EIA Appendices Revised

Aurora S2 Uranium Mine Environmental Impact Assessment
P a g e | i
Environmental Impact Assessment for the
Aurora S2
Uranium Mine located in Maybelle
River, Alberta
Submitted for partial fulfillment as a E.I.A. term project for the
ESC 417 Mining Monitoring and Protection course at Lakeland
College, Vermilion, Alberta
Prepared for:
Cassandra Specht
Prepared by:
Scott Forster
Greg Sutherland
November 2014
Aurora S2 Environmental Incorporated

3 February 2015 Aurora S2 Environmental Incorporated P a g e | ii
Table of Contents
List of Figures .................................................................................................................................iii
List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................iii
1.0 Information............................................................................................................................- 1 -
1.1 Extraction..........................................................................................................................- 2 -
1.2 Transportation...................................................................................................................- 3 -
1.3 Processing .........................................................................................................................- 3 -
1.3 Site Specific Information..................................................................................................- 3 -
2.0 Project Scoping .....................................................................................................................- 3 -
2.1 Biophysical Environment..................................................................................................- 4 -
2.1.1 Air ..............................................................................................................................- 4 -
2.1.2 Soil .............................................................................................................................- 5 -
2.1.3 Geological..................................................................................................................- 6 -
2.1.4 Terrestrial...................................................................................................................- 6 -
2.1.5 Hydrological...............................................................................................................- 8 -
2.2 Human Environment.........................................................................................................- 9 -
2.2.1 Economics..................................................................................................................- 9 -
2.2.2 Demographics ..........................................................................................................- 10 -
2.2.3 Local Services..........................................................................................................- 10 -
2.2.4 Socio-Cultural..........................................................................................................- 10 -
3.0 Project Scoping Matrix .......................................................................................................- 11 -
4.0 Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................- 12 -
References.................................................................................................................................- 13 -
Appendix A...............................................................................................................................- 15 -
Appendix B...............................................................................................................................- 23 -

3 February 2015 Aurora S2 Environmental Incorporated P a g e | iii
List of Figures
Figure 1. Uranium deposits along the North-South shear zone, denoted by green pin markers, of
the Maybelle River formation, located in North-Eastern Alberta, Canada. Other uranium deposits
are denoted by red circles. Overlay image courtesy of the Government of Alberta. Image
courtesy of Google Earth. ...........................................................................................................- 1 -
Figure 2. 3-D diagram depicting facilities and geological layers in an I.S.L. uranium program.
Source: Heathgate Resources......................................................................................................- 2 -
Figure 3. Processed uranium ("yellow cake") being dropped off in a conveyor belt. Source: P.
Lesage .........................................................................................................................................- 3 -
Figure 4. Soil map of Alberta depicting soil groups and natural sub-regions. Source:
Government of Alberta. Red star represents the AS2 Mine. ......................................................- 5 -
Figure 5. Natural Regions and Subregions of Alberta represented by a fake colour scheme. Red
star represents AS2 Mine. Source: Government of Alberta. ......................................................- 7 -
Figure 6. Watershed basin drainage in Alberta. Red star represents AS2 Mine. Source:
University of Alberta. .................................................................................................................- 8 -
Figure 7. Basic TPR222 tailings pond design to ensure no contaminants are released into the
environment. Designed by Greg Sutherland. = Ventilation shafts and fans. Not to scale. .- 8 -
List of Tables
Table 1. Population status of vulnerable Alberta boreal species that could potentially affected by
the AS2 Mine. Source: General Status of Alberta Wild Species (2010). ...................................- 6 -
Table 2. Project scoping matrix depicting five actions of the operational phase of the AS2 Mine
located in Maybelle River.........................................................................................................- 11 -
Table A-1. Plant communities, moisture conditions, and physiognomic structures found at
Maybelle River Wildland Provincial Park. Source: Meijer (2002). .........................................- 15 -
Table A-2. Community found in Maybelle River Wildland Provincial Park: Pj / Pine needles
(Jack pine / Pine needles). Source: Meijer (2002). ...................................................................- 16 -
Table A-3. Community found in Maybelle River Wildland Provincial Park: Pinu ban / Pine
needles (early seral stage) (Jack pine regrowth / Pine needles). Source: Meijer (2002). .........- 17 -
Table A-4. Community found in Maybelle River Wildland Provincial Park: Pinu ban / Betu neo
- Vacc myr (Jack pine regrowth / Blueberry). Source: Meijer (2002)......................................- 18 -
Table A-5. Community found in Maybelle River Provincial Park: Pj / Vacc myr / Clad spp. –
Poly pil (Jack pine / Blueberry / Lichen – Awned hair cap moss). Source: Meijer (2002)......- 19 -
Table A-6. Community found in Maybelle River Provincial Park: Bw – Ba / Vacc myr – Vacc
vit / Forbs (White birch – Alaska birch / Blueberry – Bog cranberry – Birch / Forbs). Source:
Meijer (2002). ...........................................................................................................................- 20 -
Table A-7. Community found in Maybelle River Wildland Provincial Park: Aw – Ba / Vacc myr
- Alnu cri (Aspen – Alaska birch / Green alder – Bog cranberry). Source: Meijer (2002). .....- 21 -
Table A-8. Community found in Maybelle River Wildland Provincial Park: Sb / Ledu gro / Pleu
sch (Black spruce / Common Labrador tea / Feather moss). Source: Meijer (2002)................- 22 -
Table A-9. Community found in Maybelle River Wildland Provincial Park: Pice mar – Cham cal
/ Sarr pur / Erio vag / Spha fus (Black spruce regeneration – Leatherleaf / Pitcher plant / Cotton
grass / Peat moss). Source: Meijer (2002). ...............................................................................- 22 -
Table B-1. Various precipitation data collected over 30 years at Fort Chipewyan International
Airport. Source: The Weather Network. ...................................................................................- 23 -

