create additional recreational value.
Omori and Kuratau share all reticulated services. In terms of infrastructure (water, wastewater and
stormwater), TDC (2012a) believes that the networks have sufficient capacity, or are able to be
upgraded to allow for continued development. Spare headworks and resource consent (discharge)
capacity for projected growth TDC (2012a) projects 201 new lots in southern settlements before
2026) for more than 20 years is available, however some localised constraints may need addressing.
2.1.2 Proposed Development Area
The proposed development site (land based) covers four separate land titles. As shown in figure 3.
The separate land titles are detailed in table 4.
Figure 3: Land Titles in Proposed Development Area
Source: TDC, 2012b.

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
Together these land titles cover 13.3099 hectares located at the north end of Kuratau; it is bordered
on the north by the Kuratau River and on the south by the paper road extension of Tukino Road.
Proposed development assessed in this report is shown on figure 4 as KPD.
Table 4: Land Title Details
A) 21 Tukino Road
Privately Owned
Legal Description: LOT 2 DP 69807 BLK III PUKETI
SD
Valuation Number: 0743230208
Certificate of Title: 38B/25
Property Area (Hectares): 7.9200
Nature of Improvements: None
Current Rating Valuation (2010-07-01):
- Land Value $570,000
-Improvements- $0
- Capital Value- $570,000
Rates: Current year (2012/13): $2,499.53
Previous year (2011/12) $2,871.82
Other: Significant Natural Area SNA 0664
Zoning: Residential
Subzone: New Residential
B) 12 Te Rae Street (Whiowhio Reserve)
Taupō District Council Owned
Legal Description: Sec 1 SO 364294
Certificate of Title: 316622
Property Area (hectares): 3.1584
Nature of Improvements: Fencing and
Other Improvements
- Land Value - $300,000
-Improvements - $3,000
- Capital Value- $303,000
Rates: $0
Other: Significant Natural Area SNA 0664
Zoning: Residential
C) 10 Te Rae Street
Privately Owned
Legal Description: Pt Pukawa D1 ML 5300
Certificate of Title: WN46C/692
Property (Hectares): 1.1515
Nature of Improvements: Dwelling,
Fencing and
Other Improvements
- Land Value - $540,000
- Improvements value - $210,000
- Capital Value - $750,000
Rates: Current year (2012/13): $3,380
Previous year (2011/12) $3,124.27
Zoning: Residential
D) Kuratau River Esplanade Reserve
Taupō District Council Owned
Legal Description: Lot 1 DP 69807
Certificate of Title: 38B/24
Property Area (hectares): 1.0800
Nature of Improvements: None
- Land Value - $8,000
- Improvements value - $0
- Capital Value - $8,000
Rates: $0
Other: Significant Natural Area- SNA 232,
Outstanding Landscape Area OLA11,
Foreshore Protection Area
Zoning: Rural
Subzone: Standard Rural
Source: TDC, (2012b).
There is growth in the area with Omori and Kuratau collectively experiencing the addition of 81 lots
over the timeframe 2004-2010 (TDC, 2012a).The existing Kuratau area is largely developed and a

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
recent Environment Court decision has enabled further growth through the rezoning of a 19 hectare
block of land (KPD2 in figure 4) including, but not limited to, the proposed development area new
residential environment.
The TDC released in 2006 a Taupō District Growth Strategy (TD2050 Taupō District Growth
Management Strategy 2006) (TD2050). This, in conjunction with the Proposed Southern Settlements
Structure Plan (SSSP), lists Kuratau (and its nearest township, Omori) as “proposed future residential
growth areas” (TDC, 2012a and TDC, 2006). The TD2050 (TDC, 2006) details Kuratau as a well
established settlement that offers growth potential within the existing urban area. It looks at an area
in Kuratau (KPD2) that includes part of our proposed area (KPD) and extends to cover the vegetated
area adjacent to the south as stage one and the rough area identified in the SSSP as stage two.
The area identified as stage one (including the area proposed for this development) did not score
well as it is a significant natural area, but on the positive side it is included in the existing service
catchment, and is surrounded by residential development so is unlikely to have a significant
landscape effect (TDC, 2006).
It is still listed as proposed (in the SSSP) as submissions close on the 1st
of February 2013, and a final
report is not listed. This document proposes future development in Kuratau be concentrated south
of the development examined in this report. It describes an area accessed from Foxley Avenue,
immediately west of the existing urban area, bordered by the Omori Stream corridor to the south,
and Te Puke Road to the north (KLG1, KLG2, KFG1 and KFG2; the FG- future growth areas are
proposed to accommodate development within the next 20 or so years, with the LG- long term
growth areas accommodating growth beyond that period). This is shown in detail in appendix 1.
Kuratau is considered a prime lakeshore holiday destination within the Taupō District (TDC, 2012a).
The SSSP proposes development as KFG1 and KFG2 with E being a commercial hub and KLG1 and
KLG2 as long term growth areas in Kuratau.

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
Figure 4: Comparison of Proposed Development areas in Kuratau
Source: TDC, 2012b.
The SSSP (TDC, 2012a, pp. 44) proposes that future development in Kuratau should consider:
 that development undertaken within the KPD2 block be sensitive to landscape and natural
area overlays with the retention of the integrated network of SNAs where possible;
 revegetation of gullies and steeper slopes creating an integrated open space network;
 provide strong street tree framework to reinforce the types of trees currently growing in
the area – such as olive, poplar, and liquidambar;
 ensure, where appropriate, streetscape treatment minimises the urban character, such as
no or minimal use of kerb and channel, sensitive street lighting, covenants on front
boundary fences (for low or no fences);
 orientate streets and planting to maximise and highlight lake views;
 create reserve corridor linkages throughout the terraces and re-vegetation of steep slopes
and ephemeral gullies;
 where possible enhance ecological corridors between Pukekaikiore and Lake Taupō; and

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
 where there is there potential to view built structures against the skyline, ensure a backdrop
of vegetation is maintained and planted.

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
2.2 Description of Biophysical Location
2.2.1 Climate
Kuratau lies within the northern cool temperate zone. The Kuratau climate is characterised by a
mean summer (November- April) temperature of 15.15 C and a mean winter (May- October)
temperature of 8.78C (Climate Data, n.d.) There is average summer rainfall of 105mm per month
(1260mm per year) at the township, with up to 167mm per month (2000mm per year) in the upper
catchment. For more detailed climate data see table 5. In winter snow can fall to 357 meters above
sea level (ASL), but normally settles above 500 meters (ASL).
Table 5: Kuratau Climate Data
Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Min
Temp C
11.6 11.8 10.5 7.9 5.3 3.6 2.5 3.4 5.1 6.9 8.4 10.2
Max
Temp C
22.4 22.6 20.5 17.4 14.1 11.8 11.1 12 13.8 16 18.3 20.5
Mean
Temp C
17 17.2 15.5 12.6 9.7 7.7 6.8 7.7 9.4 11.4 13.3 15.3
Rain
mm
107 87 107 90 125 135 138 135 126 120 113 130
Source: Climate Data, n.d.
2.2.2 Kuratau River
The Kuratau River is one of two main tributaries in the Kuratau catchment. It flows generally
eastwards, draining the slopes of the Pureora Forest Park and Pukepoto Forest before turning
northeast towards Lake Kuratau. From there it flows east a further 5km before flowing into the
southwest of Lake Taupō, adjacent to the settlement of Kuratau. The Kuratau River is characterised
by long periods of relatively low flow, interspersed with short duration, but high magnitude, flood
events (KCE, 2000). Natural springs on the Kuratau River maintain a minimum residual flow in the
river during periods when the power station is not generating. According to King Country Energy
Limited (2000, pp. 20) overall water quality in the Kuratau River is “very good compared with New
Zealand rivers in general”. The Kuratau River is used for recreational uses including fishing,

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
swimming, kayaking, boating (small, one private boat ramp and a few private moorings in low
reaches) and rafting (upper reaches).
The section of the river adjacent to the proposed development site and down to the river mouth has
a history of channel modification and sand bar variation. The proposed development section
contains an abandoned oxbow channel from when the river changed course. The Kuratau River is
influenced by control gates, on Lake Taupō, into the Waikato River, as well as regional rainfall which,
impacts on the level of Lake Taupō and in turn the level in the lower reaches of the Kuratau River.
A summary of flow statistics, presented by Environment Waikato & Taupō District Council, (2011) is
presented below.
Table 6: Summary of flow statistics for the Kuratau River at mouth (m
3
/s) November 1978-July 2010.
Site Minimum Mean Median Maximum Standard
Deviation
Coefficient
of Variation
Kuratau
River @
mouth
1.62 6.38 5.04 90.2 4.49 0.703
Source: Environment Waikato and Taupō District Council, (2011). Taupō District Flood Hazard Study:
Kuratau River.
The Kuratau River is a key trout fishery and spawning habitat. Between the power station and the
gorge (above the proposed development site) is the main trout spawning habitat in the river due to
the gravel bed, caused by river flows. This is also supported by zooplankton and algae which are a
consequence of Lake Kuratau’s characteristics. Below the gorge the river has a low gradient, slow
flows and sandy beds. This is not a trout spawning habitat but is part of the passage to spawning
grounds. The lower reaches of the river, in particular the river mouth, are good for rearing juvenile
trout as they provide a good transition zone into the Lake Taupō.
2.2.3 Lake Kuratau and Hydroelectricity Generation
Lake Kuratau is a manmade lake for hydroelectric power generation, it is located on the Kuratau
River and the dam was created in 1962. The King Country Energy Limited operates the Kuratau
Hydro Scheme. Every day the Kuratau Power Station generates around 72 megawatt hours of
electricity (King Country Energy Limited, n.d.) with a mean annual output of 29GWh. Up to 11,000
litres of water flows through the Kuratau Power Station every second, in flood the spillway gate can

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
take an additional 11,000 litres per second. Damming the Kuratau River has modified the sediment
regime in the river (KCE, 2000).
2.2.4 Land and Soils
2.2.4.1 Elevation
Landcare Research (n.d) shows the elevation of the proposed development site between 360 and
3680 meters above sea level and relatively flat. The proposed development site is a river valley. The
majority of the Kuratau Township sits between 400 and 360 meters above sea level. The abandoned
oxbow from the Kuratau River in the development site is a significant elevation feature within the
proposed subdivision site.
2.2.4.2 Soils
According to Landcare Research (n.d) the proposed development area is 60% N_250f and 40%
Taupōf. N_250f (Landcare Research, 2013a) soils are well drained, sandy loam soils, with a rapid over
moderate permeability profile. They have a deep depth (diggability) class of over one meter with no
hard or soft rock in this range. This is a recent fluvial soil due to the location of the Kuratau River and
its associated floodplains. Taupōf (Landcare Research, 2013b) soils are also well drained, sandy loam
soils with a rapid permeability profile. These also have a deep depth (diggability) class of over one
meter with no hard or soft rock in this range. However they are not fluvial soils, but rather are
pumice based due to the presence of historic volcanic activity. Both of these soil types have
moderate available soil moisture content. As a result soils in this area have the ability to help
regulate flood flows during periods of intense rainfall.
2.2.4.3 Geology
The geology of the area is important because it affects the stability and safety of the site. This
information is required for resource consents as well impacting upon the subdivision design. The
Kuratau region lies within the Taupō Volcanic Zone, which is one of the most active volcanic zones in
the world.
The area is dominated by andesitic domes which were formed during volcanic activity in the region
(see appendix 2) (personal communication, Bob Stewart, 11th April, 2013). Historical lava flows from
this impact the landscape directly surrounding Kuratau. The townships of Kuratau, Omori and
Pukawa, are situated on two types of sedimentary material. Fluvial sediment has been deposited

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
here from the Kuratau River on different terraces created over time as a result of varying lake levels
(ibid). Lake sediments are found directly adjacent to the lake.
These geological characteristics affect the proposed development location in a number of ways. The
Kuratau River is meandering which means that water course is constantly shifting to maintain
equilibrium and this erodes the banks of the river. The remnant oxbow exemplifies this dynamic
nature. Since the area being considered for development is comprised of sedimentary material, this
aspect of the fluvial processes significantly affects the development. The fact that this area is
comprised of fluvial deposits shows that this is a flood plain which has experienced constant flooding
and deposition in the past. The steep cliff on the true left of the river is not considered a hazard
because the stable nature of igneous rock.
2.2.5 Flora and Fauna
The Kuratau River is an important spawning area for migratory trout from Lake Taupō. Between
1996 and 2007 the average density of trout in the lower reaches of the river was approximately one
thousand five hundred fish per kilometre (DOC, 2012b). In particular trout spawn in the upper
reaches of the Kuratau River due to the gravel beds. The sand beds of the low reaches (adjacent to
the proposed subdivision) are not spawning grounds, but provide the route travelled by both brown
and rainbow trout on their way upstream. The river also hosts a number of native fish species
including the common bully which due to the habitat preference of native fish are often an indicator
of quality water. There are also exotic weeds presence in the river which expand along the shallows
as the silt levels increase (KCE, 2000).
Whiowhio Reserve hosts a cluster of large gum trees; which may provide a roosting habitat for short-
tailed bats (Personal communication, Scott Devonport, 8th
April, 2013). The main areas of vegetation
in the study area include wetland, bush and river bank vegetation with both exotic and native
species throughout. There is a range of native vegetation in the study site including; kohekohe, tawa,
pohutukawa, kanuka, manuka, cabbage tree, hebe, fiver finger, seven finger, kowai, and miro.
Willows and rushes are located along reaches of the river banks. There is also a number of pest
species often dominating the vegetation, this includes blackberry and broom.
Lake Kuratau supports a trout fishery, Canadian geese, black swan, mallard and paradise ducks.
Wetland on the northern edge of Lake Kuratau provides homes for some uncommon natives
including fernbird, bittern, and marsh crake. The Kuratau River lower reaches plays host to mallard

34
188.763, 2013, EIA.
ducks (including breeding pairs), scaup, occasional shags, grey herons and black swans and cygnets
(KCE, 2000). The entire study area has high numbers of native birds with tui and fantails been
abundant throughout all vegetation types.
2.2.6 Erosion in the Kuratau River Catchment and Sedimentation in Lake Taupō
The Kuratau River catchment, in particular the upper catchment, is characterised by unconsolidated
volcanic deposits, steep slopes, and high rainfall (Environment Waikato and Taupō District Council,
2011). Consequently there is a large potential volume of material which can be transported into the
river system. The Kuratau River therefore carries a relatively high sediment load.
In the lower catchment the river channel decreases in slope, this reduces flow velocity. As a result,
the energy of the river decreases and less sediment is transported. This means that a large volume
of sediment is deposited within Lake Kuratau, and on the lower flood plain. This sediment deposition
on the lower flood plain, and as such, in Lake Taupō, forms a delta.
The majority of the deposits of eroded material occur within the river mouth in Lake Taupō. This is a
natural process, however since the proposed development occurs on the adjacent river flats, and the
marina development occurs close to the river mouth, this sediment loading has a potential impact.

35
188.763, 2013, EIA.
2.3 Ecological and Natural Significance
As shown in figure 5 the proposed development site is classified in the TDC District Plan as a
Significant Natural Area (SNA) (brown overlay). As well as in the Kuratau River which is classified as
an Outstanding Landscape Area (OLA) (green dot overlay). According to the TDC (2010, section 7 pp.
3) the Kuratau River is an OLA (OLA40) because it is a “significant vegetated tributary running to Lake
Taupō. It is particularly highly regarded for its importance as a fishery resource, largely undeveloped
remote character and relatively easy access. Hydro electricity power generation located further up
the river corridor. Lower reaches particularly valued for scenic qualities”. There are 43 OLAs in the
district. SNAs are “areas of significant indigenous vegetation and/or significant habitats of
indigenous fauna that have been identified on the Planning Maps and listed in Schedule 7.8 of the
Plan” (TDC, 2012a, pp.22). OLAs and SNAs are important on a district wide scale. The criteria for
SNAs are attached in appendix 3.

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
Figure 5: Kuratau District Plan
Source: TDC, 2007, Appendix A.
ALA 69 at Kuratau, (green hashed overlay on figure 5) is an area of approximately 6.5 hectares
partially adjacent to the proposed development site. The attributes of ALA 69, ‘Kuratau Bush Slope’
are described in the (TDC, 2007) as a "vegetated bush slope" and is to be protected because it is a
link in the natural history and geology of the region, and highlights amenity values of natural
vegetation and characteristics of Kuratau residential area.

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
3.0 Institutions and Policy
3.1 Introduction
The proposed development must conform to the policy framework present within New Zealand on
the national, regional, and district levels. The document which drives these ideas of sustainability is
the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA), with the Waikato Regional Council and the Taupō
District Council acting within these auspices according to their own environmental plans. Together
the resulting policies help ensure that resources are used efficiently in contemporary and future
periods such that social, economic, and cultural values are at least maintained, or preferably
enhanced.
The site considered for development currently includes natural features and characteristics that
have both ecological and cultural values. In addition, a portion is designated as a significant natural
heritage site. Thus, in order to perform some of the actions within the proposed plan, it is necessary
to submit consent applications to the local authorities. The goal of these being to thus ensure that
the activities are suitable given the ecological and political context for efficient resource use which
maintains, protects, and ensures a culture of stewardship (RMA, 1991, 7).
In order to submit a resource consent, it is required in the RMA (1991, 88:2:b) that an environmental
impact assessment is performed. This report provides the necessary preliminary scouting and
scoping that is required for this process and identifies where consents may be required. If there are
missing applications, the environmental consent process can be delayed (ibid, 91:1), so it is
important to include all applicable applications in the initial submission. The necessary forms for
both resource consents and building applications can be found in appendix 4 and 8 of this report.
The most applicable policies across the various levels are discussed throughout this section. First
drawing on Central Government requirements, followed by Region Council, and then the District
Council policies. Places where the proposal requires consents will be identified. Possible mitigating
actions that need to be involved in the plan, to maintain the natural and cultural characteristics, are
also identified. A final section identifies potential stakeholders with any preliminary contact.

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
3.2 Central Government - National Policy
3.2.1 Need for Resource Consent
The main policy document for resource management is the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA).
This provides the core policy through which sustainability operates within New Zealand; it defines
which activities require resource consent at a national level. The purpose is to “promote the
sustainable management of natural and physical resources” (ibid, 5:1) through rules and regulations
for their management while ensuring that individuals are capable of maintaining their social,
economic, and cultural well-being. Thus, any proposed developments may be required to take into
account the protection and preservation of the existing natural character of the land in question
(ibid, 6). In the case of Kuratau, this involves keeping, as much as possible, the ‘appearance of native
bush land,’ in particular maintaining the aesthetic value and indigenous habitat; and where possible
enhancing it.
The Kuratau proposal will result in impacts upon the available resources of the area through the
process of subdivision and changes in the river bed due to the alteration of boating facilities. These
impacts are seen in the various Leopold matrices shown in this document (sections 3.7, 4.3.6, 4.5.6
& 5.7). For instances which have a high probability of an adverse impact upon the environment, or a
highly adverse impact regardless of probability, a consent is required in order to ensure that the
activity is necessary, and if so, performed in a sustainable and efficient manner (RMA, 1991, 3).
Complicating matters is that the site considered for development has been declared a significant
natural area (SNA), requiring additional consideration around consents and access.
Due to the classification as a SNA, stewardship of this portion of Kuratau (and adjacent outstanding
landscape areas) is held by the Department of Conservation (DOC) through the Conservation Act
1987 section 6M. Thus, the land is managed foremost for the purpose of conservation, with
protection of the indigenous flora and fauna receiving priority, preventing any activities which could
disrupt these (ibid, 20:1). A potential outcome of this is that subdivision, vegetation clearing, and
water extraction upon a segment of the proposed development site is not currently viable. In order
to perform these actions, it is necessary to exchange stewardship from DOC to the developers. This
exchange is outlined in section 16A of the Conservation Act (1987), in which a piece of land of
superior ecological value may be provided to in trade. Such would remove the proposed site from
the jurisdiction of the Conservation Act (1987), allowing for activities that could potentially disrupt
the local habitat (RMA, 1991, 26:4).

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
As the area is a SNA, additional costs can be incurred in the process of seeking resource consent
(RMA, 1991, 149ZD:1-4). The local authority and Minister overseeing the process may seek to
recover the costs of their activities through any court processes. However the developers have
access to additional advice and support beyond that in this report through the Environmental
Protection Agency. The extent of these costs cannot be estimated easily as they vary between
authorities, the length, and the complexity of the consents involved. They may however prove a
substantial additional cost to the estimates provided elsewhere.
While not necessary, it is possible to request a Certificate of Compliance for those activities which do
not require consents. The application form is supplied in appendix 7. As these count as consents, it is
recommended to acquire them to account for future potential changes in the policy environment in
order to minimise the risk of future amendments requiring significant alterations within a short time
frame. The cost of these is only an administration fee, which is determined by the local authority
(RMA, 1991, 139).
3.2.2 Subdivision
The main component of the proposed development is the subdivision of the existing land into
approximately 88 lots. The RMA (1991, 11:1) specifically prevents inappropriate subdivision that
could cause adverse impacts upon the natural and physical resources of a locality and the customary
rights of other individuals. Thus, consent is required in order to enact this portion of the proposal,
taking into account the various national environmental standards (Section 3.3), as well as regional
(section 3.4) and district plans (section 3.5.1) However upon acceptance, the resulting consent is
permanent, preventing the need for its renewal at a later date (ibid, 123:b). Not only will a
subdivision require consent, but also the survey plan provided in this report (section 5.3, figure 29) is
provided and approved by either the Registrar-General of Land or the Chief Surveyor (ibid, 11:1:a).
It must be noted that it is necessary that subdivision consent is acquired before approval of the
survey plan can occur (RMA, 1991, 223:1:a). There may be additional changes in the plan that occurs
as a result of this process that cannot be predicted or outlined suitably in this report.

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
3.2.3 Potential Conditions for Subdivisions
In order for the consent for a subdivision to be accepted, it is possible that additional conditions may
be imposed (RMA, 1991, 108:2). While it is assumed that these will not occur to significantly alter
the cost structure, potential conditions have been incorporated into the proposal to minimise these
unanticipated costs, these have been outlined in the sections below. However, there are additional
potential conditions that may be imposed by the Registrar-General of Land, Regional, or District
Council that are unknown at this time (ibid, 223:1:b), as such these values cannot be estimated. In a
similar vein, there is the potential for financial contributions to other projects, bonds, or the
provision of works in order to maintain, or improve the existing resource (ibid, 1991, 108:2).
3.2.3.1 Conditions Due to Ground Type
As the proposed development site is prone to erosion (personal communication, Devonport (TDC),
April 8th
, 2013), applications for subdivisions can be refused as the activity is likely to contribute to
erosion (RMA, 1991, 160:1). In addition to this, Building Regulations (1992, B1:3:7) prevent
construction where there is the possibility to generate additional ground loss through river
processes. These factors may provide other restrictions upon potential locations for the subdivision
to occur, or result in additional conditions being imposed on how the buildings may be constructed
in future.
The site also includes a high water table and consists of significant levels of silt which has made it
prone to liquefaction (personal communication, Devonport (TDC), April 8th
, 2013). Due to the
Building Regulations (1992, B1:3:1) in order for structures to be placed upon the plots in the future,
there must be a low probability of rupture, instability, collapse, or loss of equilibrium. This applies
not only during the initial construction process, but throughout the expected lifespan of the
structures themselves, incorporating the impact upon the surrounding amenities such as water,
power, and access (ibid, B1:3:2).
3.2.3.2 Condition to Create Esplanade
In the survey plan an esplanade and wetland reserve have been incorporated. These provide both a
continuation of the natural character along the river side, as well as public access throughout the

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area. As shown in section 5.3, this esplanade exceeds the twenty meter width required (RMA, 1991,
230:3). Thus, some compensation for the developer is available for any such area that exceeds this
requirement, with the developer receiving the interest upon the land thusly used (ibid, 237E; 237H).
In addition, the wetland reserve will also contribute to this financial compensation providing the
value of the land upon which it is situated. These will somewhat mitigate the costs involved in the
consent process.
With the creation of an esplanade, there are however, additional requirements imposed (RMA, 1991,
Schedule 10). It must be stipulated that individuals do not wilfully endanger, disturb, or annoy any
structure or user within the esplanade (ibid). Also that fire, firearms, camping, taking animals or
vehicles, removing plants, or laying poison outside of the Biosecurity Act 1993 is not permitted (ibid).
These are relatively simple matters to signpost and associated costs are anticipated to be negligible
3.2.3.4 Future Measurements
3.2.3.4 Condition to Provide Future Measurements
In order to assess whether or not the subdivision is conforming to the requirements set out in the
RMA (1991) or any other imposed conditions, it may be requested that information gathering
exercises continue after consent approval. As responsible developers, and as the proposal would
create a significant alteration of the existing environment, it is recommended that this monitoring
process is performed regardless. The necessary framework for this is set out in section 6.0 in the
form of a ten year longitudinal study.

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3.3 Central Government - National Environmental Standards
Other initiatives regarding the environment from Central Government arise through the National
Environmental Standards. These standards provide the minimum levels of environmental protection
for resources. They are to be applied where no other local authority maintains more stringent
regulations, thus acting as a base from which Regional and District Councils build can from.
3.3.1 Discharges of Foul Water and Solid Waste
Under the RMA (1991, 15:1), discharges that may work their way into water are not viable without
consent. Fortunately, these can be subsumed within the existing urban structures, via the waste
management facilities in Omori (personal communication, Scott Devonport (TDC), 8th
April, 2013),
preventing the need for additional consent applications. There is however additional costs involved
in connecting to these networks as outlined in section 5.3. Whereas water discharged through
stormwater networks will be incorporated into the wetland area as described in section 5.3. There is
a chance however that this water could enter into the river, thus despite being a favoured addition
of DOC (personal communication, Michel Dedual (DOC), 9th
April, 2013), a consent application will be
necessary.
3.3.2 Air Quality
In considering the potential impact upon air quality for the area, Kuratau is not covered by the
Regional Council’s Taupō airshed. However, there are ambient air quality standards that must be
conformed to (Resource Management Regulations, 2004, 14:1). The airshed itself is located over the
Taupō and various portions of the surrounding area as displayed in figure 6. This airshed is
monitored for changes in quality, thus it is required to improve, or remain at its current, level of
pollution. It is unlikely that the potential future increase in population resulting from the Kuratau
development will result in any significant traceable changes in the Taupō airshed.

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Figure 6: Taupō Airshed
Source: Waikato Regional Council, 2012.
3.3.3 Soil Contamination
The surrounding area contains former sheep dips sites, which may have a negative impact upon the
capacity to develop as desired. In any instance in which any such site could be disturbed through the
process of landscaping and construction, additional consents will be involved (Resource
Management Regulations, 2011). It is therefore recommended that a soil test is carried out to
establish whether the development site has such contamination, yet this was not viable to perform
at the writing of this report. It is ultimately necessary that such a test occurs and the likelihood of an
impact upon human health thusly established (Ministry for the Environment, 2006, pp. 26). If no
such test occurs, a consent may be required for activities which would otherwise be permitted until
such time as one is carried out (ibid, 8:4).
Where soil contamination exists there is only a limited amount that may be disturbed without the
need of additional consents. This would require that less than 25m3
/500m2
of disturbance occurs
and all work is done within a two month period (Resource Management Regulations, 2011, 8:3:b-c,

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f). Otherwise a further consent is required to be processed, and the land be returned to an erosion-
resistant state within one month after any landscaping and construction has taken place.
3.3.4 Utility Networks
3.3.4.1 Power Supplies
The local power supplies are reportedly operating at full capacity, which may cause issues in
providing for additional development. If necessary proposed developments may be required to aid
King Country Energy Limited through financial assistance for the additional consents required to
cater for the added demand on power (Resource Management Regulations, 2009).
Where electricity transmission is necessary, the wires are to be passed underground so to avoid
negative impact upon the visual amenities of the area. This will also prevent the need to remove
vegetation for the purposes of running the new wires, thus saving the requirement for additional
consent being acquired (Resource Management Regulations, 2009, 30). However as the ground may
potentially be contaminated, additional consents may be needed to lay the power lines (ibid, 39).
3.3.4.2 Water Supplies
It is possible to link into the district water and waste systems as these are expected to have the
capacity to accommodate the additional population growth (personal communication, Scott
Devonport (TDC), 8th
April, 2013). These activities are allowed, requiring only permission from the
utility provider, with minimal alterations necessary. As this water is already potable, there are
neither additional facilities nor lines required.

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
3.4 Waikato Regional Council
Waikato Regional Council (WRC) has created the Waikato Regional Plan to regulate all harmful
activities impacting on soil, air, and water (WRC, 2013a). This plan and its associated rules are aimed
to prevent specific activities that could have an adverse impact upon environmental standards in
order to protect the well-being of people and the environment. Waikato Regional Council holds the
main responsibility of monitoring, operating, and evaluating these harmful activities so that the
natural standard conditions meet the requirement and to minimise the effect on people, animal, and
habitats (ibid).
3.4.1 Protecting Lake Taupō Strategies
Partnerships and cooperation between various groups are crucial in protecting Lake Taupō (WRC,
2013b). As the lake and Kuratau are important destinations for sporting activities, holiday adventure,
and relaxation; therefore all users have a responsibility and role in protecting the Lake’s future.
Based on this recreational value, the WRC has created the regional strategy dealing with future
developments. All stakeholders should implement the 15 years strategy of Lake Taupō, which is
supported by promoting environmental education and regulatory backstops (ibid).
Lake Taupō and its catchment environment are changing due to uncertain future income,
employment, and future development projects. Thus, to prepare for this change: a) agencies and
community groups have structured partnerships and linkages to communicate effectively in the
exploration of new ideas and initiatives, b) ensure that sufficient time has been allowed for changes,
and c) all actions are supported by education, research, and advice (WRC, 2013b).
Partnerships exist between Environment Waikato, Tuwharetoa Maori Trust Board, Taupō District
Council, Taupō Lake Care, and other agencies and groups who cooperate to derive a sustainable
development plan and to minimise adverse impacts on the catchment (WRC, 2013b). So far,
progress has been made in establishing partnerships, improving local communication and creating
connections with new regulatory systems. Several different agencies are taking initiatives within the
Taupō District and Lake Taupō catchment in order to make the long-term sustainable development
of the catchment (ibid). These linkages may result in additional knowledge and interest groups than
those indentified in section 3.6, generating more submissions and potential opposition to the
proposed plan than would otherwise be anticipated.

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An Environmental Iwi Management Plan was created by Tuwharetoa Maori Trust Board, which
supports a range of activities in the management of the Lake. Moreover, Taupō District Council and
different community groups have prepared a statement for sustainable development of the District.
This statement operates within three areas, district economy, community vitality and natural
environment (WRC, 2013b). The proposed development must take into account each of these
factors in its implementation. As a result, the character of the local environment must be maintained,
while ensuring that the Kuratau community and wider Taupō area remain economically viable.
One of the negative impacts that the management plans incorporate is excess nitrogen from land
use activities. This nitrogen excess adversely impacts the ecosystem, economy, and community of
Lake Taupō; therefore, the WRC has a goal to achieve 20 percent reduction of nitrogen. This plan is
implemented for the long term and applies to rural and urban management. To achieve this goal, it
requires a consensus to monitor the economic impact and putting this strategy in place (WRC,
2013b). While the proposed development is not expected to have a significant impact on the
nitrogen levels flowing into the lake, the long term involvement may create a requirement for
additional measuring as outlined in section 6.0.
Environment Waikato supposes that this strategy will be achieved in the next 15 years. Ecosystem
and lake health is expected to get better, but there is a delay in nitrogen moving from land to lake
which may result in unfavourable movements arising. Therefore, prevention of the nitrogen loads is
vital to the success of the Waikato Regional Plan (WRC, 2013b).
3.4.2 Lake Taupō Catchment Policy
3.4.2.1 Tangata Whenua Values and Interests
The relationship between Ngati Tuwharetoa and the Lake is a key consideration in its protection.
Ngati Tuwharetoa is an owner of the Lake Bed and the catchment of the Lake, and they are a partner
with local and central government regarding Lake management. They must be incorporated into any
decision-making process regarding the Lake (WRC, 2012b). This Iwi maintains an interest in lake
developments by holding cultural values which must be considered within the RMA (6:e).
3.4.2.2 Identification of Lake Taupō as an Outstanding Water Body in the Waikato Region
The RMA emphasises the importance of natural features; the water body of Lake Taupō is an

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outstanding natural feature in the Region (WRC, 2012b). The values and characteristics listed in the
policy are exceptionally high in Lake Taupō and its surrounding margins, inflowing streams and
wetlands. In addition, the 2020 Taupō-nui-a-Tia Action Plan identifies the Lake and its catchment as
having a number of aspects highly valued by Ngati Tuwharetoa and the wider community. By
identifying Lake Taupō as an outstanding water body, an appropriate recognition can be afforded to
it in all aspects of management (ibid). Such may create more than anticipated consultation with
additional interest groups and potential opposition and consents needed due to the impact upon
social and cultural values.
3.4.2.3 Phosphorus and Water Quality
In addition to nitrogen levels, the plan includes controls on phosphorus so to minimise discharges
from land and not affect future water quality in Lake Taupō. At this time, phosphorus is not having
an adverse effect on water quality in Lake Taupō. Currently, phosphorus is managed by landowners
and agencies to protect riparian areas and control soil erosion which has reduced the immediate risk
of negative impacts upon the lake. However, there is an interrelationship between nitrogen and
phosphorus which means that an increase in phosphorus could threaten lake water quality (WRC,
2012b). Additional costs could thus be imposed upon the development in the future for phosphorus
control, so it is recommended that a Certificate of Compliance is acquired, as provided in appendix 7.
There is a wastewater standard applying to nitrogen and phosphorus should meet the requirement
of the Near-shore Zone. This is to ensure new work on site and the community domestic wastewater
system in Lake Taupō are protected and have no negative impact to algal slimes, weed growth and
health risks. The wastewater systems should also not located within 200 meters of the Lake edge
(WRC, 2012b). As wastewater is anticipated to be incorporated into the existing utility systems, this
is not anticipated to create additional restrictions upon the proposed development.
3.4.3 Approaches to Resource Management Policy- (Land and Soil)
The removal of vegetation has the potential to lead to accelerated erosion, which will require
management and monitoring by WRC. This policy specifically focuses on substances that could
contaminate soil or water. The Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996 provides key
controls for use in the region. WRC requires that the effects of soil disturbance and vegetation

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clearance in high-risk erosion areas, such as the proposed development site, are minimal (WRC,
2012a). Moreover, this policy encourages appropriate land management practices through
environmental education, guidelines and incentives which may provide some more mitigation of
costs associated with the required consents.
3.4.4 Approaches to Resource Management Policy- (Water Management)
3.4.4.1 Management of Water Resources
Management of water bodies can assist a range of water use activities. The intent is to classify water
bodies based on their use values and maintain overall water quality. Natural character of lakes and
rivers receive priority for preservation and protection, shielding them from inappropriate use and
developments (WRC, 2012b). It also benefits communities that use the water resources and the
diversity of aquatic and riparian habitat. Native fish and existing aquatic ecosystem are maintained
and taken in to account by the Conservation Strategy (WRC, 2012b). Any development which would
alter these values will require consents to be acquired with potential consultation with interested
parties.
3.4.4.2 Water takes
The Council establishes and reviews water takes and minimum flows for surface water bodies which
will be used when assessing authorised water takes and resource consent applications from surface
water bodies. This policy requires the monitoring of any activities that contribute to degradation of
water quality regarding the contaminant assimilative capacity of water bodies (WRC, 2012b). This
policy also aims to protect wetlands and areas of significant indigenous vegetation and habitats of
indigenous fauna. The efficient take and use of water of reasonable domestic or municipal supply is
promoted for sustainable water use; access for the development should be possible through the
currently existing infrastructure network. These are confined however with the requirement of
minimum flows at water harvesting sites, setting allowable flows in order for effective water
management and efficient allocation. To draw additional water beyond this is not viable within the
existing framework, if necessary to extract water from elsewhere, an application for additional
consent will need to be undertaken.

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3.4.4.3 Discharges
In order to maintain the water quality, discharges need to have minimal adverse impacts on bodies
of water. As a discharge can have a large negative impact on water bodies or cause flooding and
erosion on neighbouring properties, WRC controls this through resource consents to limit discharges
(WRC, 2012b). Stormwater is also promoted to encourage resource management and treatment to
reduce effects on water quality and quantity (WRC, 2012b).
3.4.4.4 Wetlands
The policy will ensure that land drainage activities within wetlands are significant for vegetation and
habitats of indigenous fauna. Shrinking of wetland, accelerated dewatering and oxidation are
avoided. The natural character of wetlands and its ability to be used for recreational purposes must
be maintained. Proposals exist for future regulatory management systems, which may generate the
need for additional long term monitoring of the proposed wetlands extension (WRC, 2012b).
3.4.4.5 Non Point Source Discharges
This policy is linked to the Land Use Effects policy. The WRC aims to diminish the negative impact of
non-point source discharges from land use practices and activities. It also expects to reduce run-off
of contaminants including fertilisers, agrichemical residues, fecal matter, and sediment into water
bodies. Bed and bank erosion and instability, should not contribute to adverse effects on rivers, lakes,
wetlands or their margins so to maintain and enhance the natural character. Moreover, riparian
management is promoted to improve existing riparian vegetation. Improved bank stability will
restrict sediment and other contaminants entering water bodies and improve aquatic habitats.
These factors are incorporated into the proposed development and discussed in section 5.3.
3.4.5 Waikato Regional Council's Consents
3.4.5.1 Land Use Consents
A range of different land uses can damage water quality, land stability and increase chances of
flooding. Land use consents identify, control and minimise the impacts of activities on people and

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the environment. The activities that may need land use consents include soil disturbance, vegetation
clearance, loading or tracking, erecting erosion control structure and removing sand or gravel from
the bed of a watercourse (WRC, 2013a).
3.4.5.2 Water consents
Activities like damming, diverting, and taking water can affect people's ability to use the water, as
well as impacting aquatic plant and animal life. Water consents identify, control, and minimise the
impacts of an activity on people and the environment. These consents and rules are relevant to
water quality and allocation. Water consent will be applied if there is a take or use of water from a
river, stream, dam, lake or spring (WRC, 2013a).

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3.5 Taupō District Council
The Taupō District Council (TDC) is a Local Government Authority which lies in the centre of the
North Island surrounding Lake Taupō (See figure 7). The district is a part of four Regional Councils:
Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Hawke’s Bay, and Manawatu-Wanganui. However, Environment Waikato has
jurisdiction over the majority of the Taupō District, including the location of the proposed
development in Kuratau.
Figure 7: Map showing TDC border
Source: TDC, 2012d.

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District Councils are responsible for providing services to communities including fresh water, rubbish
collection, sewage treatment, parks and leisure facilities, roads and street lighting, control of land
subdivision, processing of building and resource consents, and commercial premises licensing. Under
section 11 of the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA), District Councils are responsible for
control over subdivision and so they also construct plans and policies for development in the district.
These functions all need to be considered to ensure this proposed development can occur, and what,
if any, limitations are imposed by policy and plans at a District level.
The District Plan, Southern Settlements Structure Plan (SSSP), District Policies, and Specific
Subdivision Policies, Applications, and Consents are the four sections which were identified as
pertinent to, the proposed development.
3.5.1 Taupō District Plan
TDC has developed a District Plan which outlines objectives and policies for the district and then sets
rules and standards for those which are measureable or determinate. The plan is divided up into
sections which will be discussed according to their relevance to the proposed development.
3.5.2 Taupō District Plan: Objectives and Policies
3.5.2.1 Residential Development
The District Plan stresses the importance of retaining the character and amenity of the residential
environment (TDC, 2007, 3a 2.1). This is especially important in small settlements such as Kuratau
which, together with neighbouring village Omori only had a permanent population of 219, as of 2006.
This is projected to rise to 250 by 2031 and therefore limited change is projected (Statistics New
Zealand, 2006). This is in contrast to this proposed development of 88 new dwellings which could
cause numbers to swell well past this figure. Elements of character; such as low levels of dust, noise
and traffic will be disrupted during the construction of the development, with the higher traffic
volumes continuing into the future. Other elements of character such as the size, scale and style of
buildings could also lose consistency with this division of completely new buildings (TDC, 2007, 3a
2.1).
Important characteristics of Kuratau have been taken into account in the subdivision design. An
attractive streetscape and a good ratio of private to public ‘green’ spaces was included during the

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planning stage and will continue the desired amenity of the township. A riverside walk, central
wetland (see figure 2), and retention of the adjacent Amenity Landscape Area (see figure 9) all
contribute to the preservation of Kuratau’s character. A safe and effective environment for
pedestrians and traffic is also sought after, so devices to slow traffic will be implemented to account
for the expected family environment during summer and winter holidays. These features will also aid
the elderly, since the average age of the Kuratau-Omori area is 57 (Statistics New Zealand, 2006).
In order to remain compatible with the surrounding residential environment, there will be no
commercial premises. This is in order to keep with TDC’s (2007, 3) policy to avoid any new
subdivision becoming independent from the rest of the settlement and the adjacent township of
Omori. By using the Omori local store, whose business will increase, a sense of community will be
maintained.
The residential environment plan also seeks to maintain the character of river and lake boundaries
(TDC, 2007, 3). While the initially proposed marina would be a major impact on the Kuratau River,
the development proposal endeavours to mitigate this by setting aside the river-side for not only
natural aesthetic reasons, but also erosion stabilisation with vegetation of the riparian and as a
recreational space for public enjoyment. Another option is to minimise impacts on the river by only
constructing a boat ramp, and/ or upgrading the existing Kuratau boat ramp, while still setting aside
the river side for the purposes above.
The District Plan also notes the importance of reserves for community recreation (TDC, 2007, 3a 2.1).
The proposed development will reduce the size of Whiowhio Reserve, but the remaining area will be
enhanced with an extended wetland as a central focus of the subdivision, as well as capturing the
environmental mitigation measures of wetlands within developed areas. Kuratau River Esplanade
Reserve will be completely preserved and enhanced. The District Plan operates according to the
RMA and consequently is an effects-based control of activities; effects must be avoided, remedied or
mitigated. The nature of the proposed development means that mitigation is likely to be the most
utilised option to control effects. This could possibly include restoration and/or enhancement of the
neighbouring amenity landscape area to the south (TDC, 2007, 3a 2.1).
3.5.2.2 Supporting Infrastructure
The District Plan requires that existing infrastructure must be able to cope with the added pressure
of the proposed development (TDC, 2007, 3a 2.2). Therefore, drinking water, waste water,

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stormwater, and local and state road networks must all be able to cope with increased use. TDC
(2006) states that infrastructure has been budgeted for in this development area but the
Development Contributions Policy (TDC, 2012c) requires contributions to infrastructure to be made
for each lot.
3.5.2.3 Suitability of New Residential Environment
TDC requires that new residential environments conform to the characteristics of the surrounding
land and existing residential area. Developments must suit the physical, landscape and amenity
features as well as the natural features of the land (TDC, 2007, 3). The proposed development does
this by arranging a selection of section sizes in a loop road which aligns with the shape of the river. It
also incorporates and extends the existing wetland located at the southern end of Whiowhio
Reserve. Many roads throughout the town are heavily vegetated on the road front (see figure 8) and
so planning has been made to vegetate roadsides throughout the new development in keeping with
the amenity of the existing residential environment. The proposed development also incorporates
other features of the existing Kuratau character, such as, putting network services, including power,
underground.
Figure 8: South Facing on Huriwaka Street Showing Vegetated Roadside

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
The plan explicitly notes the landscape values and flooding potential for a development in Kuratau
(TDC, 2007, 3a 2.4). A raised bank along the river will reduce chance of flooding and will also serve as
a public area of recreational and intrinsic value. It was these factors which led to the decision to
leave a substantial amount of land along the river to be enhanced for its services (ibid).
3.5.2.4 Land Development
The District Plan outlines the preferred form and nature of future residential environments. This is in
the form of designated urban growth areas which are identified in the Proposed Southern
Settlements Structure Plan and the Growth Management Strategy. These areas have been carefully
selected so to ensure services are available and that amenity and character are not diminished by
the added pressure of a new development (TDC, 2007, 3). Nevertheless, impacts on existing
infrastructure or amenity must be avoided, remedied or mitigated. In addition, by having a set place
for development, the local community has certainty about future developments in their area (ibid,
3e 2.1 & 3e 2.2)
Infrastructure is an essential component of new development, especially with the scale of the
proposed development at Kuratau. Under the District Plan, new developments must be allowed to
connect to pre-existing water and waste water services as long as they are capable of the added
demand (TDC, 2007, 3). Other existing infrastructure such as public reserves and roads must also be
able to cope with the increased population. The implementation of these functions are discussed
within the infrastructure section (ibid, 3e 2.3).
The importance of avoiding degradation of waterways is stressed throughout the plan (TDC, 2007, 3).
The management of waste water and stormwater has been developed in a way which recognises
this importance and a plan has been created accordingly. Waste water can be connected to existing
infrastructure (ibid, 2012b), while stormwater will be directed to the wetland which will be
established near the centre of the development (see figure 34).
Degradation of amenity values and environment quality must also be avoided. Street side vegetation,
public access ways to the Kuratau River Esplanade Reserve and wetland, the enhanced stand of
vegetation backing the subdivision, and a variety of lot sizes with non-linear roads all contribute to
the amenity of the proposed development and Kuratau township as a whole (TDC, 2007, 3e 2.4 & 3e
2.5)

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
3.5.2.5 Landscape Value
The Amenity Landscape Area (ALA) adjacent to the proposed development is an area identified by
the council as having district-wide importance for its landscape values (see figure 9). Accordingly,
new subdivisions must be located and designed in a way which maintains these attributes (TDC,
2007, 3). The proposed development achieves this by avoiding the area, instead developing on the
adjacent land which has not been recognised as a landscape area of importance. Mitigation of the
flow on effects of the development must be carried out to minimise impact upon the ALA, as this
provides an area which could be enhanced and subsequently improve the intrinsic value such as
views and birdlife that can be enjoyed by the community (ibid, 3h 2.2).
Figure 9: Map Showing Natural and Landscape Significance of Development Site
Source: TDC, 2007, Appendix A.

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
3.5.2.6 Natural Values
Under the RMA 1991, District Councils are required to provide for the protection of natural heritage.
To do this, TDC has identified Significant Natural Areas (SNA) which has then had a range of
objectives and policies set upon them to ensure their proper sustainable management (TDC, 2007, 3).
While protection and enhancement are generally sought, development of these areas is not
prohibited.
The entire proposed development falls within a SNA and so SNA applicable under the District Plan
must be adhered to. This includes avoiding, remedying or mitigating any adverse impacts on native
vegetation and ecological values, including significant flora and fauna, naturalness, biodiversity and
life-supporting capacity. Mitigation of the effects of this development will include the extension of
the wetland in Whiowhio Reserve, enhancement of the Kuratau River Esplanade Reserve, and
possible enhancement of the neighbouring ALA. The effects of development upon these ecological
features are covered in section 4.3 and 4.5 of this report.
3.5.2.7 Activities on the Surface of Water
Water bodies are largely managed by Regional Councils under the RMA. However, TDC has set some
objectives and policies which complement existing legislation. The protection of natural character
and environmental values are highlighted as important components of the plan. The policy requires
that maintenance and enhancement of the landscape is performed while avoiding, remedying, or
mitigating any adverse effects. Therefore, since the marina and regular dredging may cause adverse
effects to a number of these natural values, the escalation of costs to remedy and mitigate may
prove restrictive.
Remediation of the site area could include, but would not be limited to, replanting of the northern
bank of the river, and ensuring safe passage of fish including trout upstream. Mitigation of the
marina development could include, but would not be limited to, enhancement of the river upstream
of the marina, so to provide for the species which may be affected by the construction. This would
provide protection and enhancement of other areas which have a similar significance.