3 February 2015 Aurora S2 Environmental Incorporated P a g e | iv
Table B-2. Average monthly measurements of days with snowfall collected over thirty years at
Fort Chipewyan International Airport. Source: The Weather Network. ..................................- 24 -
Fort Chipewyan International Airport. Source: The Weather Network. ..................................- 24 -
Table B-4. Average monthly measurements of days with precipitation collected over thirty years
at Fort Chipewyan International Airport. Source: The Weather Network................................- 24 -
Table B-5. Average monthly measurements of snow depth recorded over thirty years at Fort
Chipewyan International Airport. Source: The Weather Network. ..........................................- 24 -
Table B-6. Average monthly measurements of various climate parameters recorded over thirty
years at Fort Chipewyan International Airport. Source: The Weather Network. .....................- 24 -
Table B-7. Average monthly temperature values recorded over thirty years at Fort Chipewyan
International Airport. Source: The Weather Network. .............................................................- 24 -
Table B-8. Average monthly humidex values recorded over thirty years at Fort Chipewyan
Table B-9. Average monthly wind-chill values recorded over thirty years at Fort Chipewyan

3 February 2015 Aurora S2 P a g e | - 1 -
1.0 Information
Aurora S2 Environmental Inc. proposes to build and operate the Aurora S2 Uranium Mine (AS2
Mine) in Township 108, Range 6, West of the Fourth Meridian in the Athabasca Sandstone
Basin where the Maybelle River deposit has been located. The project will implement an in-situ
leaching (I.S.L.) development plan and use S.A.G.D. technology for primary extraction of
uranium due to its low surface impact (Vance 2014). The Maybelle River deposit is situated in
the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo, as seen in Figure 1, of which the C.F.C. will be
situated in the centre of the Maybelle River deposit. Buildings (Figure 2) that will be erected
include;
 The C.P.F., which will accommodate the power station, control room, uranium extraction
columns, uranium recovery columns, thickeners, uranium drying and packaging facility,
extraction filters, and reagent storage structures
 Well house, injection and extraction wells
 Access roads
 Above ground transportation pipelines
 Tailings pond (evaporation pond) and associated structures
 Water sampling wells
 Airport strip and associated facilities
Figure 1. Uranium deposits along the North-South shear zone, denoted by green pin markers, of
the Maybelle River formation, located in North-Eastern Alberta, Canada. Other uranium deposits
are denoted by red circles. Overlay image courtesy of the Government of Alberta. Image
courtesy of Google Earth.

3 February 2015 Aurora S2 Environmental Incorporated P a g e | - 2 -
This project is pursuing approval under Section 44 of the Nuclear Safety and Control Act, the
Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act (E.P.E.A.) under the Alberta Energy Regulator
(A.E.R.), Mines and Minerals Act, and Exploration Regulations.
Other regulatory bodies that manage uranium mine projects and approvals are;
 Environment Canada
o Responsible for approving the pre and post-disturbance assessment
 Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (C.N.S.C.)
o Issue construction and operating licenses of nuclear mines and mills
o Deal with the safety and regulations of the possession, transfer, and storage of
uranium mining and mill products
 Ministry of Natural Resources
 Investment Canada
As stated above, various structures need to be put in place in order for safe and optimum
operability. These structures can be broken down into three broad categories which include
extraction, transportation, and processing.
1.1 Extraction
Injection wells insert a series of chemicals that dissolve and mobilize the uranium in solution.
The solution is then pushed up towards the extraction wells. Once extraction has taken place, the
solution is ready for transport. Resources and materials required for this type uranium mining
are;
 oxidant (often hydrogen peroxide)
 complexing agent (lixiviate)
o pH depends upon groundwater carbonate concentration
 water source
Figure 2. 3-D diagram depicting
facilities and geological layers in
an I.S.L. uranium program.
Source: Heathgate Resources.
Arrange and consult with foreign ownership
firms