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3.5.3 Taupō District Plan: Rules and Standards
Many of the actions required for the proposed plan are classified as restricted discretionary activities.
This includes, the clearance of vegetation at the development site because the site is within a SNA
and more than 1% of the total area is being altered (TDC, 2007, 4e 6.1). The subdivision
development including earthworks as it involves the construction of new, and the extension of
existing, utility services; including drinking water, waste water, and roads (ibid, 4a 3.3). The marina
as it will include the construction of a permanent structure on the surface of the water (ibid, 4e 8.2).
Lastly, any new road construction in the development falls under the restricted discretionary activity
label (ibid, 4e 14.6). These activities each require a resource consent, and will be evaluated
according to a number of criteria which will assess the ability of the activity to comply with TDC’s
District Plan, as well as other policies and plans legislated by the council (ibid, 4).
3.5.4 Growth Management Strategy (TD2050)
The district has developed a growth management strategy which aims to provide guidelines for
growth without compromising the environmental quality of the region. It first establishes policies for
growth in the region and then delves into specific areas which are of use to different parties.
3.5.4.1 Policies
In terms of district character, the strategy aims to encourage growth in areas which will reinforce the
strengths and individuality of each area (TDC, 2006). This will be achieved by conveying the existing
unity and strengths of Kuratau to the new subdivision; such as the extension of the holiday home
atmosphere, plentiful vegetation and easy access to the area’s natural features (ibid).
When looking at significant landscapes and natural areas, the strategy is intended to protect these
areas from inappropriate development. This has been acknowledged by the placement of the
subdivision which allows the ALA to be left intact. While it is acknowledged that a SNA will be
cleared of vegetation and then constructed on, it must be recognised that there are varying qualities
of this SNA throughout the region and development is allowed as long as mitigation occurs (TDC,
2007, 3). This is planned through the extension and enhancement of the wetland in Whiowhio
Reserve and of the vegetation in Kuratau River Esplanade Reserve (ibid, 2). Open spaces for a
number of uses are also part of TD2050. They provide recreation and leisure activities, breaking up
of urban areas, and contribute towards the urban form of the subdivision (TDC, 2006). The

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esplanade and the planned wetlands extension have been designated as open spaces within the
proposed development, which contribute towards these desirable features (ibid, 11).
The strategy requires that new developments should be well designed with key urban design
elements and to enhance safety. This is achieved by constructing non-linear roads which follow the
path of the river, and by having sufficient street lighting throughout the subdivision (ibid, 4).
Strong communities are also a focus of the strategy. TDC (2006) encourages a range of lot values in
new developments to ensure low-income housing markets are provided for (ibid). This condition is
met in the proposed development plan, with a range of lot; sizes, views, and distances from the
River, Lake and other desirable features in the subdivision (ibid 5).
3.5.4.2 Relevant Areas of Document
Ten percent of projected future growth in the district is expected to occur on the South Eastern and
South Western shores of Lake Taupō in the next 20 years. This is equivalent to 680 residential lots
and has been planned for in specific areas so that demand for developments can reach a critical
mass of people (TDC, 2006). One of the planned areas is the proposed development area. The
strategy notes that since the area is an SNA, and because of the proximity to the river, that it may
not be appropriate for development. Mitigation of these effects on the proposed development will
help to sway the consent process in the developments favour, however. TDC (2006) also highlights
the benefits of development within this area. It is already within the existing service catchment and
between existing residential areas which will reduce the effects of transition to a residential area
and unconformity in the landscape.
3.5.5 Southern Settlements Structure Plan
This plan was developed to manage and allow for residential growth in the southern settlements of
Lake Taupō. This continues from the Growth Management Strategy and focuses on the areas which
have been deemed appropriate for growth according to TDC and the community (TDC, 2012a).
The Omori/Kuratau currently has 33 vacant lots with titles but TDC (2012b) notes that an oversupply
of residential lots is preferred to provide choice to those in the market. The plan notes that
reticulated services such as water and waste water facilities, as well as road facilities, can cope with
20 years of projected growth. The proposed development area was recently rezoned as a ‘new
residential environment’ which means development can take place.

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Hazards are identified within the plan and affect the development in Kuratau. Kuratau River has
been identified as at risk of flooding, which affects the development as the proposed site is located
in the Kuratau River valley (TDC, 2012a). To address this, a stop bank (riprap) will be constructed
alongside the river, as discussed in section 5.3 (figure 31). Also, buildings will have to be constructed
elevated above the ground for protection from flooding and liquefaction (as mentioned in section
3.2.3.1) (Scott Devonport, personal communication, 8th
April, 2013).
The plan identifies a number of considerations for future developments in Kuratau. Growth is to
occur within current residentially zoned areas, in such a way that the physical separation from Omori
and the character of the existing township are retained. The development achieves this by being
located in a residentially zoned area surrounded by the existing Kuratau settlement. Character will
be retained by allowing both holiday homes and permanent residences to be built on a variety of
section sizes and values with a number of reserves and access ways within the subdivision. Views
have also been accounted for with the shape and layout of the development which will avoid any
lots being severely limited with their view of the surrounding landscape. Developments should also
provide for new reserve networks, ecological corridors, and roads and walkways which connect to
the existing settlement. This will be achieved by having a large proportion of land in reserves with
access ways and roads which increase access and connectivity in and around the development.
3.5.6 District Policies
3.5.6.1 Code of Practice for Development of Land
The Code of Practice (CoP) is intended as a guide for the development of subdivisions within the
Taupō District. It sets out what the requirements are for development under the District Plan. All of
the policies below are in addition to those discussed in section 3.3 and 3.5.
The CoP requires a number of criteria to be met in the area of earthworks and geotechnical
operations. As well as rules set out in other policies and plans, developers are required to not
unnecessarily alter natural land form or features, provide suitable building area within each lot,
control sediment, dust, noise and water during construction (TDC, 2009). This will be achieved by
keeping all operations within the designated development area, proving a flat and suitable building
area in each lot, and ensuring effects of the development remain within specified limits. Of these,
dust and noise are the impacts which have the potential to effect neighbouring residents. Dust can
be controlled during construction by the spraying of water on areas and at times where there is the

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potential to create a problem. The noise issue will be resolved by only operating the construction
site during daylight hours when there is a higher tolerance for noise.
In terms of transportation, there are a number of criteria that must be met. Design and layout must
be in a way which provides linkage and connectivity, adequate parking, and pedestrian pavements
while being compatible with the existing environment (TDC, 2009). This will be achieved by having
loop roads with passageways running through the centre of the development. Side road parking will
be set aside in the design of the roads, especially as the need for boat parking may be high. Also, a
number of pedestrian access ways have been planned for as to reduce the need for vehicular
transport where possible, these are discussed in section 5.3. The Kuratau River Esplanade Reserve
and wetland area are all within easy walking distance of every lot in the development.
The CoP includes various criteria to be met for stormwater management. Stormwater is to be
managed according to best practice in such a way that if natural features are used, there is minimal
disturbance to natural water systems and is low maintenance (TDC, 2009). This will be achieved by
extending the existing wetland in Whiowhio Reserve which will become a natural purification system
for the subdivision’s stormwater.
A number of criteria must also be met for waste water treatment and disposal. Connections to
existing infrastructure or treatment onsite are the two options for disposal (TDC, 2009). The new
development’s waste water can be connected to Kuratau’s existing infrastructure which pumps
waste water to Omori for treatment and disposal and so this will be the preferred option.
The CoP requires a number of criteria to be met for drinking water supply. The development is
within the catchment service zone for drinking water and so will be connected to this town supply
(TDC, 2012b).
Landscape design and practice must also conform to standards in the CoP. These criteria are
compulsory for new subdivisions which require new roads or reserves (TDC, 2009). These are
covered in the TDC Tree and Vegetation Policy.
Within the CoP, there are a number of criteria to be met in terms of reserves in subdivisions for their
potential environmental, social, cultural, and economic benefits (TDC, 2009). Reserves are created in
subdivisions either as a condition of consent, as an esplanade reserve, or in accordance with TDC’s
Development Contributions Policy.

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Finally, the CoP requires that power and telecommunications must be connected to each lot. This
will be carried out during the construction phase of the development and is covered in section 5.3.
3.5.6.2 Development Contribution Policy
Growth in the district places pressure on existing infrastructure. The Development Contribution
Policy requires those who benefit from developments (that is the developers) to contribute to the
financial costs of maintaining existing and constructing additional infrastructure such as water,
waste water, transportation, and reserves (TDC, 2012c). Therefore, this will create an additional cost
per lot for the developer of this subdivision:
- Transportation: district-wide fixed cost of $2,190
- Water: area-dependant, no projects proposed, therefore no contribution cost for
Pukawa/Omori/Kuratau but averages if other areas are $1,178 if relocation is needed;
- Waste Water: area-dependant, no projects proposed, therefore no contribution cost for
Pukawa/Omori/Kuratau but averages of other areas are $4,902if relocation is needed;
- Reserves: district-wide fixed cost of $9,617
The total estimated cost per lot is therefore $17,887. Thus, the estimated total for 88 Lots will be
$1,574,056.
3.5.6.3 Tree and Vegetation Policy
Trees and vegetation in reserves and on the street side is an important amenity asset for the district.
They must be appropriately managed though so as that they do not become an issue. The council
aims for vegetation in reserves to be of a mixed species and age stock and at least 5 metres from
boundaries (TDC, 2005). Community partnerships are encouraged and so the subdivision community
may contribute to the vegetation of the reserves. Street side vegetation can be present where the
berm is at least 5.25 metres wide and is at a rate of one tree per section frontage. For new trees
which are planted during the landscaping phase of a new subdivision, resource consent must be
obtained (TDC, 2005). This feature should be included in the new development to retain amenity
and soften the sharpness of the subdivision.

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3.5.7 Specific Subdivision Applications and Consents
There are a number of consents required for the development of the subdivision and marina.
Vegetation clearance, earthworks, subdivision, road construction, discharge, and marina consents
are all required sue to being either a restricted discretionary activity or a discretionary activity (see
appendix 4). Affected persons approval, application for right of way approval, application for new
road names, and notification of earthworks, are all also required as applicable before any
construction commences (see appendix 5 for an example).
3.6 Stakeholders
By section 95E, subclause 1 of the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA), it is necessary that all
potentially impacted individuals and agencies are noted. Where possible, contact has made where
viable, in other instances proxies have been established to determine potential responses. This has
formed part of the permission seeking process given the available time frame. However, it is not
necessary at this point, or in conforming to the RMA, that stakeholders are actually contacted, only
identified (RMA, 1991, Schedule 4, 1AA).
3.6.1 Department of Conservation (DOC)
There is an aversion to development within the area, as both destruction of the vegetation and local
habitats (personal communication, Michel Dedual (DoC), 9th
April, 2013). The biggest focus is the
presence of the fishery as the Kuratau River is one of the most important spawning sites for trout. In
particular the first 500 meters are used by trout spawning; however they go all the way up,
favouring the gravelly sections further up river (ibid). As a result the concern was expressed that the
additional boat traffic upon the river could disrupt the fisheries area. In addition there is the
potential presence of native or protected birds on the development site. These factors are expected
to be assessed through the process of the scouting and scoping.
The use of land for subdivision would be avoided wherever DoC holds interest in land, and this is not
viable within the current provisions. However, the land proposed for the development is not
ecologically valuable. So it is possible for a ‘land swap’ negotiation to occur in which this land can be
exchanged for land more favourable for conservation purposes (personal communication, Michel
Dedual (DoC), 9th
April, 2013).

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Support will be provided for any cases in which the natural character is maintained and the fisheries
are enhanced. It must be noted that the wetland creation is a favourable outcome that will be
supported by DoC (personal communication, Michel Dedual (DoC), 9th
April, 2013). They will
however oppose any further water extraction processes (ibid). As it is, point there is disagreement
that the flow rates are suitably measured. So there may be future pressure upon applicable
minimum flow rates.
3.6.2 Waikato Regional Council
Waikato Regional Council (WRC) was not contacted as a stakeholder. However, a submission by
them for the Southern Settlements Structure Plan is freely available from the TDC and so can be
used as a proxy for their outlook on development in the area.
Their outlook on development at Omori/Kuratau is that developments within SNAs are inappropriate
and that even development adjacent to SNAs should be treated with caution (WRC, 2013c).
3.6.3 Taupō District Council
TDC has a number of concerns regarding the proposed development, primarily focused around the
difficulty that may arise during the consent process. From a policy point of view, they believe that
the fact that the land is an SNA and the river is an OLA would hinder the consent process. From an
infrastructural approach, they expect that the risk of liquefaction would be a limiting factor for
development. And finally, from an ecological perspective, Short-Tailed Bats roost in Whiowhio
Reserve which could pose challenges for land use change proposals (personal communication, Scott
Devonport, 8th
April 2013).
3.6.4 Fish and Game
Contact was made with the applicable officer from Fish and Game. The area under development
was not considered an issue for them as a stakeholder (personal communication, Rob Pitkethley
(Fish and Game), 4th
April, 2013).

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3.6.5 Iwi
The Iwi which has a stake of the proposed development zone is Ngati Tuwharetoa. Contact was
attempted on April 1st
but no response had been received by April 8th
at the time of writing this
report.
3.6.6 King Country Energy Limited
King Country Energy Limited (KCE) was not contacted. However, a submission by them for the
Southern Settlements Structure Plan is freely available from the TDC and so can be used as a proxy
for their outlook on development in the area. They own and operate the hydro-electrical power
plant on the Kuratau River upstream from the proposed development site.
KCE (2013) has specific consent conditions relating to impacts on the Kuratau River. They are
primarily concerned with structures or development on the riverbanks which may increase erosion
and therefore have an impact on their own consent conditions. They note the need to consider their
operation when planning development alongside the river (ibid.).
3.6.7 Existing Landowners
Due to the hypothetical nature of the study, consultation with residents was unable to be carried
out. However, submissions by residents and other stakeholders on the Southern Settlements
Structure Plan are freely available from TDC and so can be used as a proxy for their outlook on
development in the area. There were 14 submissions in total, of which, 8 were relevant to the
proposed development. Of these, 6 were residents in the district.
A number of submissions made were opposed to development in the Omori/Kuratau area. Hoadley
(2013) believes that development is not necessary due to the abundance of existing lots. Richards
(2012) displays concern for the environment given the TDC proposed development. The Kuratau
Omori Preservation Society (2013) goes further and highlights the importance of the SNA and TDC’s
willingness to disregard this in favour of development. Lewis & Lewis (2013) regard the lack of
infrastructure in Kuratau/Omori as the limiting factor for development. Transport, stormwater,
waste water, and boat ramp infrastructure are noted as being insufficient for a development.

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Goodman (2012) recommended that a large scale residential marina should be part of development
in the Southern Settlements. Attraction of wealthy residents and economic growth were cited as
primary reasons for this kind of development.

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3.7 Leopold Matrix
Leopold matrices are important tools for identifying the magnitude of human and environmental
outcomes from project actions. Policy has an influence on this cause-effect process by having a
direct impact on project actions and a flow-on effect on human and environmental elements. In this
matrix, the outcome of this relationship affects elements on the x-axis. Therefore, it is the effect that
policy has on the outcomes of the project.
This analysis of policy is important because it shows the effect of policy on the project and on the
resultant outcomes. Policy is constructed by authorities to ensure the best interests of the
environment and society are catered for. Thus, many of the effects of policy are positive. Negative
effects are present where policy has a negative effect on project action impacts and often comes
about when trade-offs have to be made between desired outcomes.
By looking at the overall effect of policy on project actions and outcomes, a sound idea of what can
and cannot be achieved by the project according to policy is constructed. It is useful for policy-
makers who can see the advantages and shortcomings of their decision making process. It is also
important for developers who can identify reasons for their project actions according to specific
policy.

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Table 7: Institutional Leopold Matrix for Modification of Regime and Land Transformation.
Project Actions
Natural and Human
Environmental Elements
1. Earth Construction material 2+
Landform 1+ 1 2 1
2. Water Surface 1+ 1
Quality 1+ 1 1+
Recharge 1+ 1
3. Atmoshere Quality
4. Processes Floods 1+ 2+ 2+ 1+
Erosion 2+ 1+ 1 1+
Stability 2+ 1+ 1 1+
1. Flora Trees 2+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1
Shrubs 1+ 1+ 1+ 1
Grass 2+ 1+ 1+ 2+
Corridors 1+
2. Fauna Birds 1+ 1+
Fish and shellfish 1+
Corridors 1+ 1+ 1+ 2+
CutandFill
LAND TRANSFORMATION
& CONSTRUCTION
MODIFICATION
OF REGIME
Noiseandvibration
Urbanisation
Roadsandtrails
Physical and
Chemical
Characteristics
Biological
Conditions
1. Landuse Wilderness and open spaces 2+ 1+ 1
Wetlands 2+ 1+ 2+ 1
Residential 3 2 3+ 2+ 2+
2. Recreation Fishing 1+ 1 2+
Boating 2 3 3 3+
Swimming 1+ 1 1+
Picnicking 1+ 1+
3. Aesthetics and Scenic views and vistas 2+ 1+ 1 2 1+ 1
Human Interest Wilderness qualities 2+ 1+ 1 1 1
Open space qualities 1 1+ 2+ 1
Landscape design 1+ 2+ 1+ 2+
Parks and reserves 2+ 1 1+ 2+ 1+
Rare and unique species or ecosystems 1+ 1
4. Cultural Status Cultural patterns 2+ 1
Health and Safety 1+ 1+ 2+ 1+
Population density 2 2+ 1+ 1+ 1+
5. Man-made facilities Structures 2 1+ 2 2
and activities Transportation network 2 2+ 2+
Utility networks 2+ 2+ 2
Waste disposal 1+ 2+ 2+ 2
Cultural Factors
LEGEND

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Table 8: Institutional Leopold Matrix for Resource Extraction, Land Alteration, Resource Renewal, and Waste
Emplacement.
Project Actions
Natural and Human
Surfaceextraction
Landscaping
Harbourdredging
Reforestation
Pipelines
Stormwater
Landform 2 2 1 2
2. Water Surface 1 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+
Quality 1+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 1+
Recharge 1+ 2 1
3. Atmoshere Quality 1+
4. Processes Floods 1+ 1+ 1+ 2+ 2+
Erosion 1 2+ 1+ 2 2+
Stability 2+ 1+ 2 2+
1. Flora Trees 1+ 2+ 1+
Shrubs 1+ 2+ 1+
Grass 2+ 1+ 1+ 2+
Corridors 1+
2. Fauna Birds 1+ 1+
Fish and shellfish 1+ 2+ 1+
Corridors 2+ 1+
Physical and
Chemical
Characteristics
Biological
Conditions
LAND
ALTERATION
RESOURCE
RENEWAL
WASTE
EMPLACEM
ENT &
TREATMEN
T
RES
OUR
CE
EXTR
ACTI
ON
1. Landuse Wilderness and open spaces 1 1 1+ 2+
Wetlands 1 2+ 1+ 3+
Residential 2+ 1+ 1+ 1 2+ 1+ 1+
2. Recreation Fishing 2+ 1 1+ 1+
Boating 3 1 1+
Swimming 1 1 1+ 1+
Picnicking 1+
3. Aesthetics and Scenic views and vistas 1 2+ 2+
Human Interest Wilderness qualities 1 1 1+
Open space qualities 1 2+ 1+
Parks and reserves 1+ 1+ 3+ 2+ 1+
Health and Safety 1+ 2+ 3+
Population density 1+ 1
5. Man-made facilities Structures 1+ 2
and activities Transportation network 1+ 1 1
Utility networks 1+ 1+ 2+ 2+ 1+
Waste disposal 2+ 2+ 1+
Cultural Factors
LEGEND

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3.8 Assumptions and Limitations
Due to the nature of policy documents, the number of possible assumptions is inherently limited.
For the sake of cost estimations however, it is assumed that the possibility of having additional
conditions imposed upon the Kuratau development is minimal as the most common conditions have
been incorporated into the plan itself. Furthermore, that there are no significant court-related
processes which could potentially inflate costs.
It is however assumed that it is possible for all land to be acquired to perform the development.
Thus, that any DOC held land can be easily acquired, and that held by the councils and private
landowners can be easily transferred.
Some limitations exist with the provided information however. Due to the nature of the work and
the time frame available in which to do it, the policy search has not been exhaustive. While the most
significant policies at the national, regional, and district levels have been captured, others may have
escaped the notice of the consultants as it was not possible to seek all related documents and find
potential legal loopholes. More specifically, internal time restrictions with establishing the
development plan further hindered more focused analysis of appropriate policies.
Of other necessary resource restrictions, it was not viable for all suitable tests to be performed to
determine what consents as this may create additional consents beyond that would otherwise be
necessary.

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3.9 Summary
The area of the proposed development contains significant natural and cultural features, with
numerous interested parties at national, regional, and district levels. The policy framework thus
requires that there are minimal adverse impacts upon these features in order to maintain the
natural character of Kuratau. This is across both an ecological viewpoint as well as ensuring that the
new development itself does not disrupt existing community values. As such, the substantial
changes proposed necessitate the application for numerous resource consents and a potentially
extensive consultation process.
Of the plan, the greatest immediate impact upon the environment is the subdivision itself. The act of
subdividing is controlled across all levels of regulation, needing approval from national and local
sources in order to be enacted. Multiple consents will be in order, due to the need to clear
vegetation, accommodate erosion, liquefaction, and ensure structure stability. With extensive
information to show that the impact of the subdivision will have minimal impact upon cultural and
natural features throughout the construction and operational lifespan of the settlement. This will be
a costly and drawn out process, thus the more information that is available, the better the case for
development will be.
Further consents will be needed in the connection of the resulting subdivision into the existing utility
networks. With contacting the local providers to ensure that the additional population can be
accommodated. The new development cannot be allowed to become isolated or otherwise
significantly distinct from the locality in order to maintain community values. Thus, the more
information that can be acquired for these linkages and community involvement within the
environmental context, the more likely that acceptance will arise.
Due to the position of the development near the Kuratau River and Lake Taupō, Iwi interests as well
as recreational values apply. These will result in a greater requirement for consultation and the
accommodation of diverse interests for enactment of the subdivision and marina. While
environmental values do receive priority, the resulting cultural values of the area involves adherence
to the Treaty of Waitangi. It is imperative that these interests are taken into account and their
relationship to the environment through the information gathering process that an environmental
impact assessment will provide.
Given the extent of the factors and importance of the environmental and cultural components of the
Kuratau area, a full environmental impact assessment would be recommended. This would ensure

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that the necessary information exists to minimise delays and reduce the potential for refusal of the
needed resource consent applications. Within this, any further conditions that may be required by
the regulatory authorities or interest groups can be more easily accommodated without more
extensive and unexpected short term costs arising.

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4.0 Aquatic and Foreshore Ecology
4.1 Introduction
A three-day study was carried out to investigate the potential ecological impacts of a proposed
subdivision, marina, and jetty. This included both a terrestrial and in-stream study. Parameters
assessed included; in-stream conditions of water quality, flow rates, depth, substrate type,
significant habitats and food sources, species count including trout, native fish, invertebrates, and
vegetation and terrestrial factors including bird, invertebrate, and vegetation species counts.
The main aim of this study was to collect and use current ecological conditions to assess how best to
maintain the high ecological significance of this area while also allowing human development to
occur. Additionally, the potential impacts of various developments were analysed and used to
determine which would have the most significant impacts on the environment, and from this
conclude which activities should be avoided, mitigated, or allowed to continue as planned.
The study site is situated along a low gradient, unconfined meandering river passing through a large
flood plain. The river is approximately 23m wide at the widest point and it has a densely vegetated
bank with a few clear areas. The surrounding land includes a floodplain directly adjacent to the rive
ranging from about 50m-300m wide, and a steep bank surrounding the majority of the area. The
length of the river analysed was about 1.64km long. Study sites for various species surveys can be
seen in figures 10 and 11. Terrestrial species surveys included wetland, forest, and river habitats.
Sites for forest and river surveys were selected on the basis of accessibility.

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
Figure 10: Locations of Invertebrate Trap sites and Stream Sampling Sites
Source: Google Earth, 2013 & Hartley, S. 2013. (Invertebrate trap sites were named according to
white labels)

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
Figure 11: Location of Bird Observation Sites
Source: Google Earth, 2013, & Hartley, S. 2013

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4.2 Background (Aquatic)
4.2.1 Conditions
The aquatic study carried out for this assessment revealed that the lower reach is an unconfined,
low gradient, meandering river with a stream bed ranging from fine gravel/coarse sand to occasional
silt-prone sites in the slower flowing areas. This reach of the river has been noted to be a significant
area for trout populations and has been described as having similarities with an estuarine reach of a
unmodified river (KCE, 2000). There were very few large rocks or woody debris. Water conditions
were relatively consistent throughout our entire study site: pH was constant at 7.0, conductivity
ranged from 90-110S/m, temperature ranged from 12-14°C, and water clarity varied from 77-84cm.
Flow was the most inconsistent variable, ranging from 1.52m/s-2.705m/s, however much of this is
likely due to the influence of the upstream power station and therefore no accurate conclusions can
be drawn from this data. Full condition data can be found in appendix 9.
Due to the meandering nature of this reach the river has shifted its course in the past as can be
identified by the presence of abandoned oxbows. This indicates that this reach of the river has
avulsed across the floodplain in the past and has the potential to avulse in the future (KCE, 2000).
Flow conditions were identified as one of the most important factors affecting the instream ecology
of the Kuratau River. Flow is controlled by the upstream power station (King Country Energy Limited
(KCE)) which releases water at certain times causing the river to rise or fall in relation. Past studies
such as (KCE, 2000) have determined that the manipulations of flow in the Kuratau River have not
caused any significant impacts on trout which is one of the significant species in the Kuratau River.
Bank vegetation along the studied reach is relatively dense apart from at the river mouth. The bank
vegetation consists of native vegetation and some pest species, such as blackberry, in some sites.
The vegetation was encroaching into the river. Willows and rushes were located in spots along the
entire studied sites. One significant condition associated with the presence of willows and rushes is
the increase in fine deposits downstream from the vegetation. The effectiveness of the bank
vegetation in mitigating bank erosion is mostly unknown; however, it can be assumed that the
vegetation would contribute to the bank stabilisation by holding soil in place and reducing the
exposure of bare soils, which are prone to erosion. The willows and rushes may also provide
significant habitats for species especially nesting sites for birds.

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Figure 12: View of Four River Sampling Sites
Source: Hartley, S. 2013.
4.2.2 Aquatic Vegetation
Water weed was not a major component of stream bed cover in any of the four sites sampled. There
was none present at all in the river mouth (site 1) and the upper end of the sample area (site 4),
there were only small amounts in sites 2 and 3. In both of these central sites the only species of
water weed present was Lagarosiphon major. This plant is a submerged perennial which anchors
into sandy or silty stream beds. It is a species of oxygen weed which is identified by seasonal pinkish
flowers, and by the whorl of green leaves arranged in a spiral around the stem, which curve
backwards and downwards. Lagarosiphon major is considered to be a pest as it disperses native
water weeds and can grow rapidly to form a dense carpet over the stream bed, blocking waterways

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and prevent water usages such as hydroelectric power generation (MAF, 2008). Lagarosiphon major
found in site 3 was very discoloured compared to that found in site 2; the darkish brown colour
indicates that the silty substrates found at this site was not conductive to healthy growth in this
plant.
Periphyton levels in the Kuratau River were very low. The only example found in the aquatic analysis
was in site 4, and would be responsible for less than 1% of the substrate cover in this site. This
periphyton was present on a fraction of the few large rocks in this area, and formed a thin mat (less
than 0.5mm thick) of reddish brown cover. Periphyton provides a reliable indication of
eutrophication: large volumes are caused by high levels of nutrients such as phosphorus and
nitrogen, both of which can be detrimental to water quality (Gaiser et al., 2006). The low levels of
periphyton observed in this river therefore suggest that the nutrient content of the water is
relatively low.
4.2.3 Invertebrates
Aquatic invertebrates can also be an important indicator for stream health; many species of larval
mayflies and stoneflies are very sensitive to water quality, therefore their presence will indicate a
waterway of higher quality. Conversely, many Oligochaetes (worms), Mollusca (snails), and
Chironomus (midge larvae) have a much higher tolerance range for water quality and will often be
found in muddy or nutrient-enriched streams and rivers (Taranaki Regional Council 2009). Therefore,
the diversity and composition of macroinvertebrate colonies can present a useful indication of water
quality.
Samples collected from 4 sites along the study area were highly variable; samples from the river
mouth contained only 4 species of invertebrates (1 Oligochaete, 3 types of Caddisfly larva). In
contrast, sites 2, 3, and 4 all had large numbers of macroinvertebrates. Oligochaetes were present in
very large numbers, and were easily the dominant group in all these three sites. Moderate numbers
of various caddisfly larva species (many of which are also pollution-sensitive) were found at sites 2, 3,
and 4, and a large amount of Chironomus (midge) larvae were found at site 3. An EPT score
measures the number of Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies), and Trichoptera
(caddisflies) larvae in a given area of stream. As these are the most sensitive species, this score
provides an indication of the quality of the stream. If large numbers of these taxa are present, the
stream quality is high; if there are few the water quality may be degraded (Reynoldson & Metcalfe-
Smith, 1992). Therefore, the low numbers of these invertebrates combined with the large

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populations of more pollution-tolerant species found in the samples suggests that water quality is
slightly degraded. However, some of this may also due to substrate type, as mayflies and stoneflies
prefer rocky substrates while Oligochaetes and Chironomus thrive in finer substrates (Taranaki
Regional Council 2009).
4.2.4 Fisheries
The Kuratau River is a major contributor to the trout fisheries of the Greater Lake Taupō region.
Rainbow and Brown trout are exotic fish, but due to their high value through fishing and tourism
activity they make up the bulk density freshwater fish for the Kuratau region. During a period from
1996 and 2007 the average density of trout in the lower reaches of the river was approximately 1500
fish per kilometer. There has been a significant decrease in trout density over recent years,
especially during a low productive point from 2008-2011. This river has been noted as a significant
spawning area for both migratory rainbow and brown trout from Lake Taupō (DOC, 2012b).
In 2005 KCE proposed the installation of a third power turbine to increase electrical production form
6MW-9MW. This upgrade in power generation would result in a minor increase to the frequency of
daily flow fluctuations and magnitude. As trout have specific habitat requirements increasing flows
on the river could create negative effects and reduce populations of rainbow and brown migratory
trout. The maximum area of adult brown trout used in spawning for the Kuratau River occurred at a
flow rate of 7m3
/s. Furthermore, juvenile rainbow trout habitat decreases with increasing flow
(NIWA, 1997). Preference habitat curves dictate a preferred and optimum habitat for both rainbow
and brown trout in the Kuratau River; the in-stream habitat requirements are dictated by optimum
flow. For trout spawning, it was found that optimum flow was around 5-7m3
/s. As the recreational
trout fishing makes up an important part of the tourism and economy of the Taupō region, it is
important that the trout fisheries and spawning grounds of the Kuratau River are maintained.
To this end, the DOC completed a trout monitoring review on behalf of the KCE to assess the impacts
of increased electrical generation from the upstream hydro scheme on the trout. Drift diving was the
key monitoring technique used to monitor the trout in the Kuratau River. This technique was used to
count the numbers of trout in the area including the escapement of the trout. The escapement, also
referred to as spawning counts, is the number if adult trout migrating upstream of the winter fishing
limit (DOC, 2012b). This study was carried out from August-September over a period of two years
(2011-2012). Currently the results of this study have not been published; however results from other

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studies suggest that the effects of the increased power generation upon trout populations will be
negligible (NIWA, 1997).
4.2.5 Native Fish Species
Native fish species in the Kuratau River are relatively low. This could be mainly due to the Kuratau
flowing into Lake Taupō instead of other water bodies such as oceans which could limit species that
go through a stage of life in the ocean. However there are some species which have been identified
to inhabit the Kuratau River. According to a personal communication, Koura, Kokopu, and Smelts are
all found in this river (Michel Dedual (DOC), 9th
April, 2013). During this assessment, Kokopu were
observed in very large numbers, especially in and around patches of water weed. A number of Koura
were also found through night-time spotlight surveys.

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4.3 Assessment of impacts
4.3.1 Physical Conditions
Physical conditions in the Kuratau River will be strongly affected by the proposed development.
Water temperature will be greatly affected by both the potential changes in the depth of the stream
caused by dredging, and the presence of riparian vegetation, as much of this will be removed by the
proposed subdivision development. Changes in water temperature can result in effects such as the
alteration of the dissolved oxygen content as oxygen solubility in water varies along a range of
temperatures (Tromans, 1998). Oxygen content is also influenced by changes in aquatic vegetation
and sediment load (Oschwald, 1972), both of which will occur if the proposed developments go
ahead.
The loss of different types of habitats is one of the main impacts on the condition of the river. Many
species of invertebrates and plants can be specific to certain types of substrate; therefore any
changes in substrate composition may alter the presence of species found in the river. The loss or
changes in the occurrence of pools, riffles and runs is also extremely important to the species in the
Kuratau River as certain species experience greater success with specific geomorphic characteristics
(this effect will be discussed in greater depth in the following sections).
4.3.2 Aquatic Vegetation
One of the largest impacts on aquatic vegetation is the loss, or reduction, of vegetation in response
to the proposed developments. The dredging of the river bed will be one of the most important
factors; the effects of this will be seen both directly by the complete removal of plants during the
dredging process and indirectly when the plants further downstream are affected by the activity
upstream. Indirect effects occur through the increase in sediment load during the dredging process.
This sediment will be carried downstream and will affect aquatic vegetation in these areas. Because
the Kuratau River already has a high sediment load (Environment Waikato and Taupō District Council,
2011) any slight increase in sediment could lead to devastating impacts. For example increased
sediment load could result in vegetation being smothered, especially if the sediment load contains
high proportions of fine silts. Other effects also include the reduction in water clarity which would
decrease light infiltration and therefore reduce the ability of the plants to produce food through
photosynthesis, and also a reduction in the dissolved oxygen content of the water (Oschwald, 1972).

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Another major impact of the development on the aquatic vegetation is the possible increased
nutrient load in the Kuratau River in relation to the development, especially from runoff derived
from the subdivision. Increased nutrients can lead to blooms in aquatic vegetation such as
periphyton and algae. This increase in vegetation can have detrimental effects on other aspects of
the river, including fish and invertebrates. One of the major issue in relation to these blooms is the
reduction in dissolved oxygen and water clarity which then go on to affect other aspects of the river
(Welch, Quinn & Hickey, 1992). Another issue with these blooms is the choking of the river; this can
limit access and use of the river including recreational uses such as boating and fishing.
The introduction of pest species is another issue relating to the proposed development. One of the
major species that could have detrimental effects on the Kuratau River is didymo. This is a rapidly
spreading water weed that can dramatically reduce the quality of the river resulting in the loss of
other types of vegetation as well as important invertebrates and fish, including some native species.
Didymo is often introduced to waterways through increased human activity which would occur with
the proposed development, including higher access of people on land as well as increases in boat
traffic and recreational fishers which would be the highest risk (DOC, 2012a).
4.3.3 Invertebrates
Any change in river water quality can have huge implications for aquatic invertebrate populations
and community composition. Any development which reduces the water quality or alters stream
characteristics can change the availability of food supply, nutrient content of the water, oxygen
content, and also carries the potential for the loss of some more sensitive species, which would alter
the balance of the in-stream food web through loss of grazing, predation, and presence of predator
species. Loss of the EPT taxa through water quality degradation will result in the replacement of
these species by invertebrate species such as Mollusca, Oligochaeta, and the midge larvae
Chironomus, none of which are beneficial to stream water quality (Reynoldson & Metclafe-Smith,
1992).
One of the major consequences of any terrestrial development is the potential for an increase in
run-off into nearby surface waters. This run-off may include pollutants and/or dissolved nutrients
such as nitrogen, both of which have the ability to significant decrease the quality of the water.
Human habitation of an area can also increase the amount of phosphorus in the water through
sewage discharge, which is also deleterious to stream health. For keystone species such as stoneflies,
mayflies, and caddis flies, both pollutant and nutrient introduction can be disastrous; all of these

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groups are highly responsive to any changes in water quality (Taranaki Regional Council, 2009) and
the degradation of their habitat could result in the loss of these beneficial species through either
death or forced migration upstream.
The removal of forestry may also affect aquatic invertebrate communities beyond the influences of
pollutant introduction. Stewart, Wang, Lyons, Horwatich & Bannerman (2001) showed that EPT taxa
numbers decrease when forest cover and riparian vegetation is removed. This is likely due to a loss
of the nutrient filtering effect of forests as well as a reduction in shading of the water edges,
resulting in an increase in temperature in the edge regions of the water way. The area proposed for
the subdivision is dominated by native bush which is highly beneficial for waterways. If the
subdivision goes ahead much of the forestry and riparian vegetation around the vicinity of the forest
will be lost, therefore reducing the quality of the water and its invertebrate communities.
Sediment levels are another important consideration; they have significant implications for all levels
of the tropic chain for in-stream communities. Macro-invertebrate taxa (particularly sensitive species)
are not only indirectly affected by increased sediment loads through the loss of aquatic vegetation
for food and shelter (as mentioned in the above section), but also by direct effects upon their health.
An increase in sediment levels can cause sensitive filter-feeding species as well as the EPT taxa to
become smothered and unable to function, therefore these species will be lost from the site
(Matthaei, Weller, Kelly & Townsend, 2006). A study on the result of various terrestrial
developments has shown that conventional subdivisions cause the highest increase in sediment
loads in adjacent surface water supplies (Nassauer, Allan, Johengen, Kosek & Infante, 2004);
therefore the proposed subdivision for this site may decrease the quality of the Kuratau River if the
sediment load of the stream is not sufficiently controlled. Furthermore, any aquatic developments
that require stream-bed dredging will cause a huge increase in the level of sediments in any
downstream habitats; while this may only be for the duration of the dredging activity, it will still
have a huge impact upon sensitive species in this area.
4.3.4 Fisheries
There is potential for the proposed Kuratau subdivision to affect the fisheries of the Taupō Region.
As the Kuratau River is noted as an important spawning location for migratory Brown and Rainbow
trout any potential impact to the surrounding habitat could negatively affect fisheries (DOC, 2012b).
Sediment levels are a primary concern for habitat quality in this river; as the Kuratau River already

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has high levels of sedimentation, the prevention of runoff should be a key objective for the proposed
development in order to protect the receiving environment and the fisheries of the Lake Taupō (TDC,
2007, 9).
The proposed developments have two potential impacts upon sediment levels; runoff and dredging.
Runoff is a primary impact concerned with the proposed subdivision development; the increased
sediment/soil run-off associated with vegetation clearance and earthworks can have numerous
consequences for aquatic ecosystems which negatively impact stream health (TDC, 2007).
Unfortunately, conventional subdivision development has been found to result in the highest
increase in sediment load on river systems (Nassuer et. al., 2004). The increased soil runoff from the
proposed development and present influence of the hydroscheme may create need for dredging to
maintain navigation channels and inlet entrance of the Kuratau River. This will result in an increase
in suspended sediment in the water as well as an increase in the deposition of this further
downstream, causing a change to the characteristics of the stream bed.
Effects of sedimentation upon trout are numerous; the consequences of this are highest for juvenile
trout and spawning areas as adults have a higher resilience to changes in the ecosystem (NIWA,
1997), however all life stages will be effected to some degree. Sedimentation results in the burial of
in-stream vegetation as well as a decrease in viable habitat area which can have negative impact on
the life-cycle of migratory trout in the area (Erftemeijer & Robin Lewis, 2006). Dredging also has the
ability to alter the geomorphic characteristics of the river. As trout occupy the pools, riffles and runs
of the Kuratau River during different stages of their lifecycle, dredging will impact the size and depth
of these features and therefore affect the ability of trout to survive (NIWA, 1997).
Fish require specific physical habitat including water velocity, depth substrate and in-stream cover of
undercut banks, boulders (Jowett & Richardson, 2008). Trout operate with an optimum spawning
habitat which includes ideal substrate and flows for affective spawning. Boulders are the
predominant substrate in the higher reaches of the Kuratau River, however in the lower reaches
substrate is formed by a combination of gravels, cobbles and course sand (NIWA, 1997). Trout
require different types of habitat as they progress through their life-cycle. Juveniles are affected by
higher flows as habitat availability can decrease with increasing flows, while adult Rainbow and
Brown trout often have higher resilience to changes in the river flow. Food production is another
important factor affected by flow and sedimentation; the availability of food is vital to the survival of
both adult and juvenile trout; this is modelled by figure 13. In regards to the proposed developments,

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water flow may be disrupted by construction of aquatic structures, however once the construction is
completed is unlikely that flow will be significantly disrupted.
Figure 13: Trout Habitat Suitability for Food Production
Source: Niwa, 1997.
Increases in human activities related to the aquatic and terrestrial developments also have a
considerable range of impacts; the possibility of spills and accidents on the river body could affect
river quality and subsequently have a negative impact of the trout fishery of the greater Taupō
region. The developments which have been proposed could increase the boat traffic in the area
which can significantly increase the potential of accidental spills of unwanted substances to the river.
Implications of this could mean that the in-stream water quality values could decrease. Noise and
vibration from the increase in boating traffic as well as the proposed developments may also
negatively affect the conditions of the trout in the Kuratau River. Wake and vibration from the
increased boating has the ability to displace fish by removing and affecting in-stream habitat. Speed
and direction of boats determine the size of waves created which decrease habitat of migratory
spawning trout (McKinlay & Smale, 2001).

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4.3.5 Native fish species
Most of New Zealand’s native fish species are sensitive to water quality and geomorphic changes.
Therefore the proposed development of the Kuratau area may have detrimental impacts on the
native fish. As mentioned in section 4.3.4, species curves exist with each fish species having flow,
feeding, depth and substrate preferences (figure 14). New Zealand native fish often preferences for
habitats with riffles with fish density in riffles bring the highest. Fish densities are also generally
higher in water shallower than 0.25m. Native fish relations with velocity ranged throughout the
species with some such as common bullies (sighted at study site) preferring mid velocity classes. The
substrate relationships are also significant with certain species preferring certain substrate sizes. For
example some of the sighted fish in the study including the common bully prefer fine substrate
(<32mm). In general all New Zealand native fish decrease in abundance with increased substrate size
(Jowett & Richardson, 2010).
All of these geomorphic conditions have the potential to be strongly impacted by the proposed
developments with possible degradation/destruction of habitats and feeding sites. One of the major
impacts that will affect the native species will be the dredging of the channel. This can cause
increases in depth and changes in the substrate which would highly affect the native fish due to
them being benthic (bottom dwellers) but still prefer shallow waters (Iannuzzi, Weinstein, Snellner &
Barret, 1996). Other factors that could impact native species in the Kuratau River include impacts on
food sources, loss of habitat (vegetation), temperature, clarity and dissolved oxygen.

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Figure 14: Depth, Velocity and Substrate Size Preferences of the Common Bully
Source: Jowett & Richardson, 2010.

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4.3.6 Leopold Matrix (Part1: Aquatic Ecology)
Leopold matrices are important tools which identify the degree of human and environmental
outcomes from proposed projects actions. It is important to consider what the potential effects on
the aquatic ecosystem and associated species which inhabit these areas if development takes place.
In this Leopold matrix the relationship between the proposed project actions of the development
are weighed against the potential natural & human environmental elements of the aquatic
landscape.
This aquatic ecological analysis is important as it displays the potential aquatic environmental effects
of the proposed development. The aquatic ecology is impacted by a vast array of factors which result
from the necessity to develop areas of aquatic ecological significance. Leopold matrices provide an
overview of the proposed project actions on the aquatic ecology of the Kuratau region. This includes
the effect on native fish, important fisheries, change to channel morphology and increases in
sediment and nutrient loads to the receiving environment as well as many other potential
implications on the aquatic nature of Kuratau. Any proposed development must consider the
potential to effects to aquatic ecology and the Leopold matrix provides the necessary tools to do this.

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Table 9: Aquatic Ecological Leopold Matrix for Modification of Regime, Land Transformation and Resource Extraction.
Canalisation
Noiseandvibration
Barriers,includingfencing
Channelrevetment
Dredging
Commercialfishingandhunting
Energygeneration
Food
2. Water Surface 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2
Underground 1 1 1 1 2
Quality 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2
Temperature 1 1
Recharge 1 1 1 1 2 2
4. Processes Floods 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2
Erosion 3 1 2 3 1 3 2+ 3 3 2
Deposition 1 2 3 2+ 3 3 2
Solution 1 1 1 1 2 2+ 2 2
Sorption 1 2 2 2+ 2 2 2
Compaction and settling 2 1 1 1+ 2 2+ 2 2 1
Stability 2 1 1+ 2 1 2 1
Stress-Strain 1 2 1 2
Physical and
Chemical
Characteristics
LAND
TRANSFORMATION &
CONSTRUCTION
RESOUR
CE
EXTRAC
TION
MODIFICATION OF REGIME
National and Human
Environmental
Elements
Project Actions
1. Flora Microflora 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1
Aquatic plants 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Endangered species 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
2. Fauna Birds 2 1 2 1 2 1
Fish and shellfish 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1
Benthic organisms 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2
Insect 2 1 1 1 2 1
Microfauna 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2
Endangered species 1 1 1 1 2 1 2
1. Landuse Wilderness and open spaces
Wetlands 1 1+ 1 1+
Commerical 2+
Industrial 2+
2. Recreation Hunting 1+ 1+ 1+ 2+
Fishing 1+ 1 1+ 1+ 2+
Boating 3+ 1+ 2+ 2+ 3+ 2+ 2+
Swimming 1 1 1
3. Aesthetics and Human Scenic views and vistas 1
Interest Wilderness qualities 2 1
Open space qualities 2 1
Landscape design 1 1 2+
Unique physical features 1
Parks and reserves
Rare and unique species or ecosystems 1 1
4. Cultural Status Cultural patterns 2+ 1
5. Man-made facilities and Structures 2+ 1+
activities Transportation network 2+ 2+ 2+ 1+ 2+
Utility networks 2+ 1+
Waste disposal 1+
Eutrophication 1 1
such as: Salinisation of water resources 2 2
Eutrophication 1 1
Food chains 1 1
Salinisation of surface material 1
Brush encroachment 1 1 1+
Other 1 1
Ecological
Relationships
Biological
Conditions
Cultural Factors
LEGEND

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Table 10: Aquatic Ecological Leopold Matrix for Processing, Land Alteration, Resource Renewal, Changes in Traffic, Waste
Emplacement and Treatments, and Chemical Treatment.
RESOU
RCE
RENEW
AL
WASTE
EMPLA
CEMEN
T &
TREAT
MENT
CHEMI
CAL
TREAT
MENT
Harbourdredging
Pleasureboating
Stackandexhaustemission
Weedcontrol
Insectcontrol(pesticides)
Spillsandleaks
Operationalfailure
2. Water Surface 2+ 2 2 2 1 2 2
Underground 2
Quality 2+ 2 2 1 1 2 2
Temperature
Recharge 2
4. Processes Floods 2+ 2 1
Erosion 3+ 3 2
Deposition 2+ 3 1
Solution 2 1
Sorption 2+ 2 1
Compaction and settling 2 1
Stability 1+ 2 2
Stress-Strain 1+ 2 1 2
CHANGES IN
TRAFFIC
Physical and
Chemical
Characteristics
PROCESSING
LAND
ALTERATION
National and Human
Environmental
Elements
Project Actions
1. Flora Microflora 1+ 2 1 2
Aquatic plants 1+ 1 1 1 2
Endangered species 1+ 1 1 1 2
2. Fauna Birds 1+ 1 1 1 2
Fish and shellfish 1+ 2 2 1 1 2
Benthic organisms 2 2 1 2
Insect 2 1 1 2+ 2
Microfauna 2 1 2
Endangered species 2 1 2
1. Landuse Wilderness and open spaces
Wetlands 2
Commerical 2+
Industrial 2+
2. Recreation Hunting 1+
Fishing 1+
Boating 2+ 3+ 3+ 2 3
Swimming 2 2 2 2
Interest Wilderness qualities 2
Open space qualities 2 2
Landscape design 2
Parks and reserves 2
Rare and unique species or ecosystems 2
activities Transportation network 2+ 2
Utility networks
Waste disposal 2
Eutrophication 2
such as: Salinisation of water resources 2 2
Eutrophication
Food chains
Salinisation of surface material
Brush encroachment
Other
Ecological
Relationships
Biological
Conditions
Cultural Factors
LEGEND

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4.4 Background (terrestrial)
4.4.1 Vegetation
Previous species surveys on the variety of vegetation have indicated that the majority of the
proposed development area is covered with a mix of various native trees and shrubs (Environment
Waikato and TDC 2011). There are both primary and secondary forested areas, with the primary
forested areas being dominated by a mix of species such as kohekohe, puriri, tawa, pohutukawa and
karaka, and the secondary scrub and forest areas containing mostly kanuka, with more manuka and
tauhinu around the more eroded coastal sites (Gisborne District Council, 2009). The large area of
native vegetation within the Kuratau region indicates a low level of human interference with the
landscape and its associated vegetation (Kuratau Omori Preservation Society, 2013).
Figure 15: Near River Bank Vegetation Which Includes Numerous Species of Native Tree and Shrub.
Source: Hartley, S. 2013.
Species surveys for the purpose of assessing the impacts of the proposed developments indicated
that many of the species mentioned in the above paragraph were present. For a full list of species
present in the assessed area see appendix 11 for a full list of plant species identified within the
potential subdivision area. Due to the limited time allotted for this survey, the relative proportions
of each of the species was not assessed, however it was noted that there was an unexpectedly large
proportion of exotic pest species such as blackberry, broom, and thistle. These species made up the

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majority of the central forested area along with a large number of bracken and ground ferns, with
the larger trees more abundant around the edges. Empirical observations concluded that the
average tree height appeared to be greater for the southeast edge of the forest; the forest along the
river edge appeared to be much less mature, having a smaller average canopy height as well as a
large proportion of small shrubs and ground cover plants.
The proposed development area also included a relatively new wetland area located in the
Whiowhio Reserve. This area was planted with a number of native species such as harakeke,
cabbage tree, kanuka, and manuka. Again, exotic pest species were also apparent in relatively large
numbers, indicating that future pest management may be needed for this habitat. As the wetland is
a relatively recent addition, all species contained within this habitat were comparatively small to
surrounding forest trees. There was a line of mature gum trees ranging from about 50m to 200m
away from the wetland.
Figure 16: Wetland Vegetation Which Includes Numerous Flax, Grass And Some Native Tree Species.
Source: Modongo, O., 2013.
4.4.2 Invertebrates
There were no previous species reports for invertebrate communities in the Kuratau area. For this
study invertebrate communities were assessed using a combination of pitfall traps and intercept

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traps situated throughout the various types of habitats found in the study site (wetland, forestry,
and river bank). Trap locations can be seen in figure 10 (map in intro). Due to the time of year, very
few invertebrates were present in any of the habitats. Additionally, due to a sudden cold snap
around the time of assessment, there were a limited number of invertebrates active around this
area. There were no significant or nationally important species found. A full list of species found in
the current study can be seen in appendix 12. The only species of note observed was the honey bee:
this is an important species for both human interests (pollination of orchard trees) as well as
pollination of native forest plants.
Figure 17: Intercept Trap Located Near River Bank
Source: Stewart, N. 2013.

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Figure 18: Pitfall Trap Located Near River Bank
Source: Stewart, N. 2013.
4.4.3 Bird Species
A number of significant native, endemic and exotic bird species make up a large portion of the fauna
found in the Kuratau region. The adjacent bush to the proposed developed area primarily consists of
native species and creates an ideal feeding and breading habitat for forest birds. The current studies
of birds in the area included a survey which went to 7 key locations where bird populations were
known to inhabit. These locations include the river mouth, boat ramp, river track sites 1, 2 and 3, the
wetland and finally the bush (refer to figures 10 & 11). This study revealed significant species of
forest birds including fantails, wax-eyes, hawks, tui, starling, and grey warblers. Previous studies
have also found native Kereru and exotic species including thrush and blackbirds in this general area
(Personal communication, Russell Shaw (Omori/Kuratau Pest Management Group, 27th
March, 2013).
The river banks and lower reaches of the floodplain of the Kuratau River provide food and suitable
habitat for many water birds. The floodplain lining the banks of the lower reaches exhibits
significant species including blue heron, spur wing plover, New Zealand grebe, little black shags,

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black shags as well as mallards, grey ducks, and teal (Personal communication, Russell Shaw
(Omori/Kuratau Pest Management Group, 27th
March, 2013). Other less significant bird species
which are also found in the Kuratau region include the common house sparrow, quail, and seagulls.
Predation is major threat to the health of bird communities of the area. The Omori/Kuratau Pest
Management Group have worked to increase the bird population of the Kuratau region by
eliminating pest species such as rats, possums, feral cats and stoats which predate on the
aforementioned bird populations. The proposed development will have a significant negative impact
on the bird populations on of Kuratau by decreasing bush habitat and impacting stream health which
the water bird species depend upon.
4.4.4 Other Significant Species
According to Scott Devonport (TDC) (Personal communication, 8th
April, 2013) there have been
short-tailed bats sighted in the studied site in the past. However during the current study no
sightings were made and no other references to sightings have been found in other studies. Even
though no sightings were made it can still be assumed that bats may be present in this area and may
have been in hibernation due to the timing in the year (Waitomo caves, n.d.). Assuming the bat
sightings are accurate and that the bats roost in the large gums in the Whiowhio Reserve these trees
could be of extreme significance to the terrestrial ecology.
Pest species in the area have been under rigid control with trapping carried out by the
Omori/Kuratau Pest Management Group for the past 18 months. Target pest species are rats, stoats,
possums and feral cats. This trapping has been found to have a major increase in native bird
populations which is extremely significant for this area (Personal communication, Russell Shaw
(Omori/Kuratau Pest Management Group, 27th
March, 2013).
Household pests could also increase in number with more human inhabitants often results in more
pets including cats and dogs.

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4.5 Assessment of impacts
4.5.1 Vegetation
The most significant impact of the proposed development will be the loss or reduction of native
species due to removal for the proposed subdivision. This can then go on to impact other significant
species including invertebrates and birds through the loss of food and shelter. Additionally, the
removal of native vegetation will likely result in habitat fragmentation for forest species which
results in problems such as lack of inter-populational breeding and migration, as well as a loss of
diversity which results from smaller patch size.
The general removal of trees will have a negative environmental impact with possible increases in
atmospheric warming and pollution, water pollution and land degradation (Elliot, Flenley & Sutton,
1998). Terrestrial vegetation can often act as a nutrient sink resulting in less nutrients being
deposited into the waterways. Trees and shrubs can intercept runoff of both sediment and nutrients
which if removed can result in large amounts of runoff being deposited in waterways (Lowrance,
Todd, Fail, Hendrickson, Leonard & Asmussen, 1984). Finally, land degradation can occur through the
increased exposure of soils which then leads to increased erosion by wind and water.
The current vegetation in this area has a high percentage of pest plants and with the proposed
development these pest species may increase in number. This could be due either to a reduction in
competition from native species or new species being introduced which could lead to native species
being out-competed. Even with the replanting of native vegetation the further impacts on species
inhabiting the vegetation will be negative. This is because many types of vegetation, especially New
Zealand natives are slow growing and may take many years before they reach a stage where they
can provide suitable habitats and food sources for native species (Wardle, 1985).
4.5.2 Invertebrates
The potential impacts of the subdivision upon invertebrate communities appear to be relatively low
due to the lack of species found in this study. Usually however, the potential impacts upon
invertebrate communities would involve issues such as the loss of habitat, loss of food sources, and
the introduction of competitor and pest species due to human activities. The removal of the forested
areas under the subdivision development would affect both ground dwelling and flying insects.
Many plants provide resources such as food and shelter for insects, as well as potential breeding
areas. Therefore, the loss of these would be potentially devastating for all species.

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4.5.3 Birds
Bush areas around the Kuratau region and the lower reaches of the floodplain create a unique
habitat for many significant forest and water birds. The proposed development would drastically
impact the bird population of Kuratau by promoting habitat loss through development activities in
the bush and on the floodplain. Vegetation removal is the primary concern for the bird populations
of Kuratau region. Reproductive success of forest-nesting birds has been positively correlated with
the percentage of forest cover, percentage of forest interior, and average patch size in a landscape
(Fahrig, 2003). The proposed development of this subdivision will decrease all of these parameters,
as residential properties will be built in place of the bush that previously contained vegetation.
The removal of bush coverage should be amended by the creation of the proposed esplanade strip
which will provide some habitat for native birds. However the esplanade will become an isolated
patch as surrounding bush will be removed to make space for new development. Patch isolation is a
measure of the lack of habitat in the landscape surrounding a patch. Research has shown that patch
isolation on species richness represents further evidence for the strong impact of habitat loss on
biodiversity (Fahrig, 2003). Many species of birds have a minimum patch size requirement for
reproductive success. Small patches can reduce the population of birds due to increased competition
for fewer resources. The reduction of food and other important resources caused by the subdivision
will therefore have a significant impact upon many bird species. In particular, insectivorous birds
such as the fantail will be affected as forest loss will reduce habitat area for their food sources.
Frugivorous birds such as the tui will also experience similar losses due to a reduction in fruit and
nectar produced by native plants.
Edge interactions mean that forest birds are open to increased predation at the forest edges, most
notably from household pets and associated pests. Subdivision development often means the arrival
of household pets which have the ability to decimate native forest and water bird populations
through predation activity. Feral cats, rats, possums and stoats all predate on birds in this area.
Through constant trapping and monitoring the Omori/Kuratau Pest Management Group work to
limit the negative impact of pest species in the area (Personal communication, Russell Shaw
(Omori/Kuratau Pest Management Group, 2013).
Finally, subdivision development can create noises which negatively affect the condition of birds in
the Kuratau region. Water birds in particular will be affected by the noise and vibration from the

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potential increase of water traffic. Disturbance of water birds can be any event which interrupts a
bird’s natural behaviour (Clowater, 2008). The proposed development will increase boating traffic on
the Kuratau River which can have major implications for the water bird populations who inhabit the
lower reaches and flood plain. Boating is one of the principle human-initiated impacts which cause
the greatest disturbance to birds. Large boats and those with motors create waves which can
displace birds and reduce breeding and foraging success and therefore survival (McKinlay & Smale,
2001).
4.5.4 Other Significant Species
Due to the endangered status of the New Zealand short-tailed bat it is extremely important to
maintain the population. This could mean that the gum trees they roost in should not be removed;
however even if they are not removed the bats may still experience a negative impact through noise,
pollution, loss of food sources and other factors.
The increase in human activity with the proposed development may result in an increase of pests.
This could be detrimental for the remaining native bird population and will need to be considered.
Increases in household pets including cats and dogs could also have an impact on the native species
in this area including bats.

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4.5.5 Leopold Matrix (Part 2: Terrestrial)
The Leopold matrix is an important tool for identifying the magnitude of human and environmental
outcomes from project actions. It is important to consider the potential effects on the terrestrial
landscape and associated species within the environment from the proposed development. In this
matrix the relationship between the proposed project actions of the development are weighed
against the potential natural & human environmental elements of the terrestrial landscape.
This terrestrial ecology analysis is significant as it displays the potential environmental effects of the
proposed development. The landscape ecology is impacted by a vast range of factors which are
created by the will to develop areas which have significant species and dynamic habitats. By looking
at the overall effect project actions have on the terrestrial ecology of the Kuratau region we can
determine what developments can and cannot be achieved without significantly decreasing
terrestrial ecosystem quality. It is important for developers to consider the ecological implications of
development when proposing any changes to the terrestrial habitat.

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Table 11: Terrestrial Ecological Leopold Matrix for Modification of Regime, Land Transformation, and Resource
Extraction.
Biologicalcontrol
Surfaceorpaving
Noiseandvibration
Urbanisation
Roadsandtrails
Transmissionlinespipel&corridors
Blastinganddrilliing
CutandFill
Surfaceexcavation
Clearcuttingandotherlumbering
1. Earth Construction material 1 2 1 2 2 3 2
Soils 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 3
Landform 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
Unique physical features 3 2 2 2 1 3 3 3 3
3. Atmoshere Climate 2 1 1 1 1 3
Temperature 1 1 3 1 2
4. Processes Floods 2 1+ 1 3 1 2 2
Erosion 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 3 2
Deposition 1 1 2 3 2 2 2
Solution 1 2 3 2 2
Sorption 1 1+ 3+ 3 2 2 2
Compaction and settling 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
Stability 2 1 1+ 1 1+ 1 1 2 2
Stress-Strain 2 1 3 2 2
Air movements 1 1 1 1 1 1
RESOU
RCE
EXTRA
CTION
MODIFICATION OF
REGIME
LAND TRANSFORMATION &
CONSTRUCTION
Physical and
Chemical
Characteristics
National and Human
Environmental
Elements
Project Actions
1. Flora Trees 2 2 1+ 2 1 3 2 1 2 3 3 3
Shrubs 2 2 1+ 2 1 2 2 1 2 3 3 3
Grass 2 2 1+ 1 2 2 2 3 3 2
Microflora 1+ 1 1 2
Barriers 2 2 1+ 2 2 2 2
Corridors 1 1 2 2 2
2. Fauna Birds 1+ 2 1 2 3 3 3
Land animals including reptiles 1+ 2 1 1 2 2 3 2 3
Insect 1+ 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 3
Microfauna 1 1
Endangered species 1+ 1 1 1 1 3 2 3
Barriers 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
Corridors 1 1 1 2 2
1. Landuse Wilderness and open spaces 1 1 2 2 2 2
Wetlands 1 2 1 3+ 1+ 1+ 2 2
Residential 2 1 2+ 2+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 2+
2. Recreation Camping and hiking 2+ 2+ 1+ 2+ 2+
Picnicking 2+ 2+ 1+ 2+ 1
3. Aesthetics and Human Scenic views and vistas 1 1 1+ 1 2+ 1
Interest Wilderness qualities 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1
Open space qualities 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 3
Landscape design 2 2 1 1+ 1 1+
Unique physical features 2 2 1 1 2 3
Parks and reserves 1 1+ 1 1+ 3 2
Rare and unique species or ecosystems 1+ 1 1 1 1 3 2
4. Cultural Status Cultural patterns 1+ 1 1 1 3
Health and Safety 1+ 2 2 2+ 3 1 2 2
Employment 1 2+ 2+ 1+ 2+ 2+ 2 2+
Population density 2+ 1 2+ 1+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+
5. Man-made facilities and Structures 1+ 2+ 3+ 2+ 1+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+
activities Transportation network 2+ 1+ 3+ 2+ 2+
Utility networks 2+ 1+ 1+ 2+ 2+ 2+
Waste disposal 1+ 2+ 1+ 2+
Barriers 1+ 1 2+ 1 2
Corridors 1+ 1
Brush encroachment 1+ 1 2 3
Cultural Factors
Biological
Conditions
such as: Salinisation of water resources 1+ 1 2 2
Food chains 2 1
Brush encroachment 2 2 3
Other 2 1
Ecological
Relationships
LEGEND

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Table 12: Terrestrial Ecological Leopold Matrix for Land Alteration, Resource Renewal, Changes in Traffic, Waste
Emplacement and Treatment, Chemical Treatment, and Accidents.
CHE
MIC
AL
TRE
ATM
ENT
Landscaping
Reforestation
Wildlifestockingandmanagement
Automobile
Trucking
Trails
Communication
Pipelines
Septictankscommercial&domestic
Weedcontrol
Explosions
Spillsandleaks
Operationalfailure
1. Earth Construction material 1 2 3
Soils 1+ 2 2+ 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 1+
Landform 1+ 2 2+ 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1+
Unique physical features 1+ 1 2+
3. Atmoshere Climate 1+ 2 1
Temperature 1+ 1 1
4. Processes Floods 1+ 1 1+ 1 1+
Erosion 3+ 1 3+ 1 1 1 2 1+
Deposition 2+ 1+
Solution 2+ 1+ 1
Sorption 2+ 1 1+ 1 1 1 1
Compaction and settling 2+ 1 1+ 1 1 2 1+
Stability 2+ 2 1+ 1 1+ 1 2 1+
Stress-Strain 2+ 2 1+ 1 1+
Air movements 2+ 2 1
WASTE
EMPLAC
EMENT &
TREATM
ENT
ACCIDENTS
Physical and
Chemical
Characteristics
LAND
ALTERAT
ION
RESOUR
CE
RENEWA
L
CHANGES IN TRAFFIC
National and Human
Environmental
Elements
Project Actions
1. Flora Trees 2 3+ 3+ 2 1 1+ 2 2 2
Shrubs 2 3+ 3+ 2 1+ 2 2 2
Grass 2 3+ 2+ 2 1+ 2 2 2
Microflora 2+ 1+ 2 2 2
Endangered species 2 3+ 2+ 1+ 2 2
Barriers 3+ 1
Corridors 1+ 2 1+
2. Fauna Birds 1+ 3+ 2+ 2 1 2 2
Land animals including reptiles 1 2+ 2 1 1 2 2
Insect 1 2+ 2 1 1+ 1 2 2
Microfauna 2+ 2 1+ 1 2 2
Endangered species 1 2+ 2 1 2 2
Barriers
Corridors 1 2+
1. Landuse Wilderness and open spaces 1 1 1 1 1+ 1+
Wetlands 2+ 2+ 1 1 1 1 1+ 3
Residential 2+ 2+ 2+ 1+ 2+ 3+ 1+ 3+ 2+ 3 1 3
2. Recreation Camping and hiking 2+ 2+ 1+ 1
Picnicking 2+ 1
3. Aesthetics and Human Scenic views and vistas 1+ 1+ 2+ 1 1
Interest Wilderness qualities 1 1+ 2+ 1 1 1 1
Open space qualities 1+ 1+ 1 1+ 1
Landscape design 2+ 1 1+ 1+ 1+ 3
Unique physical features 1+ 2+ 3
Parks and reserves 1 2+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1
Rare and unique species or ecosystems 2+ 2 1 3 2
4. Cultural Status Cultural patterns 1+ 2 1+ 1+
Health and Safety 2 2 1+ 1+ 2 1 1 1 3 3 2
Employment 1+ 1+ 1+ 2+ 1+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 3 1+ 1+
Population density 1+ 1+ 2+ 3 1 3
5. Man-made facilities and Structures 1+ 1+ 1 1+ 2+ 2+ 3 1
activities Transportation network 2 1+ 1+ 3
Utility networks 2 1+ 2+ 2+ 3 3
Waste disposal 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 3+ 3 3
Barriers
Corridors 1+
Brush encroachment 1 2
Cultural Factors
Biological
Conditions
such as: Salinisation of water resources
Food chains 1+ 1
Brush encroachment 2
Other
Ecological
Relationships
LEGEND

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4.6 Mitigation
4.6.1 Continued Monitoring and Improvement of Current Studies
In order to better determine the effects of the proposed developments upon both terrestrial and
aquatic ecosystems, further monitoring of climactic conditions and species numbers should be
employed. These studies should take place for at least one year following the completion of the
developments in order to gain a proper understanding of the fluctuation in physical conditions,
species abundance, and effects of life cycle stages upon habitat requirements.
Improvement on methods employed by current studies should be reviewed and their effectiveness
assessed in order to gain the most reliable results in future studies. Due to the lack of time and
equipment as well as issues with river accessibility, only a very brief visual survey of fish species was
possible. For future studies alternative fish survey techniques should be considered as they provide a
better indication of species present. The appropriate techniques should be assessed on a case-by-
case basis according to the parameters specified in table 13. It may even be that a combination of
more than one survey technique would provide the best results (Joy, David & Lake, 2013); therefore
the effectiveness of this should be considered when designing studies.
Table 13: Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Fish Survey Protocol Methods
Quantitative method scores are assessed using a scale of 0-3 and then ranked comparatively to other methods.
Source: Joy, et al., 2013.
Alternative methods should also be considered for other species surveys: the methods used for plant
and insect surveys in this assessment were not effective, however we were severely limited due to a
lack of accessibility of many areas. To this end, it may be useful to create features such as access
tracks to allow placement of insect traps and assessment of plant species further into the vegetated
area. Techniques such as aerial surveys of the more densely vegetated areas could also provide

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useful information about relative abundance of larger canopy trees, although it will not be useful for
younger trees or ground-level vegetation.
4.6.2 Replacement of Vegetation and Creation of Corridors Between Remnant Patches
The loss of forested areas required for the development of the subdivision could have severe
impacts for the quality of the habitat: the region under assessment is classed as a naturally
significant area due to the dominance of native plants. According to a report by the Kuratau Omori
Preservation Society (2013), this vegetation is “chronically threatened” due to continued losses to
farming, forestry, and urban development. The degree of forest clearance required may therefore be
too extensive to allow under the current design. To reduce the implications of this, native vegetation
may be planted in alternative areas to replace that lost in the development.
Retaining patches of forest during development amongst the subdivision may also be beneficial; it
has been previously suggested that habitat fragmentation has relatively small negative implications
for resident species (Fahrig, 2003). Provided that remnant patches are sufficiently large and within a
suitable distance of each other to prevent local extinctions, this technique may be sufficient to
maintain the abundance of local native bird and insect populations. Furthermore, creation of
ecological corridors between patches will also aid in dispersal of species between patches, therefore
this should also be taken into account when assessing removal of vegetation.
4.6.3 Wetland Development
The proposed wetland development will have numerous advantages for both the local environment
as well as in the control of many negative impacts created by the subdivision. Wetlands provide a
natural method of filtration for pollutants contained in stormwater (Wong & Somes, 1995), enable
increased control of water tables (Atkinson, 1994) and create a drastic increase in productivity for
the area, therefore increasing diversity of associated habitats, species, and food chains (Knight,
1992). Therefore the creation of the wetland proposed in the subdivision plan will be highly
beneficial to water quality and the abundance of terrestrial species that inhabit wetland areas.

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4.6.4 Native Bat Roosting Areas
Although this study did not observe the presence of any native bats, it has been indicated that the
gum trees listed in the plant survey are a frequent night roost for New Zealand native bats (Personal
Communication, Scott Devonport (TDC), 8th
April, 2013). Unfortunately, these trees are situated in
the area designated for wetland development. This factor, combined with the additional proposed
removal of large native forestry is likely to reduce the area available to these bats to roost. Possible
solutions to this problem include leaving some of the larger gum trees and altering the wetland
design to accommodate this, and also the potential to create alternative roosting sites by planting
some large tree species in the immediate vicinity.
4.6.5 Ongoing pest control
Ongoing pest control is likely to be required; this is currently already carried out by the Omori-
Kuratau Pest Management Group, and continuation of this will likely be necessary to limit pest
numbers to a suitable level. Possum, mustelid, and cat control will enable native bird populations to
remain at their current level and potentially improve further.
4.6.6 Regulation of dredging times
Dredging of the river bed has numerous consequences for local populations of Brown and Rainbow
trout if it is not properly regulated. Dredging during August and September has the potential to
interfere with trout spawning times (DOC, 2012b); therefore this process should not be undertaken
at this time. It may also be necessary to extend this ban by 2-3 weeks either side to allow for
spawning time variation between years.
4.6.7 Boat number and activity regulations
The potential for recreational boating to interfere with both native fish and trout is also high if the
proposed river developments go ahead. As previously stated, the noise and disturbance of water
created by movement of boats can have significant impacts upon fish species, therefore these
disturbances should be minimised where possible. The number of boats accessing the river should
regulated at all times to prevent overcrowding and therefore lack of non-disturbed sanctuaries for

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fish. Speed regulations will also need to be imposed to ensure that the level of water disturbance is
kept at a level that does not have any significant negative impacts on the condition of the fish.

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A number of limitations were identified throughout the study. These reduced the accuracy of the
data collected and therefore limited the strength of the conclusions made.
General limitations include all sample areas being selected based on the poor accessibility to the
river and forested area. This resulted in data only being collected from certain sites which may not
give an overview of the entire study site. There was also a lack of time to complete the study.
Ecological factors can often take a reasonable amount of time to be fully understood therefore the 3
day study period was not sufficient enough to allow accurate conclusions to be made. The need for
annual trend data is extremely important and this was unable to be determined with the current
study for example a trend that would be significant to this study that were unable to be determined
were species population composition during different times of the year. There was also a lack in past
studies to use as comparisons for this study as well as a focus on only certain species in the past
instead of a whole representation. A lack of knowledge by the researchers could have also resulted
in a lack of accuracy.
The aquatic study was limited by a number of factors. The most significant limitation was that
temperature and flow rate of the river sites were unable to be accurately measured. This is because
these factors fluctuate throughout the day and to achieve accurate measurements multiple
measurements should be taken at different times of the day. The fish sampling method of
spotlighting was also a limitation as certain species could have been underrepresented using this
method. This was noted to be significant in this study as personal communications mentioned
certain species being present but at the time of the study some of these species were not sighted.
The clarity of the water made sampling difficult due to the difficulties experienced in viewing the full
channel. A lack of water quality measurement methods also limited this study. Methods that were
potentially important but not included in this study are dissolved oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
concentrations. Instead indicator species such as periphyton and invertebrate composition was used
to assess quality.
Terrestrial limitations included birds being identified by sight only, rather than by using calls as there
was a lack of knowledge of birdcalls amongst surveyors. This could have resulted in some of the
smaller, less noticeable and nocturnal species being missed. Vegetation was also difficult to get a
complete representation as some areas were too dense to access. Therefore a general
presence/absence method was used instead of relative abundance.

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There was also a lack in the amount of sites studied for parameters such as terrestrial insect
populations. This was due to a lack of access, time, and equipment. The time of year that this study
was carried out may have also resulted in a number of species that not being present. For example
insect populations are reduced at this time due to colder climates. In addition, the lack of mayfly
larvae in the aquatic samples may have been due to the time of year, as most would have hatched
into adults before this time.

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4.8 Summary
In view of the current ecological conditions, this area is of significant natural importance and
therefore the impact of any human activities should be minimised where possible. Of particular
importance is the aquatic ecosystem; the Kuratau River is a vital component of the greater Lake
Taupō region as it is home to a number of native fish species as well as a significant trout fishery and
provides a lifelong habitat for these fish. Therefore, water quality must be maintained at standards
sufficient to support these species. The main issue to consider here would be possible increases in
sediment and nutrient runoff. Any methods to maintain or improve water quality standards should
be considered.
Wetlands provide significant habitats which can maintain high diversity. The proposed development
of this wetland would be beneficial to many native species; however the removal of possible bat
roosting habitat would need to be considered. Wetlands would also reduce sediment and nutrient
runoff from the proposed development. This should result in water quality maintenance or potential
improvement.
Due to the high presence of native species found in the area the removal of vegetation would result
in significant habitat loss. Therefore, there is a need to maintain sufficient amounts of native trees to
support a healthy ecosystem and diversity amongst these native species. Possible mitigation
techniques include maintaining vegetation patches of sufficient size and providing means of
interchange between patch populations.
In order to make an accurate decision on the proposed developments, much more information on
ecological condition and impacts is required. Therefore, a full EIA is recommended to gain a full
understanding of possible implications for this scope of development.

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5.0 Infrastructure
5.1 Introduction
Infrastructure is a key service within a community and region as more developed regions become
social hubs and are more adaptable to future growth, without infrastructure these networks are
unable to be supported. The southern settlements of Lake Taupō are currently experiencing growth
and development in infrastructure, included in this is the small settlement of Kuratau. There is
already well developed residential and recreational infrastructure in the town, with currently no
commercial infrastructure; if growth continues it can be assumed that some level of commercial
infrastructure may become established. The Taupō District is well renowned for its tourist activities
such as boating, walkways, tramping and skiing. Therefore it is no surprise that the main reason for
development in Kuratau is for semi-occupied dwellings, as the majority are used as weekend homes
and holiday houses. Some of the infrastructure that is required to be developed if continued growth
in Kuratau is to occur includes the development of residential housing, telecommunications and
electrical supplies, wastewater and fresh water systems, roads and the development of recreational
infrastructure such as marinas, boat ramps, walkways, amenities and wetlands. This section of the
report will consider the existing infrastructure, discuss the proposed development for the selected
site, outline the positive and negative impacts of the development and any mitigation techniques
available to limit these, and finally the assumptions and limitations of this report for the proposed
development will be outlined.

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5.2 Existing Infrastructure
5.2.1 Road Networks
The settlement of Kuratau is accessible exclusively via Omori Road which is a direct link from State
Highway 41 and passes through the township of Omori before terminating in Kuratau (see figure 19).
State Highway 41 is the main thoroughfare between Turangi and Taumarunui, it is also the main
access way between the Southern and Western settlements around Lake Taupō (see figure 20). The
road layout throughout the Kuratau Township has a high number of curves and bends, these aid in
slowing traffic to provide a safer and more comfortable environment for families. This style has
continued in the newer subdivisions with the addition of large cul-de-sacs (refer to figure21). The
majority of the roads, aside from the main road, are unmarked and narrow, which is due to the low
density of vehicles (personal communication, Kevin Judd (Kevin O’Connor and Associates), 27th
March, 2013). The proposed development would cause changes to the road network, in particular,
an upgrade to the road leading to the main subdivision entrance (Tukino Road) and the lesser
developed entrance of Te Rae Street will also need improvements, including the removal of some
features. The increase in traffic along these two roads would also require alterations to the road
layout. Tukino Road would become the dominant road and intersecting roads would become subject
to the traffic control laws of 'Give Way' or 'Stop' signs.

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Figure 19: Map of Road Access to the Settlement of Kuratau
Figure 20: Map of State Highway 41 on the South-Western Side of Lake Taupō

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Figure 21: Photo of One of the Cul-de-sacs in a new Subdivision, Kuratau.
Source: Milner, Z. 2013.
5.2.2 Telecommunications. Electricity and Stormwater Drainage
The current telecommunication lines that are in Kuratau have all been placed underground and will
continue to be so in the future. There are also public telephone booths that are supplied by Telecom.
The electrical infrastructure in Kuratau is separated by the era that it was installed. The older
sections are above ground and use four three-phase wires which carry 230 volts per line (see figure
22). New sections of the township have 11 kilovolts electrical wires which are buried. Each of these
transformers supply 25 houses each and are measured via telemetry. Currently stormwater is
discharged at one location directly into the Kuratau River, this is located at the end of Huriwaka
Street, as seen in figures 23 and 24.

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Figure 22: Transmission Lines and Telecommunication Wire in Kuratau (230Volts per line)
Source: Modongo, O. 2013.

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Figure 23: Map Showing Services Around the Proposed Development Site
Key: Green Lines- Stormwater. Blue Lines- Water Supply. Red Lines- Wastewater Pipes.
Source: TDC, 2012b

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Figure 24: Stormwater Outfall at the End of Huriwaka Street
The Whiowhio Reserve contains a man made wetland, which would be extended to the river’s edge
under this proposal, it has the potential to be utilised in stormwater discharge. Due to the decline in
the naturally absorptive vegetation currently covering the development site and the increase in
concrete and other impermeable constructs the development site will have a higher rate of runoff in
to the stormwater system. To limit the impacts on the current stormwater system the use of a
wetland can be considered economically and environmentally beneficial.
5.2.3 Waste Management
Waste management can be separated into two categories, household wastewater (including sewage)
and household solid waste. Household waste disposal would not be largely affected through the
planned proposal. An increase in cost and time associated with collection would be one impact while
there would also be an increase in the deposition at the Omori Refuse Station (TDC, 2012.e) which
could decrease its estimated life expectancy. Household wastewater will be pumped to the Omori
Wastewater Treatment Plant (refer to figure 25) which is where all of Kuratau's municipal

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wastewater is treated. Currently wastewater pipelines run to the end of Te Rae Street (one of the
entrances to the development site), as shown in figure 23 above.
Figure 25: Omori Wastewater Treatment Plant
At present there is a proposed plan to upgrade the Omori Wastewater Treatment Plant after 2022,
at an approximate cost to the district council of $1,094,000, with the remainder of the costs being
funded out of development contributions. The upgrade will result in the annual costs of running the
plant to increase by $16,000. This is due to the predicted rise in demand in the coming 10 years
which will necessitate the upgrade of the current network. The resource consent for the plant will
also need to be renewed by 2015/2016 (TDC, 2012f, 6).
5.2.4 Residential, Commercial and Recreational Infrastructure
As discussed in section 2.1.1, approximately 25% of the dwellings in Kuratau are permanently
occupied; with such low rates of permanent residents it is unviable to have a range of commercial
infrastructure. Commercial infrastructure available to the Kuratau community is found in Omori, this

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is a general store and service station. Along with the low occupation rates, commercial infrastructure
in the area is also subject to competition from the close proximity of Turangi.
The average lot size for residential properties in Kuratau is 710m2
-718m2
(TDC, 2012a), this however
will increase with the continued development of larger lot properties, such as those found behind
the main areas of subdivision on River Park Drive. Subdivisions and properties are often situated so
that preferable views of Lake Taupō are achieved, this increases aesthetic gains and land values.
Recreational infrastructure is well provided for in this small community with a number of boat ramps
available to the public, easy access to the lake front, public amenities and parking. Within the
proposed development site there is a range of recreational activities to facilitate for a range of
groups. This includes a small playground and picnic tables in the Whiowhio Reserve (see Figure 26),
amenities, a walkway along the Kuratau River Esplanade Reserve and a walkway through a small
wetland (see Figure 27).
Figure 26: Recreational Structures in the Whiowhio Reserve

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Figure 27: Man-made Wetland in the Whiowhio Reserve
5.2.5 Marine Infrastructure and Dredging Schemes
Currently the publicly accessible marine infrastructure in Kuratau consists of a single boat ramp on
the lake edge which gives access to Lake Taupō (refer to figure 28), there are also private access
points along the Kuratau River which is a tributary to the lake, with private mooring at points farther
up the river. Another boat ramp is open to the public in Omori, the settlement adjacent to Kuratau.
At present there is no dredging scheme in place on the Kuratau River, although there is a severe
sedimentation issue at the mouth of the river. Large scale deposition has resulted in a dynamic river
mouth which actively moves during high river flows, indicating that there is the potential need for
future dredging schemes to be emplaced. This high rate of sedimentation also occurs offshore, the
deposition zone is visible in figure 29.

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Figure 28: Kuratau Boat Ramp
Figure 29: Sedimentation in Lake Taupō from Kuratau River
Source: Google Earth

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5.2.6 Soil Profiles
In order to get an idea of the soil types that are located within the development site, four soil
profiles were performed on areas which were expected to have different soil types (see Figure 30). A
full soil analysis was unable to be performed due to time and financial restraints, along with a lack of
knowledge in this particular area.
Figure 30: Locations of the Four Soil Profile Sites
Source: Google Earth

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Site One: Located in the Whiowhio Reserve, land cover is pasture and light tree cover, the profile
was easily dug but was very dry. The location is 38°53'25.25"S, 175°46'04.4"E, with an elevation of
360m asl. There were two distinct horizons (see figure 31) that were described by colour and a brief
appearance. The upper horizon is likely to be silt deposition from being part of the active flood plain.
- Dark Yellow Brown Black (WO) 4A, No stones, silt like
- Dusky Pale Strong Yellow (SY) 3F, Clay like, forming large conglomerates
Figure 31: Site One Soil Profile
Source: Ellmers, J. 2013

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Site Two: Located on a ridgeline which runs into the southern section of the development site.
Although this site falls outside of the development site it is indicative of the soil type of soil along the
southern development boundary due to the similar elevations and land cover. Land cover is thick
regenerating bush up to around 4m in height. Again the profile was easily dug apart from resistance
from tree roots. The location of the profile was 38°53'28.8"S, 175°46'0"E, with an elevation of 372m
asl. Figure 32 shows that there are three main horizons with small less distinct horizons which were
not analysed.
- Very Dark Yellow Brown Black (WO) 2A, Dark organic layer, thick matted roots
- Dark Yellow Brown (WO) 4B, soft silt layer, dry and easily crumbled
- Greyish Weak Orange (WO) 2D, lighter thick layer, clay like
Figure 32: Site Two Soil Profile
Source: Ellmers, J. 2013.

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Site Three: Located on the dry Oxbow Lake, right on the edge of the Kuratau River. The land cover is
grass and is surrounded by scrubby bush, no full canopy cover. The profile was easily dug and held
more moisture than previous sites, which is potentially due to the proximity to the river channel. The
location is 38°53'14.05"S, 175°45'59.5"E, with an elevation of 358m asl. Figure 33 shows that there
are three distinct layers within the profile with a small horizon that may be related to rapid
deposition during a large flood event.
- Dark Yellow Brown (WO) 4B, thick layer with no stones, capped by mats of weeds (no discernible
soil formation), small levels of oxidation
- Greyish Orange Brown (O) 2B, darker layer with slight oxidation visible, no stones
- Dark Yellow Brown (WO) 4B, returns to soil in the top horizon, high levels of oxidation
Figure 33: Site Three Soil Profile
Source: Ellmers, J. 2013

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Site Four: Located on the western edge of the development site, land cover is thick regenerating
bush, similar to that found at Site Two, full canopy. Again the profile was easily dug, and held more
the most moisture of all the sites visited. The location of the profile was 38°53'16.5"S, 175°45'51.6"E,
with an elevation of 354m asl. Figure 34 shows that there are two discernible layers with the third
and upper most layer poorly shown in this image.
- Olive Black (Y) 4A, Dark organic layer, shallow depth, thick matted roots throughout
- Very Dark Yellow Brown Black (WO) A2, no stones, thick silt layer, suggesting it was regularly
flooded in fine sediments
- Dusky Pale Yellow (Y) F3, Light clay like layer at the bottom of the profile, held together when
removed
Figure 34: Site Four Soil Profile
Source: Ellmers, J. 2013.

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5.3 Proposed Development
The proposed subdivision development is located at the northern end of the Kuratau settlement,
near the banks of the Kuratau River. This location offers views of the river itself, the adjacent bush
and Lake Taupō . The designed capacity of the subdivision is for 88 lots varying in size from 600m2
to
a generous 1000m2
. Other key features of this development include an the extension of the existing
wetland in Whiowhio Reserve, an esplanade bordering the subdivision along the Kuratau River, and
a boat ramp with a floating jetty.
Figure 35: Proposed Development Plan
Source: Google Earth, 2013 & Rowse, B. 2013.

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Figure 36: Proposed Development Plan II
Source: Rowse, B. 2013
The existing natural heritage of the area is the primary motivation for the chosen settlement design.
The development seeks to maximise views of the river, lake and bush, while granting residents
ample access to the recreational areas of the subdivision; and maintaining the natural and scenic
characteristics of the subdivision site and existing Kuratau area.

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The outer roads of the subdivision have been designed with sufficient width for vehicles to park on
either side of the road, while also allowing vehicles to use the road without disrupting traffic flow in
either direction. This design feature is to provide residents with freedom to utilise their properties as
they see fit, while still allowing other users of the area sufficient space to drive at a higher speed,
encouraging these roads to be treated as arterial routes. Whereas the subdivision’s internal roads
are designed to be narrow. This allows a car to be parked on either side of the road while still
allowing a vehicle to travel between them. By providing this environment, drivers are compelled to
drive slower on the internal roads due to their narrow nature. This increases the safety for fellow
motorists and pedestrians through increased opportunity to reaction in the event of an emergency.
Access is an important aspect to consider when designing a subdivision, not just for vehicles, but also
recreational use. For residents of the area, recreational access to the esplanade and wetland has
been catered for. The proposed area contains a paper road and a large enterance way to the
esplanade which can provide potential access routes for future development projects beyond the
subdivision. Such has been accounted for by making the western access point the same width as the
outer road of the subdivision, allowing seamless flow between the proposed and any future
developments. In the central area of the subdivision, there is a pedestrian walkway that allows direct
access to the esplanade and wetland areas. This is designed to accommodate for properties which
are not in close proximity to these recreational areas.
Access to the proposed jetty and boat ramp was an important aspect to consider in the design of the
subdivision. River access will be available to residents and the public at the proposed site through
the boat ramp and jetty, with an additional proposal to increase the size of the lakeside boat ramp in
Kuratau. The new boat ramp is designed to provide lake access via the Kuratau River when the lake
level as at an average to high datum level of 356.67-357.25m asl (see figure 30) (Environment
Waikato and TDC, 2011). There is potential for discretionary operation of the boat ramp around
these ranges depending upon the sedimentation at the river mouth.
In the event that the lake is not accessible via the Kuratau River during low datum levels, such as the
356.017m asl experienced at present (Mighty River Power, 2013), there is a planned extension of the
current Kuratau boat ramp to allow lake access during low lake levels. The introduction of a thirty
metre floating jetty at the new boat ramp provides boat owners the opportunity to tie up their boats
while they move their trailers, allowing a higher rate of use. Recreational access for trout anglers is
provided by both the esplanade and the jetty. An area has been set aside directly opposite the main
entrance to the esplanade/river access which will provide parking to users.

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Source: (Environment Waikato and TDC, 2011).
A marina was initially proposed instead of a boat ramp. The dynamic nature of the river mouth and
high sediment yield of the Kuratau River proved to be major issues that have to be overcome. In
order to do this the river would need to be subjected to a regular dredging programme. This would
have negative impacts on the river ecology and require significant resource consents due to river
bed disturbance, however there would be positive effects on the Kuratau lakefront. Due to these
features, the implementation and maintenance of a dredging programme proved to be a large
ongoing cost. As a result the marina was determined to be uneconomic and therefore, alternatives
were considered. Of these the most suitable solution was a combination of extending the Kuratau
boat ramp and a new boat ramp or jetty structure on the Kuratau River.
With the removal of the proposed marina from the design, other opportunities have presented
themselves. Due to the large area of impermeable surfaces in the proposed development there is a
stormwater issue due to the increased runoff. The solution to this is to drain the stormwater into a
wetland via three outfall points. This number was chosen to spread the volume of the stormwater
across the entire wetland. By utilising a wetland as a stormwater mitigation technique, there is the
added benefit of increasing diversity of the area through the expansion of an otherwise declining
habitat.
Figure 37: The Operating Datum Range for Lake Taupo and Flood Range

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Due to the dynamic nature of the Kuratau River, there is potential for the river to erode and shift its
channel into the wetland development. In order to mitigate these effects hard engineering
techniques, such as riprap (refer to figure 38), are proposed to be installed along this part of the
channel. This particular engineering technique will aid in diverting the river current away and
prevent erosion of the river banks at this point. This protects the wetland development, with further
extensions of riprap recommended to extend to the boat ramp and to the eastern edge of the
development area. To the west of the subdivision there is active bank erosion occurring on the outer
bend of the Kuratau River. This erosion does not cause an immediate threat to development within
the subdivision; however it does pose a long term issue. It is recommended that some form of
preventative engineering be used to halt this erosion, such as riprap. By using such techniques, a
buffer zone is created in the event of engineering failures, while also limiting the amount of
sediment entering the channel which can reduce sedimentation issues downstream.
Figure 38: Proposed Location of Riprap
Source: Google Earth, 2013 & Rowse, B. 2013.
There is a range of property sizes so to conform to the preferred District Council residential
development within Kuratau. Due to the nature of the topography and scrubby land cover within the

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development site, there is a need for removal of vegetation and levelling of topography. This poses a
problem due to the highly flora dominant setting of the Kuratau area. In order to keep within these
natural characteristics, the proposed development will need to undergo extensive replanting to
maintain aesthetics and natural flow throughout the township. During the construction phase of the
residential infrastructure considerations need to be made to reduce the visual impact of the
subdivision. It is recommended that roof and building colours keep within the background colours of
the natural environment. Another consideration to be added is the installation of grid-connected
solar panels on all north facing property roofs. This is to help offset any power demand caused by
the subdivision, with a potential economic benefit for landowners to sell the electricity back to
power companies.
During the planning stages of this subdivision, it was considered that provision be made for the
development of a small number of commercial properties. This consideration was discarded due to
the permanent occupancy of the township being around 25%. It can be expected that this low
percentage of permanently occupied dwellings will continue throughout the subdivision, therefore
rendering a commercial sector as unviable
The costs included in this proposed development will vary based on a number of factors including
soil types, existing infrastructure and final development design. An approximate summary of costs is
estimated in the following table. (Assumptions made in the following table are 1) riprap same price
in NZ as it is in USA after exchange rate; 2) riprap is similar price to what it was in 2006, 3) groin is
similar price as groin)

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Source: Various.
Table 14: Estimated Table of Costs

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5.4 Marina Proposal
The proposed marina is designed to support 20 vessels at any one time. Each berth is 6 metres wide,
with a platform extending 10m from the river bank; a boat ramp will also be located at the marina
(see figure 39). This design allows for vessels up to 31ft in length to safely berth at the marina, which
exceeds the current expected boat size expected to utilise the river marina, the current largest boat
expected is 27ft in length (personal communication, Bob Stewart, 12th
April, 2013). This marina is
intended to be open at all times of the year, so sufficient clearance between a boat and the river and
lake bed must be maintained. An issue identified with the proposed marina is that the current low
lake level does not allow access to the Kuratau River. Sedimentation at the river mouth has formed a
delta raising the river water depth but lowering it across the river mouth. This is currently
preventing boat access to the river.
To prevent this from happening in the future, the river mouth and approach will have to be dredged
to such a level that will allow permanent access to the marina all year round, even in extreme
conditions. To do this the river bed will be lowered by 1m, and the delta lowered by 2m which would
result in an estimated 32,500m3
of sediment. To remove the sediment via dredging it would cost
$109.90 per m3
(LA Follette & Thomas, 2013), resulting in a total cost of $3,570,705 for the initial
dredge. Ongoing dredging will need to occur as sediment is continuously deposited. To assess the
need for future dredging, sediment levels will be monitored via yearly bathymetry studies of the
area, with dredging action taken when required. Dredging the area would also have a detrimental
effect on the habitat of native fish species; refer section 4 of this report for more information.
The marina itself, in its simplest design, consists of 26 piles and 25 10m floating platforms, at cost
price, these materials would come to a total of $164,000 (personal communication, Wilson, P. 8th
April., 2013), any associated construction costs are on top of this. Additional structures to protect
the marina and boats from sedimentation and weather, such as groynes, would be an added cost.
Any increases in the complexity of the marina design would increase the cost substantially.
Based on the dredging figures alone, the cost to develop a marina would be prohibitive. Similar sized
berths at other marinas, such as a 12m berth at a marina in Tauranga, can retail at cost of $75,000
each (Trademe, 2013). If berths at this marina were to achieve a similar return the marina would
only produce an initial return of $1,500,000. However, it must be said, that the proposed design is a
limiting factor. There is potential for a marina to be developed, as private examples can be seen
currently on the banks of the Kuratau River, from this, the scale of the current design is can be
considered too large. Future discussion could lead to a redesign of the marina into a more suitable

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size, but for the purposes of this report, this possibility will be considered beyond the scope of the
current objectives. From hence forth the discussion within this document will be directed towards
the alternative proposal of a wetland and boat ramp complex.
Figure 39: Proposed Marina Design (Not to Scale)
Source: Rowse, B. 2013

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5.5 Impacts
The potential negative impacts upon the existing environment could occur during both the initial
clearing and construction process, or through the longer term activities associated with a permanent
population development.
5.5.1 Road Networks
 Increased vehicle use in the area, including construction and personal vehicles, can lead to
increases in hazardous air pollution; for example carbon monoxide. This increase in air pollutants
can have an adverse impact on respiratory health effects, such as asthma, for the surrounding
community.
 Surface levelling at the construction sites can cause a short term increases of dust in the
immediate area.
 There is the potential need to remove trees and alter other natural resource aesthetics during
construction of roads. This has a potential long term effect.
 There is likely to be increased noise by engineering vehicles during construction phase for a
short time period.
 Health and safety may be adversely affected due to increased accidents associated with
increased road use and road construction.
 Biodiversity in the locality may be adversely affected immediately and this is likely to carry
through to the long term due to the sensitive nature of ecosystems. This may be a result of
increased construction and upgrading activities.
 During and after construction, current roads may experience increased use with possible
congestion and an increased rate of road quality degradation.
5.5.2 Stormwater Drainage
 Due to developments such as houses and pavements, as well as the loss of vegetation, there will
be an increase in impervious surfaces and therefore increased runoff from rainwater. This has
the potential to pick up gasoline, motor oil, heavy metals, trash and other pollutants before
depositing these in the Kuratau River creating water pollution.
 During construction there is a potential for noise and air pollution to develop.

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 The negative impacts of stormwater drainage are accounted for in the proposed development plan
by enlarging an existing wetland area to create a buffer zone. This has the potential to positively
impact species such as ducks. (Also a favourable outcome for DoC , Regional and District Councils)
 There is a potential positive impact on the community of a creation of a stormwater wetland buffer
zone (as explained above) as the community in the new development has the potential to interact
and become involved with the management of ‘green’ spaces within the locality.
5.5.3 Telecommunication and Electrical Systems
 Communication and power has the potential to be disrupted during installation of new lines due
to alteration of telecommunication cables and signals.
 The overall aesthetic effect of a transmission line is likely to be negative to most people,
especially where proposed lines would cross natural landscapes and private properties. A
transmission line can affect aesthetics by the clearing of vegetation and thus negatively affecting
landscape views.
 Potential impacts of Electro-Magnetic field (EMF); health concerns over exposure to EMF are
often raised when a new transmission line is proposed.
 If power supply needs to be increased, new transmission lines will be required. This is likely to
affect the wider area and can impact agriculture and forestry surrounding Kuratau. For example
by creating problems for turning field machinery and maintaining efficient fieldwork patterns as
well as hindering or preventing aerial activities by planes or helicopters.
5.5.4 Dredging Schemes (removal of substratum)
 The main potential impacts from dredging include the physical removal and/ or burial of
vegetation at the dredging and disposal site. (Consent needed to move soil offsite).
 In the short term increased sediment loads may increase turbidity causing light reduction.
(Regional Council also isn’t too keen on reductions in water quality and will tend to oppose such).
 When dredging disturbs buried sediment there is the potential for reduced dissolved oxygen
concentration due to the release of nutrients and pollutants from contaminated buried
sediments. This could therefore affect the hydrographics which may lead to adverse (indirect)
effects on the ecological systems and habitat.

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 There is a potential impact on the significant trout hatchery located on the Kuratau River, in
particular for juvenile trout moving from the river to Lake Taupō.
 Water can become contaminated with oils from engineering equipments which can decrease
water quality.
 Regular dredging of the area destroys any habitats on the floor of the river.
 Economically unviable as the cost will be very high in removing sediments to allowable depth as
the proposed site is shallow.
 Increased runoff due to removal of vegetation and the hard covering of soil area will reduce soil
infiltration and absorption, as well as resulting in an interruption of soil water by vegetation,
hence increasing the volume and the speed of water runoff.
 It will provide an income source as the new individuals will be attracted into the community by
these developments.
 The removal of vegetation destroys the habitat of the indigenous and exotic species of the area.
 Winter air quality may decrease dependent on the heating source of households, i.e. fireplaces.
(May be necessary due to electricity constraints, not allowed discharges from open fires if that
helps (against the NES for Air Quality; Resource Management Regulations, 2004, 22:4).
5.5.6 Marine Infrastructure
 In the operation phase of construction on the river may alter water and sedimentation patterns,
which in turn will affect the sediment transport and distribution patterns.
 Increased boat traffic can disrupt spawning abilities of the trout entering the river mouth
(personal communication, Michel Dedual (DOC), 9th
April, 2013).
 A wetland can provide a potential breeding ground for pests, such as mosquitoes.
 The construction of a wetland can aid in the regulation of runoff volume/ peaks, potentially
increasing ground water infiltration rates and an increase in biodiversity services.
 Culturally wetlands have the ability to increase a region’s recreation and education services; it
also holds aesthetic qualities which are highly valued (Moore & Hunt, 2012).
 Stabilised river banks from marine development would reduce erosion, reducing
sediment yields.

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 The clearance of scrub bush from the proposed area creates an organic waste disposal issue.
 Health and safety of the community are at risk due to excavation of conveyance pipe lines.
 Soil will be reused onsite during the construction of the subdivision.
 As buildings are constructed and occupied, there will be increased municipal waste generation.
In addition, an increase in foul and wastewater which will contribute to the existing sewer
system (so carrying more, capacity remains static).

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5.6 Mitigation
5.6.1 Road Networks
 Watering dust producing surfaces will minimise dust in the surrounding environment when
levelling roads, grading and other construction activities that involve dirt movement.
 Minimising vegetation clearance during construction will help avoid unnecessary tree clearance
on the surrounding environment. Replanting new trees after roads have been constructed will
provide a long term remediation measure. Both of these will ensure that aesthetic impact of
construction is minimised and in time restored.
 Engineering vehicles should have a speed limit to reduce noise and dust production during
construction
 Speed humps will be constructed. This will also limit the dust generated from transport units
when travelling over dust producing surfaces as well as slowing traffic to reduce the risk of
accidents.
 The working time and construction schedule should be arranged to mitigate noise and chance
for road accidents. For example all engineering activities should not work between 10.00pm to
06.00am.
 To avoid negative impacts upon safety during construction road signs will be placed to identify
hazards and provide alternative routes. In the long term road networks will be designed to cater
for increased traffic volumes, however mitigation such as increased signage, speed controls and
speed bumps should be considered. If these mitigation methods are not enough the existing
road networks may need to be upgraded.
 To mitigate impacts of road networks on biodiversity construction should attempt to preserve
existing habitats, by avoiding harming roadside vegetation when working.
5.6.2 Stormwater Drainage
 To overcome negative side effects, and to create positive impacts, of the development’s
stormwater drainage, a wetland has been incorporated into the subdivision design as a point for
stormwater discharge.
 This wetland will help filter potential pollutants from the stormwater in order to minimise water
pollution in the Kuratau River and Lake Taupō.
 The wetland will help reduce the speed and volume of runoff which could cause damage to

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property.
5.6.3 Telecommunication and Electricity Systems
 To minimise the majority of impacts on these systems the installation of power lines will be under
ground; not only is this aesthetically pleasing and consistent with the character of Kuratau but it
also helps to minimise accidents and maintenance as well as reducing the amount of consents
needed.
 If it is necessary to put in new transmission lines to increase the power capacity to the area, points
should be identified that are conducive for installation of cables that will not interfere with existing
lines. Electric transmission lines may be routed to avoid areas of scenic, cultural or economic
value.
 If there will be disruptions to the power supply during construction, warning should be provided.
Any possible disruptions should also occur at off peak times.
 A common method to reduce EMF is to bring the lines closer together. This causes the fields
created by each of the three conductors to interfere with each other and produce a reduced
total magnetic field. An alternative is to put power lines underground.
5.6.4 Dredging Schemes (removal of substratum)
 When using hydraulic dredging techniques, the dredging rate can be adapted by increasing the
amount of water pumped up relative to the amount of sediment that is dredged, which can
help to reduce the extent of turbidity plumes. The use of sub-suction dredging is another
alternative to use as it can extract sediments from deeper layers without disturbing the top
layer thereby mitigating these impacts.
 Turbidity modelling (plume prediction) and turbidity thresholds should be used to limit adverse
impacts. Dredging will be stopped when turbidity thresholds are exceeded.
 Minimising the duration of dredging will be encouraged, and avoiding dredging during sensitive
trout spawning systems.
 Equipment and materials adequate for the clean-up of small oil spills should be available for use on
site.
 Dredged material can be used to rejuvenate the Kuratau beach front which is currently being
eroded.

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 The increased volume of runoff from the developed area will be managed via a network of road
side guttering and underground stormwater piping. Stormwater on developed properties can be
discharged through this system on the condition that the connection is used solely for
stormwater disposal and no other substances. The stormwater network will be piped
underground to the wetland. To prevent an overload of any one section of the wetland, the
stormwater will enter the wetland via three discharge points. This also prevents an overloading
of the stormwater system in one section, where the three main pipes would otherwise converge.
 The greenwaste recovered will be removed from the site and transported to a nearby landfill or
greenwaste disposal site
 To minimise the impact upon the development of the flora, significant trees will be kept. Less
significant flora will be preserved where possible through clearance of lots only leaving
boundaries of vegetation, where possible. Indigenous fauna, such as native bird species, will be
able to find sanctuary within the Outstanding Natural Area that borders the opposite side of the
river to the subdivision.
 Exotic fauna, which includes a number of pest species, will be less accompanied for. Ideally,
aspects of the subdivision development will reduce or destroy the population of pest species,
like rabbits and possums, having a positive impact on the surrounding bush area.
 Due to the double peaked seasonal population of the area, fires in winter have more effect
leading to an increase in air pollution. Fires could be replaced by electric heating, however this
would place more pressure on this resource.
5.6.6 Marine Infrastructure
 Closure of the boat ramp to reduce the impacts on trout spawning patterns.
 Hard engineering techniques to help to stabilise river banks, which reduces erosion and
sedimentation of the channel and river mouth
 Minimise clearance of trees and replant new trees after construction of sewage lines
 Upgrade the existing sewage ponds to accommodate new developments
 Provide signage on excavation sites to minimise potential accidents.

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 Rubbish will be collected on Monday’s as per the Kuratau rubbish collection scheme. The
scheme consists of purchasing collection stickers and attaching them to 60L rubbish bags (TDC,
2012a). There is availability to partake in a recycling and greenwaste collection scheme, which is
aligned on the same day as rubbish collection (TDC, 2012b). This scheme would help reduce the
total waste being produced by the subdivision, helping add to the long term sustainability of the
community.

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5.7 Leopold Matrix
Leopold matrices are important tools for identifying the magnitude of human and environmental
outcomes from project actions. Infrastructure has a considerable effect upon development projects
due to the necessity to situate and build structures according to the conditions of the proposed site
and the requirements of the target groups. In this matrix, the infrastructural considerations and the
proposed project actions are compared to the natural and human requirements of the environment
to determine the best possible outcome.
The scope of infrastructure combines cultural, social, and economic factors and as such it is vital to
any proposed developments. Factors such as waste removal, water supply, electrical supply, roading,
housing development and recreational facilities are all included in infrastructure, along with
numerous others. Infrastructural requirements are determined by the need of a particular area and
community as well as the economic capacity of those involved with development. Negative effects
occur when these requirements are unable to be met, and is often due to economic, environmental
or political factors. By identifying those factors which are most important to the proposed
developments, we can determine what outcomes are possible and what the advantages and
disadvantages of these are likely to be.

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Table 15: Infrastructure Leopold Matrix for Modification of Regime and Land Transformation and Construction
Project Actions
Natural and Human
Surfaceorpaving
Noiseandvibration
Urbanisation
Roadsandtrails
Blastinganddrilliing
CutandFill
1. Earth Construction material 3 1 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+
Soils 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 3 1+ 2 2 2 2 2
Landform 3 3 1 2 1+ 1+ 1 2 2+ 2 1+ 3 2 2 2+ 2+
Unique physical features 2 2 1+ 1 2 2+ 2 3 2 2
2. Water Surface 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 2 2 2 1
Quality 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 3 2 2 2 1
Temperature 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 1 2 1
3. Atmosphere Quality 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2
4. Processes Floods 1+ 1 1+ 1+ 1+ 1 2 2 2
Erosion 2 2 1 1+ 1 1 2 1+ 2 2 1 2 2
Deposition 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2
Sorption 2 2 2+ 1+ 1 1 2 1
Compaction and settling 3 2 2 1 1+ 1 1 2 1+ 2 2 1 2
Stability 2+ 1 1 2+ 2+ 1 1 1+ 1+ 2 1 2+ 2
Stress-Strain 2 1 1 1 1 1 1+ 1 2 2
LAND TRANSFORMATION &
CONSTRUCTION
Physical and
Chemical
Characteristics
MODIFICATION OF
REGIME
1. Flora Trees 3 3 1 1 1 3 3 2
Shrubs 3 3 1 1 1 3 3 2 2
Grass 3 3 1 1 1 3 3 2 2
Microflora 2 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 2
Aquatic plants 2 2 1 2 3 3 2 3 2
Endangered species 2 2 1 1 1 3 3 2 2 2
Corridors 2 2
2. Fauna Birds 3 3 1 3 3 3 2 2 2
Land animals including reptiles 3 3 3 1 3 3 1 2
Fish and shellfish 3 2 1 3 1 3 3 2 3 2
Benthic organisms 3 2 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 3 2
Insect 3 2 1 1 1 3 3 3 2
Microfauna 2 1 1 3 3 2 3 2
Corridors 1 1
1. Landuse Residential 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 2+
2. Recreation Fishing 2+ 1 3+ 1 2+ 2+ 2 3+ 3+ 2+
Boating 3+ 3+ 1 2+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+
Swimming 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
Camping and hiking 1 3+ 1 1 1+ 1+
Picnicking 1 2+ 2 1+ 1+
3. Aesthetics and Human Scenic views and vistas 1 2 1+ 2 1+
Interest Wilderness qualities 2 2 1+ 2 2 2 2 1 1
Open space qualities 2 2 1+ 2 2 2 1 1
Landscape design 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1 1+ 2+
Unique physical features 2 1 2 2 1
Parks and reserves 3 1 1+ 1+ 2 2 1+ 1+ 1
Rare and unique species or ecosystems 3 3 1 2 2 2 1
4. Cultural Status Cultural patterns 1 1 1 2
Health and Safety 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 1 1 2 2 3 2
Employment 3+ 3+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 1+ 1+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 1+
Population density 2+ 1+ 2+ 2+ 1+ 1+ 1 2+ 3+ 3+ 1+ 2 2+ 1+ 1+
5. Man-made facilities and Structures 3+ 1+ 2+ 2+ 1+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 3+ 1+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 2+
activities Transportation network 3+ 2+ 2+ 1+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 3+ 1+ 2+ 2+
Utility networks 3+ 1+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+
Waste disposal 3+ 1+ 1+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+
Barriers 2+
Corridors 1
Eutrophication 1 2 1+ 2 2 2
Brush encroachment 1+ 1+ 1+ 2 2+
Biological
Conditions
Cultural Factors
such as: Eutrophication 1 1 1+ 2
Food chains 3 3 1 1 2
Brush encroachment 3 2 2 2 2+
Ecological
Relationships

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LEGEND

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Table 16: Infrastructure Leopold Matrix for Land Alteration, Changes in Traffic, Waste Emplacement and Treatment,
Chemical Treatment and Accidents.
Project Actions
Natural and Human
Landscaping
Harbourdredging
Wasterecycling
Automobile
Trucking
Pleasureboating
Trails
Communication
Weedcontrol
Spillsandleaks
Operationalfailure
1. Earth Construction material 1+ 1+ 1+
Soils 1+ 1+ 1+ 2 2 1+ 1+ 2 2 2
Landform 2+ 2+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 2
Unique physical features 2+
2. Water Surface 2+ 2 1+ 2 2 2 2 2 2
Quality 2+ 2 1+ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Temperature 2+ 2 1+ 2 2 2 2 2
3. Atmosphere Quality 1+ 2 2 2 2 2 2
4. Processes Floods 2
Erosion 2+ 1+
Deposition 2+ 2 2 2 1+ 2
Sorption
Compaction and settling 2+ 1+ 2 1+
Stability 2+ 1+ 1+
Stress-Strain 2+
ACCIDEN
TS
Physical and
Chemical
Characteristics
LAND ALTERATION CHANGES IN TRAFFIC
WASTE
EMPLA
CEMEN
T AND
TREAT
MENT
CHE
MICA
L
TRE
ATM
ENT
1. Flora Trees 2+ 1+ 1+ 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
Shrubs 2+ 1+ 1+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
Grass 2+ 1+ 1+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
Microflora 2+ 2 1+ 1 1 1 1 2 2 3
Aquatic plants 2+ 2 1+ 1 1 2 2 2 3
Endangered species 2+ 2 1+ 1 2 2 1 2 1 3
Corridors 1 1
2. Fauna Birds 1+ 1+ 1 1 2 3 1 3
Land animals including reptiles 1+ 1+ 1 1 2 1 3
Fish and shellfish 2+ 2 1+ 1 2 2 2 2 1 3
Benthic organisms 2+ 2 1+ 1 1 2 2 2 1 3
Insect 2+ 1+ 2 1+ 1 2 2 2 2 1 3
Microfauna 2+ 2 1+ 1 1 2 2 1 1 3
Endangered species 2+ 2 1+ 1 2 2 3 2 1 3
Corridors
1. Landuse Residential 3+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 1+ 3+ 3+ 1+ 3 3
2. Recreation Fishing 2+ 2 1+ 1 1 3
Boating 2+ 3+ 3+ 3 3
Swimming 2 1+ 1 1 1 3
Camping and hiking 1+ 1+ 3
Picnicking 1+ 3
3. Aesthetics and Human Scenic views and vistas 3+ 1+ 3
Interest Wilderness qualities 1+ 1+ 2
Open space qualities 1+ 2+ 2
Unique physical features 3+ 2
Parks and reserves 3+ 1+ 2+ 2
Rare and unique species or ecosystems 2
4. Cultural Status Cultural patterns 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 3
Health and Safety 2+ 2 2 1+ 3 3 3 3 1+ 1+ 2+ 2 3 3
Employment 1+ 2+ 1+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 1+ 1+ 2+ 2+ 1+ 3
Population density 1+ 1+ 2+ 2+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 2+ 2 3
5. Man-made facilities and Structures 1+ 1+ 1+ 3
activities Transportation network 3+ 3+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 2
Utility networks 2+ 2+ 2
Waste disposal 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2
Barriers
Corridors 1+ 2
Eutrophication 3+ 2 2
Biological
Conditions
Cultural Factors
such as: Eutrophication 3+ 2
Food chains 2 2 2 2 2
Ecological
Relationships

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LEGEND

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
5.8.1 Assumptions
The following are assumed in the development of the subdivision and proposed marina or alternative:
 That there is not an increase in the rate of sedimentation, as this would decrease the likelihood
of boats from reaching the proposed river site.
 That there will be no restrictions (or that consents will be granted) in the removal of land cover and
alterations made to topography (levelling).
 That new electrical lines are able to be constructed to allow for the increase in power supply.
 That the proposed residential plots will increase the discharge of wastewater.
 That all electrical and telecommunication cables are able to be buried underground.
 That the abandoned oxbow is suitable to be developed for residential infrastructure.
 That the land is suitable for development and not susceptible to liquefaction.
 That the clearing of vegetation will be allowed even though the area is classed as a significant
natural area.
 That the paper road is able to be moved for development purposes.
5.8.2 Limitations
 Were unable to obtain the correct Mansel Colour charts for correct identification of soils.
 Low datum levels in the lake have limited the assessment of producing a sonar record of the
river channel.
 GIS software failed to work as expected and limited the type and quality of mapping tools
available.
 Unable to connect to internet to download the correct add ons for the GIS software.
 Sonar mapping failed to work as expected.
 Cavitation in the boat created a gap in data collection which was a limiting factor.
 The density of scrub limited the work that was able to be carried out, including; use of the bay
station, collecting accurate GPS co-ordinates.
 Unable to get in contact with the King Country Energy Limited about whether there would be
future developments to the hydrodam which would increase flows or have other downstream
impacts.

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 There were time restrictions which limited the level of data that was obtainable on wastewater
and electrical infrastructure, also the contact within the TDC was unable to be reached for
further discussion on these matters

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
5.9 Summary
The existing infrastructure is in good condition, but some have negatively impacted the environment,
such as the municipal sewage system which has contaminated the aquifers with nitrates.
There are many significant negative impacts and limitations identified for the marina and subdivision
developments. The process of vegetation clearance has an inherent negative impact upon aesthetic
value, but also results in the removal of habitat for indigenous flora and fauna. The process will also
lead to an increase sediment load in the river and the lake due to increased runoff from
impermeable surfaces. With a potential change in the visual character as the view will be altered by
the new structures.
Therefore if the project is to go ahead, mitigation measures will be required, and these must be fully
enforced, with all stakeholders given the opportunity to participate in the planning and ongoing
process in order to minimise potential adverse impacts. However, these mitigation measures may be
costly to implement such as dredging the sediment deposits to a suitable depth for the boat’s
navigation of the river.
Due to the regular ongoing costs of dredging, incorporating the marina into the proposal will prove
prohibitively costly. However, a boat ramp could provide an alternative as it is more cost efficient to
establish while still meeting the requirements of boat access. In addition, it will have a reduced
environmental impact, requiring fewer consents and less impact on the local trout species.
The proposal includes an environmentally beneficial outcome in the extension of the existing
wetlands. These wetlands will be developed to purify the stormwater discharges, while forming a
recreational facility through high ecological and aesthetic values. The District Council will provide
compensation and some care for this wetland but the subdivision will still be responsible for
maintenance, although this is anticipated to be relatively small.
Extra infrastructure must be developed to link the proposed development to that existing in the
locality. This includes the Omori waste treatment, water systems, and transportation networks.
Electricity and telecommunications may prove more costly to accommodate the additional demand
however.
Many limitations have been identified in proposal. In order to mitigate these and minimise the
potential negative impact of this proposal upon the natural and cultural character of Kuratau, it is
recommended that a full environmental impact analysis is performed.

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6.0 Longitudinal Study
6.1 Construction Phase
Parameter Sample Frequency Location Responsibility Estimated Cost
Sediment load Sonar
sampling
Yearly Lake Taupō Contractor
Landscape Visual
inspection
Weekly Construction site Contractor Included in
budget
Noise Inspection Monthly Construction site
and surrounding
areas
Contractor No extra cost
Health and
safety
Visual
inspection
Continuous Construction site
and surrounding
areas
Contractor No extra cost
Construction
waste
Inspection Weekly Construction site
and surrounding
areas
Contractor
and District
Council
No extra cost
Tree clearance Inspection Continuous Construction site Contractor
and District
Council
No extra cost
Increased
traffic
Inspection Continuous Construction site
and surrounding
areas
District
Council
No extra cost
Native species Visual
inspection
Continuous River and Lake DoC and
Contractor
Funded by
contractor

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
6.2 Operational Phase
Parameter Sample Frequency Location Responsibility Estimated Cost
Increased
sedimentation
Sonar Quarterly River and Lake Contractor
and District
Council
No extra cost
Dredging Sonar Twice a
year
River and Lake Contractor
and District
Council
Unknown
Wetland Chemical
monitoring
and
species
study
Quarterly Wetland DoC Cost of analysis
Landscape Visual
inspection
Monthly Subdivision site
and surrounding
areas
Community
and District
Council
No extra cost
Waste Inspection Continuous Subdivision site
and surrounding
areas
District
Council
No extra cost
Health and
safety
Visual
inspection
Continuous Construction site
and surrounding
areas
Contractor
and District
Council
No extra cost
Native species Visual
inspection
Quarterly River and Lake DoC and
contractor
Funded by
contractor

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
6.3 Proposed 10 years Monitoring Programme
6.3.1 Water Quality
There is a need to monitor water quality to minimise the additional future impacts on aquatic flora and
fauna. The most affected and easiest to monitor in this regard are trout as Kuratau River is one of the
major spawning sites for Lake Taupō. Monitoring should occur throughout the Construction Phase to
ensure that there is no influx in contaminants occurs, however an increase in sediment load should be
expected during this period. The first year into the Operational Phase should be rigorously monitored
(monthly) to ensure that the quality of the water is not compromised. This data should be compared
against that gathered before the Construction Phase began. After the first year, monitoring of the water
quality should be reduced to bi-annually or after major rainfall events if there were no breaches within
the first year; otherwise then rigorous monitoring should continue to aid in mitigating the impacts.
Water quality testing should include; trout surveys, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, petroleum
hydrocarbons, trace metals and fecal coliforms.
6.3.2 Native Species of Fauna and Flora
As discussed above, the ongoing study of flora and fauna species is important in understanding the
impacts resulting from the development. During the Construction Phase the sampling of species should
be continuous to see whether there is a decline in certain species levels. This should occur on a weekly
basis and is likely to be carried out by Department of Conservation (DOC) which should be partially
funded by the developer. Specific species to consider include trout, native fish, native birds, and the
short-tailed bat. Species studies should continue for a 10 year period with regular monitoring carried
out by DOC. These activities will provide a longitudinal study that can be compared to data gathered
before and during the Construction Phase and early Operational Phase.
Due to the nature of the development plans, very little of the original vegetation will remain. However,
replacement of vegetation will be encouraged to create corridors between remnant patches. In order to
monitor the effectiveness of this approach regular fauna studies will provide detailed information as to
whether habitat destruction has had a major impact. Over the 10 year period it is anticipated that the
vegetation will begin to regenerate and reform habitats which will allow for an increase in fauna
presence around the development site and will be indicative of the effectiveness of habitat reformation.

153
188.763, 2013, EIA.
Pest control is currently carried out by the Omori-Kuratau Pest Management Group, the continuation of
this during the development of vegetation over the first 10 years of the Operational Phase will be
essential in mitigating and preventing the establishment and domination of pests. This will aid in the
development of suitable habitats for fauna, especially those which are sensitive to pests such as
possums and mustelids.
6.3.3 Sediment Load
An increased sediment load into the lake and river may result in a reduction and alteration of inshore
bathymetry. A pre-development bathymetric study is required as a base map to compare future
changes to. Another survey should be carried out one year after the Construction Phase to determine
what bathymetric changes have occurred. Results obtained will be used to indicate if maintenance
dredging will be required. If dredging is needed, then consideration of trout spawning periods should be
taken into account (Personal communication, Michel Dedual, 9th
April, 2013).
To determine the current inshore bathymetry of the lake a series of sonar profiles has been
undertaken. Using this data, a contour map has been created to provide rudimentary bathymetry
data that future surveys can be based upon (see Figure 40). Now that the characteristics of sediment
deposition by the Kuratau River have been established, a consistent ongoing monitoring plan can be
derived. Future modeling plans shall abide by the following set of conditions;
 Profiling of the lake bed will occur in a fan-like pattern, with all headings radiating from a
single co-ordinate at the Kuratau River mouth. If this mouth happens to shift over time, the
single point shall remain in the same position;
 Sonar profiling shall move from the outer coordinate towards the inner co-ordinate at the
Kuratau River mouth;
 To ensure consistency, depth measurements shall be taken every 100m along each of the
nine 2km headings. Each sonar run shall be undertaken at a moderate speed while at depth,
with speed decreasing in the shallower areas of the heading;
 The central co-ordinate at the Kuratau River mouth is 38°53’15.5”S, 175°46’ 21.0”E; this shall
be used as the central heading point. The following co-ordinates are the start points for all
nine headings (see Figure 41):
o 38°54’14.85”S, 175°46’54.75”E,

154
188.763, 2013, EIA.
o 38°54’06.16”S, 175°47’14.50”E,
o 38°53’50.66”S, 175°47’31.67”E,
o 38°53’31.22”S, 175°47’42.54”E,
o 38°53’09.64”S, 175°47’43.62”E,
o 38°52’53.16”S, 175°47’39.68”E,
o 38°52’38.56”S, 175°47’29.14”E,
o 38°52’27.88”S, 175°47’17.75”E,
o 38°52’19.96”S, 175°47’04.69”E.
The data received from these sonar profiles can then be turned into a Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
and used to map changes in sediment discharge and bathymetry.
Figure 40: Bathymetry Profile of Lake Taupō
Source: Google Earth 2013, Rowse, B., 2013.

155
188.763, 2013, EIA.
Figure 41: Sonar Profile Headings
Source: Google Earth 2013, Rowse, B., 2013.
6.3.4 Wetland
The monitoring of the proposed wetland should be used in collaboration with the data gathered from
the water quality study. This is due to the wetland draining into the river and the data can be used to
understand changes in water qualities in the Kuratau River. If there are changes in the quality of the
water in the wetland, and these coincide with changes in the Kuratau River, then the impacts can be
associated with the stormwater outfall. Therefore, it is best to measure the wetland at the same
intervals as the Kuratau River to see if there are similarities between the two sets of data. A species
study of the existing wetland should occur before the Construction Phase begins to have a basis from
which future comparisons can be made. This study will inform DOC on the development of enclaves
through the construction of man-made habitats. It also holds the potential for tertiary involvement as a
project and could be carried out or funded by a University of New Zealand.

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
6.3.5 Wastewater
Due to the expected increases in wastewater generation from the proposed development site,
regular monitoring of the wastewater infrastructure should be undertaken. This would include
quarterly monitoring of the wastewater pipeline to insure that contamination of waterways is not
threatened by leaks or other service failures. This long term monitoring will be supported by that
outlined in the water quality section. If fecal coliforms or another monitored substance is found to
have increased in the Kuratau River, and wetland monitoring does not indicate these changes, then
there is potentially an issue with contamination via the wastewater network.
6.3.6 Health and Safety
The monitoring of a community’s health and safety is crucial in any situation. In a new development
it is important to ensure that there are no issues that undermine these essential qualities. This
should not be limited to the development site but also the neighbouring residents to ensure that
their quality of life has not been compromised or impacted by the Kuratau development. This could
be achieved through a survey or submission process six months into the Operational Phase which
would identify community issues that have not otherwise arise through the consultation process.
Other features that must be maintained for the purposes of sustaining health and safety include the
maintenance of remaining vegetation and transportation networks. These are continual processes,
requiring the potential upgrade of existing road networks - depending upon the traffic -,
maintenance of road signs, and cutting back of overhanging trees.

157
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7.0 Conclusions
The area of the proposed development contains significant natural and cultural features, with
numerous stakeholders at national, regional, and district levels. Policy requires there to be minimal
adverse impacts upon these features, as well as mitigation and ongoing monitoring where applicable.
Because this development proposes numerous changes to natural and man-made features there is a
potentially a large range of consents that are required.
The proposed development has a wide range of stakeholders; while the major ones have been
identified in this report, consultation is recommended in order to create a collaborative environment.
This will benefit the development as effective consultations can help avoid long and costly court and
resource consent application processes. The limitations and assumptions of the policy investigation
for this development suggest that a full EIA should be carried out as there is the potential for further
policy to impact upon development plans.
The location of the proposal includes sensitive natural ecosystems. Due to the limitations of this
report, not all ecological impacts were able to be fully investigated. Therefore from an ecological
point of view a full EIA is recommended in order to properly understand and account for these
impacts. This includes ongoing monitoring and mitigation measures for any development which
adversely affects these systems. This relates back to policy, as this is likely to be a condition of
resource consents if granted.
From initial ecological studies, if development does occur it is recommended that the marina
proposal be abandoned and alternatives with potentially lower adverse impacts be investigated. In
particular regarding impacts on trout. These alternatives could include a jetty or boat ramp on the
Kuratau River accessed from Whiowhio Reserve, or an upgrade of the existing boat ramp at Kuratau
Beach.
In terms of the subdivision an ecological study again finds that there will be significant impacts on
the environment. Particularly upon the range of bird life residing in the natural vegetation that
currently exists on the proposed development site. If after a full EIA subdivision still occurs, an
ecological viewpoint suggests the alternatives of a lower density, smaller area of subdivision, or the
exploration of an alternative site with less ecological significance; for example Foxley Avenue.
Impacts on reticulated services are likely to be small as there is capacity in Kuratau to cater for
development. The proposed site is located adjacent to existing residential areas and therefore
connections to existing infrastructure is possible. However, the associated costs of the proposed

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
marina appear unviable and as such, alternatives are proposed including upgrading existing boat
ramps, or downsizing the marina proposal to a jetty or boat ramp. This is a screening and scoping
exercise however and therefore some costs have been roughly estimated. A full EIA would need to
be carried out to determine accurate cost structures on which to base a final decision.
This proposal has a range of impacts, some of which are incredibly significant on a local, regional and
national level. It also has a range of stakeholders of which it would be beneficial to consult further
about this proposal. There is a range of policies that need to be applied for and considered in this
development. For these reasons Red Cap Consultancy believes a full EIA assessment should be
carried out for this proposed development.

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
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Matthaei, C., Weller, F., Kelly, D., & Townsend, C. (2006). Impacts of fine sediment addition to
tussock, pasture, dairy and deer farming streams in New Zealand. Freshwater Biology,
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waikatoregion.govt.nz/Services/Regional-services/Consents/Resource-consents/
About-consents.
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Appendices
Appendix 1: Proposed Southern Structure Plan- Kuratau Growth Area

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Appendix 2: Geology Map

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Appendix 3: Taupō District Plan Criteria for Significant Natural Area
Identification in the Taupō District 19 November 2010
The determination of Significant Natural Areas in the District has been undertaken using the
following criteria:
Currently Protected Site
1. It is predominantly indigenous vegetation or habitat for indigenous fauna that has been specially
set aside by statute or covenant for protection and preservation, unless the site can be shown to
meet none of Criteria 3-11 below.
2. It is indigenous vegetation or habitat recommended for protection by the Nature Heritage Fund
or Ngā Whenua Rāhui committees, or the Queen Elizabeth the Second National Trust Board of
Directors, unless the site can be shown to meet none of Criteria 3-11 below.
Ecological Values
3. It is vegetation or habitat that is currently habitat for indigenous species or associations of
indigenous species that are:
a. threatened with extinction; or
b. endemic to the Taupō District or relevant Regional Council area
4. It is indigenous vegetation or habitat type that is under-represented (10% or less of its known or
likely original extent remaining) in an Ecological District, or Ecological Region, or nationally.
5. It is indigenous vegetation or habitat that is, and prior to human settlement was, nationally
uncommon such as geothermal ecosystems.
6. It is wetland habitat for indigenous plant communities but does not include
a. exotic rush/pasture communities; or
b. indigenous fauna communities that have been created and subsequently maintained for
or in connection with:
i. waste treatment; or
ii. wastewater renovation; or
iii. hydro electric power lakes (excluding Lake Taupō );or
iv. water storage for irrigation; or
v. water supply storage;
vi. unless in those instances they meet the criteria in Whaley et al. (1995).
7. It is an area of indigenous vegetation or naturally occurring habitat that is large relative to other
examples of similar habitat types in the Taupō District or relevant Regional Council area, and
which contains all or almost all indigenous species typical of that habitat type (this criterion is
not intended to select the largest example only of any habitat type in the Taupō District or
relevant region).

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
8. It is an aquatic habitat (excluding artificial water bodies, except those created for the
maintenance and enhancement of biodiversity or as mitigation for a consented activity), that is a
portion of a stream, river, lake, or wetland and their margins, that is critical (essential for a
specific component of the life cycle and includes breeding and spawning grounds, juvenile
nursery areas, important feeding areas and migratory pathways) to the self sustainability of an
indigenous species and which contains healthy, representative populations of that species.
9. It is an area of indigenous vegetation or habitat that is a healthy and representative example of
its type because:
a. Its structure, composition, and ecological processes are largely intact; and
b. It is protected from the adverse effects of plant and animal pests and of adjacent land use
(e.g. stock, discharges, erosion), can maintain its ecological sustainability over time.
10. It is an area of indigenous vegetation or habitat that forms part of an ecological sequence, that is
either not common in the Taupō District or relevant Regional Council area or an Ecological
District, or is an exceptional, representative example of its type.
Role in Protecting Ecologically Significant Area
11. It is an area of indigenous vegetation or habitat for indigenous species (which habitat is either
naturally occurring or has been established as a mitigation measure) that forms, either on its
own or in combination with other similar areas, an ecological buffer, linkage or corridor, and
which is necessary to protect any site identified as significant under Criteria 1-10 (above) from
external adverse effects.

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Appendix 4: Application form for resource consent
Section 88, Resource Management Act 1991

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Appendix 5: Application Form for a Notice to Environment Court of appeal
or inquiry on decision or recommendation on application concerning
restricted coastal activity, resource consent, water permit, certificate of
compliance, or esplanade strip
Sections 118(6), 121, 127(3), 132(2), 136(4)(b), 139(6), and 234(4), Resource
Management Act 1991
To the Registrar
Environment Court
Auckland, Wellington, and Christchurch
I, [full name], appeal a decision (or part of a decision) (or seek an inquiry of a recommendation or
part of a recommendation) on the following matter:
[briefly describe the application or the review of consent conditions to which the appealed decision or
recommendation relates in enough detail to identify the relevant matter].
I am the applicant (or I am the consent holder or I made a submission on that application or review
of consent conditions).
I received notice of the decision (or recommendation) on [date].
The decision (or recommendation) was made by [name of authority, Minister, or committee].
The decision (or recommendation or part of the decision or recommendation) I am appealing (or
seeking an inquiry of) is:
[state a summary of the decision or recommendation or part of the decision or recommendation].
The land (or resource) affected is:
[give description].
The reasons for the appeal (or inquiry) are as follows:
[set out why you are appealing or seeking an inquiry and give reasons for your views].
I seek the following relief:
[give precise details].

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
I attach the following documents* to this notice:
(a) a copy of my application (or submission or further submission (with a copy of the submission
opposed or supported by my further submission)):
(b) a copy of the relevant decision (or recommendation or part of the decision or
recommendation):
(c) any other documents necessary for an adequate understanding of the appeal or inquiry:
(d) a list of names and addresses of persons to be served with a copy of this notice.
* These documents must be attached and lodged with the notice in the Environment Court. The appellant does not need
to attach a copy of a regional or district plan or policy statement. In addition, the appellant does not need to attach
copies of the submission and decision or recommendation to the copies of this notice served on other persons if the
copy served lists these documents and state that copies may be obtained, on request, from the appellant.
......................................................................
Signature of appellant
(or person seeking inquiry
or person authorised to sign
on behalf of appellant or person
seeking inquiry)
......................................................................
Date
Address for service of appellant
(or person seeking inquiry):
Telephone:
Fax/email:
Contact person: [name and
designation, if applicable]
Note to appellant or person seeking inquiry
You may use this form to lodge an appeal and to request an inquiry.
You must lodge the original and 1 copy of this notice with the Environment Court within 15 working
days of receiving notice of the decision. The notice must be signed by you or on your behalf. You

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
must pay the filing fee required by regulation 35 of the Resource Management (Forms, Fees, and
Procedure) Regulations 2003.
You must serve a copy of this notice on the consent authority within 15 working days of receiving
notice of the decision.
If the notice relates to a recommendation of a hearing committee on a restricted coastal activity,
you must also serve a copy of this notice on the Minister of Conservation on the same day as the
notice is lodged with the Environment Court.
You must also serve a copy of this notice on the applicant or consent holder and on every person
who made a submission on the application or review of consent conditions within 5 working days of
lodging it with the Environment Court.
Within 10 working days after lodging this notice, you must give written notice to the Registrar of the
Environment Court of the name, address, and date of service for each person served with this notice.
However, you may apply to the Environment Court under section 281 of the Resource Management
Act 1991 for a waiver of the above timing or service requirements (see Form 38).
Advice to recipients of copy of notice
How to become party to proceedings
You may be a party to the appeal if you lodge a notice of your wish to be a party to the proceedings
(in Form 33) with the Environment Court within 30 working days after this notice was lodged with
the Environment Court.
You may apply to the Environment Court under section 281 of the Resource Management Act 1991
for a waiver of the above timing requirements (see Form 38).
* How to obtain copies of documents relating to appeal
The copy of this notice served on you does not attach a copy of the relevant application (or
submission) and (or or) the relevant decision (or recommendation or part of the decision or
recommendation). These documents may be obtained, on request, from the appellant.
* Delete this paragraph if these documents are attached to copies of the notice served on other persons.
Advice
If you have any questions about this notice, contact the Environment Court Unit of the Department
of Courts in Auckland, Wellington, or Christchurch.

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
Appendix 6: Example of Resource Consent Submission Form

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Appendix 7: Code of Compliance Certificate

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Appendix 8: Building Consent Application

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Appendix 9: Aquatic Conditions and Invertebrate Communities
Location Coordinates Site Characteristics Species Abundance
River Mouth S 38°53’17.0”
E 175°46’20.5”
Flow-1.565m/sec
PH-7.0
Conductivity-110S/m
Temperature-12°
Water clarity-77cm
Substrate-sand
Vegetation-no water
weed/periphyton
Bank veg-none
Worms:
Oligochaeta-
Caddisfly larva:
Pycnocentria-
Leptoceridae-
Oeconesus-
1
1
1
1
100m
(estimate)
upstream
from river
mouth
S 38°53’17.1”
E 175°46’17.3”
Flow-1.52m/sec
PH-7.0
Conductivity-90
Temperature-12°
Water clarity-78cm
Substrate-coarser sand
Vegetation-water weed
(Lagarosiphon major, oxygen
weed)
Bank veg-true left vegetated with
rushes
Worms:
Oligochaeta-
Caddisfly larva:
Pycnocentria-
Oeconesus-
Pycnocentrodes-
Paroxyethira-
Midge Larvae
Chironomus
Cranefly larvae
Eriopterini
Unidentified
invertebrates
26
3
4
5
5
4
1
13
Start of
walkway
S 38°53’18.6”
E 175°46’05.2”
Flow-1.775m/sec
PH-7.0
Conductivity-90
Temperature-13.5°
Water clarity-84cm
Substrate-silty mud
Vegetation-discoloured/unhealthy
Lagarosiphon major
Bank veg-upstream willows, true
left has bush encroaching (native
dense trees and shrubs) rushes
upstream.
Worms
Oligochaeta-
Midge larvae
Chironomus
Cranefly larvae
Tipulidae-
Snails
Physa-
30
24
5
1
End of
walkway
S 38°53’13.4”
E 175°45’41.1”
Flow-2.705m/sec
PH-7.0
Conductivity-90
Temperature-14°
Water clarity-80cm
Substrate-gravel/sand some small
rocks and some silt
Vegetation-small patches of
Worms
Oligochaeta-
Beetle
Elmidae (larvae)-
Elmidae (adult)-
Caddisfly larva
100+
2
1

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
periphyton (reddish/brown)
Bank veg- true left over hanging
vegetation (blackberry)
Oeconesus-
Pycnocentria-
Pycnocentrodes-
Leptoceridae-
2
1
2
1

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Appendix 10: Bird Survey
Location Coordinates Species Abundance Notes
River mouth S 38°53’20.6”
E 175° 46’ 21.9”
Elevation 356m
Spur wing plover 3 Could constantly hear
easily identifiable
species such as tui,
fantails, and magpies
Could see dozens of
wax-eyes in surrounding
trees
Blue heron (N) 2
Fantail (N) High
Starling 1
Magpie High
Tui (N) High
Wax-eye (N) High
Little black shag (N) * 1
Little shag (N) 1
Boat ramp S 38° 53’ 19.3”
E 175° 46’ 96.6”
Elevation 357m
Black bird 1
Mallard 1
Fantail (N) High
Wax-eye (N) High
New Zealand grebe
(N)
1
River track #1 S 38° 53’ 14.2”
E 175° 46’ 00.3”
Elevation 361m
Fantail (N) High
Mallards 2
Grey duck 1
River track #2 S 38°53’ 15.3”
E 175° 45’ 53.5”
Elevation 360m
Hawk (N) 2 Heard numerous tui and
bellbird calls close by but
could not tell how many
there were
Wax-eye (N) 2
Fantail (N) 3
Tui (N) Unk.
Bellbird (N) Unk.
River track #3 S 38° 53’ 17.9”
E 175° 45’ 49.6”
Elevation 360m
Mallard 6 Wax-eyes and fantails on
both sides of the river in
trees/shrubs
Fantail (N) High
Wax-eye (N) High
Wetland S 38° 53’ 26.8”
E 175° 46’ 6.9”
Elevation 359m
Tui (N) 1 Very few birds around –
could not hear any bird
song at all
Bush S 38° 53’ 28.0”
E 175° 46’ 02.8”
Elevation 362m
Fantail (N) High Could hear bellbird calls,
but could not see them.
A lot of bird song –
appeared to be many
more small songbirds in
this area than other sites
Bellbird (N) Unk.
Wax-eye (N) High
Blackbird 1

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Appendix 11: List of Plant Species Identified Within Potential Subdivision
Area
Habitat type Plant species Notes
Native bush Blackberry -Bush along the river edge was
much less mature – contained
fewer tall trees and much more
undergrowth indicated a
younger forest compared to the
southeast edge
-River edge had many more
exotic pests such as broom,
blackberry, and thistle
Himalanian honeysuckle
Hebe
Five finger
Rangiora
Seven finger
Broom
Fern
Toetoe
Manuka
Red matipo
Mamaku
Hound’s tongue
Kowai
Rata
Cabbage tree
Lancewood
Coprosma
Kanuka
Koromiko
Rushes (river bank)
Ground sel
Puriri
Tawa
Wineberry
Wetland Birch -All trees (except gums) were
recently planted so were still
small
Gums
Kanuka
Cabbage tree
Harakeke
Manuka
Blackberry
Thistle
Bracken
Toetoe
Miro

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Appendix 12: Pitfall and Intercept Traps
Pitfall Traps
Location Coordinates Species # Notes
River S 38° 53’ 13.1”
E 175° 45’ 58.1”
Elevation-361m
Cranefly (tipulidae)-
Unidentified dipteral-
1
1
First morning- no
insects in traps
Wetland S 38° 53’ 26.8”
E 175° 46’ 06.9”
Elevation- 366m
Honey bee (apidae) 1
Bush S 38° 53’ 28.6”
E 175° 45’ 59.9”
Elevation-374m
Sandfly (simuliidae) 1
Intercept Traps
Location Coordinates Species # Notes
River S 38° 53’ 21.2”
E 175° 45’ 41.5”
Elevation-361m
Vinehopper (ricaniidae)-
Blackflies (simuliidae)-
1
2
Wetland S 38° 53’ 26.8”
E 175°46’06.9”
Elevation-366m
Honey bee (apidae)
House fly (muscidae)
Unidentified diptera
Gnat
2
1
1
1
Bush S 38° 53’ 28.6”
E 175° 45’ 59.9”
Elevation-374m
Cockroach (Idattodea) 1

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Appendix 13: Raw and Processed Data from Sonar Profiles of the Lake
Taupō Lakebed.
For the purposes of this report, the unprocessed depths were used. In future, depths shall be
processed to represent a reading from the Chart Datum (355.85masl). By doing this, all future
information maintains a constant depth point so accurate comparisons can be made.
Southing Easting Depth in metres
(Datum 356.01masl)
Recalculated Depth at Chart
Datum in metres (355.85masl)
Run 0001
38° 53.365' 175° 46.555' 1.2 1.04
38°53.368' 175° 46.625' 1.3 1.14
38° 53.373' 175° 46.694' 1.7 1.54
38° 53.377' 175° 46.763' 3.3 3.14
38° 53.376' 175° 46.833' 30.7 30.54
38° 53.377' 175° 46.902' 45.4 45.24
38° 53.368' 175° 46.972' 54.9 54.74
38° 53.366' 175° 47.042' 62 61.84
38° 53.360' 175° 47.110 71.4 71.24
38° 53.353' 175° 47.181' 77.9 77.74
38° 53.344' 175° 47.249' 84.4 84.24
38° 53.337' 175° 47.318' 89.1 88.94
38° 53.328' 175° 47.387' 92.2 92.04
38° 53.318' 175° 47.460' 95.4 95.24
38° 53.307' 175° 47.532' 101 100.84
Run 0002
38° 53.501' 175° 47.521' 100 99.84
38° 53.514' 175° 47.451' 98.3 98.14
38° 53.527' 175° 47.385' 96.7 96.54
38° 53.543' 175° 47.319' 94 93.84
38° 53.560' 175° 47.254' 90.4 90.24
38° 53.576' 175° 47.186' 83.7 83.54
38° 53.590' 175° 47.119' 77.4 77.24
38° 53.604' 175° 47.051' 70.6 70.44
38° 53.617' 175° 46.985' 63.9 63.74
38° 53.631' 175° 46.919' 57.9 57.74
38° 53.646' 175° 46.847' 47.7 47.54
38° 53.655' 175° 46.780' 41 40.84
38° 53.688' 175° 46.710' 34.9 34.74
38° 53.673' 175° 46.644' 22.5 22.34
38° 53.676' 175° 46.577' 16 15.84
Southing Easting Depth in metres Recalculated Depth at Chart

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188.763, 2013, EIA.
(Datum 356.01masl) Datum in metres (355.85masl)
38° 53.680' 175° 46.530' 4.9 4.74
Run 0003
38° 54.023' 175° 46.877' 90.4 90.24
38° 53.969' 175° 46.873' 87.5 87.34
38° 53.914' 175° 46.872' 84.7 84.54
38° 53.863' 175° 46.870' 80.4 80.24
38° 53.806' 175° 46.866' 73.3 73.14
38° 53.698' 175° 46.869' 60.2 60.04
38° 53.642' 175° 46.866' 52.6 52.44
38° 53.589' 175° 46.865' 47.3 47.14
38° 53.536' 175° 46.863' 42.8 42.64
38° 53.480' 175° 46.860' 38.9 38.74
38° 53.428' 175° 46.857' 36.7 36.54
38° 53.375' 175° 46.853' 35.9 35.74
38° 53.316' 175° 46.849' 34.7 34.54
38° 53.264' 175° 46.847' 37.8 37.64
38° 53.211' 175° 46.847' 44.5 44.34
38° 53.158' 175° 46.850' 51 50.84
38° 53.099' 175° 46.853' 55.7 55.54
38° 53.047' 175° 46.858' 61.1 60.94
38° 52.995' 175° 46.864' 68.4 68.24
38° 52.942' 175° 46.871' 74.7 74.54
38° 52.883' 175° 46.880' 77.4 77.24
38° 52.836' 175° 46.880 79.7 79.54
38° 52.777' 175° 46.877' 79.7 79.54
38° 52.742' 175° 46.876' 78.8 78.64
Run 0004
38° 52.641' 175° 46.710' 58.9 58.74
38°52.694' 175° 46.726' 66.1 65.94
38° 52.748' 175° 46.730' 65.8 65.64
38° 52.802' 175° 46.734' 69.8 69.64
38° 52.854' 175° 46.734' 72.6 72.44
38° 52.912' 175° 46.731' 64.7 64.54
38° 52.966' 175° 46.727' 62.4 62.24
38° 53.019' 175° 46.725' 56.1 55.94
38° 53.703' 175° 46.719' 46 45.84
38° 53.128' 175° 46.712' 33.6 33.44
38° 52.181' 175° 46.707' 24.7 24.54
38° 53.289' 175° 46.696' 2.6 2.44
38° 53.343' 175° 46.687' 1.8 1.64
38° 53.396' 175° 46.672' 1.5 1.34
38° 53.451' 175° 46.658' 1.4 1.24

189
188.763, 2013, EIA.
Southing Easting Depth in metres
(Datum 356.01masl)
Recalculated Depth at Chart
Datum in metres (355.85masl)
38° 53.503' 175° 46.647' 1.2 1.04
38° 53.559' 175° 46.652' 1.5 1.34
38° 53.612' 175° 46.650' 2 1.84
38° 53.667' 175° 46.624' 16.9 16.74
38° 53.711' 175° 46.578' 29.2 29.04
38° 53.735' 175° 46.651' 33.1 32.94

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