1.2 Transportation
Multiple piping matrices transport the uranium rich slurry from the well house to the C.P.F.
Radioactively, Uranium emits very miniscule amounts of alpha and gamma radiation; because of
this, no special casing around pipelines is needed.
1.3 Processing
Multiple processing structures exist to treat uranium. First, the slurry is purified with various
chemicals. The uranium itself is then extracted via ion exchange from the treated slurry
(Cathchpole and Kuchelka 1993). The solution is now void of uranium and is re-enforced with
leach chemicals and returned to the injection wells. Once the extracted uranium is filtered, it is
dried and ready for packaging. The end product is ~75% pure uranium and is dubbed “yellow
cake” due to its yellow configuration and similarity to Play-Doh™ as seen Figure 3. The
uranium is then packaged into standardized 170 L steel drums and shipped across the world.
1.3 Site Specific Information
Main environmental concerns with the AS2 Mine include groundwater pollution and aquifer
destruction. Secondary concerns include acidic runoff from the C.P.F., tailings pond impacts, and
solid wastes that may be contaminated with radiation. Radiation concerns are addressed when
rehabilitation is initiated. Specific radiological issues arising from I.S.L. extraction are; yellow
cake and pregnant solution spills being allowed to dry and thusly producing radiological active
dusts.
2.0 Project Scoping
Multiple scopes of both the biophysical and human environment provide necessary information
as to why and how the AS2 Mine will impact the various environments. An in-depth analysis will
provide the most current material/data which will be used to determine if the AS2 Mine will be
constructed and to determine the negative and positive impacts of the following parameters in
2.1 Biophysical Environment and 2.2 Human Environment (The Environments). Subsequently, if
the scope of the AS2 Mine proves to be too sensitive or incompatible to The Environments, a re-
Figure 3. Processed uranium ("yellow cake") being dropped
off in a conveyor belt. Source: P. Lesage

evaluation of the location of the mine will be done. This will ensure that Aurora S2
Environmental Inc. can continue to be competitive in the uranium industry and also shows
Aurora S2 Environmental Inc.’s continued effort to put long term environmental and social
integrity in front of short term economic prosperity.
2.1 Biophysical Environment
2.1.1 Air
Air temperature is characteristic of classic Northeastern Alberta, with winter temperatures
ranging from (-)20°C – (-)40°C and summer temperatures ranging from (+)15°C – (+)35°C
(Frostad 2012). Please refer to Appendix B for all detailed weather data. The proposed mine will
have little to no effect on ambient air temperature with the exception of a small heat island effect
of the facilities mentioned in 1.0 Information.
The nearest centre for annual precipitation data for the area is Fort Chipewyan (57 k.m.) with
~366 mm and 135 precipitation days (Environment Canada n.d.). As with some mines,
pollution, specifically sulphur, can lead to acidic rain which can cause detrimental effects to the
infrastructure where the rain is deposited; however, the amount of sulphur released at the C.F.C.
is minimal that no difference in atmospheric sulphur content will be noticed.
Air quality in the area is described as ‘low risk” by Alberta Environment (2014) and
Environment Canada (2014). The most detrimental effect on air quality will be the release of
Radon-222 gas from the tailings pond which has a half-life of 3.8 days; however, a continuous
production of Radon-222 is produced from the decay of Radium-266, which has a half-life of
1,600 years (Diehl 2011). This presents a long-term hazard. To counter-act this hazard, Aurora
S2 Inc. proposes to erect a separate enclosed state-of-the-art building to house the tailings ponds.
This building, known herein forth as TPR222 (Tailings Pond Radon-222), will have an extensive
ventilation system that will collect all radioactive gas and dusts and transport it back into the
geological uranium formation. This will reduce all risks associated with the radioactivity of the
tailings. Further details of TPR222 will be presented in 2.1.5 Water.

2.1.2 Soil
The dominant soil order in the Municipality of Wood Buffalo, as seen in Figure 4, is the
Brunisolic Order. Landscape features are presented in 2.1.4 Terrestrial.
Figure 4. Soil map of Alberta depicting soil groups and natural sub-regions. Source:
Government of Alberta. Red star represents the AS2 Mine.

2.1.3 Geological
The Maybelle River deposit is situated in the most Western portion of the Athabasca Basin,
which holds the world’s richest known high-grade uranium deposits (Frostad 2012; Jefferson and
Delaney 2007) and lies along a linear North-South shear zone (Jefferson and Delaney 2007).
Please refer to Figure 1 for all uranium deposits in the Athabasca Basin and the linear shear zone
of the Maybelle River deposit. The deposit has been surveyed via drilling and contains grades of
21% U3O8 with a maximum depth of 250 m (Eccles et al., 2014). This relatively shallow deposit
makes it extremely economically feasible (Collier 2005) and profitable.
2.1.4 Terrestrial
The Athabasca Basin is moderately level with rolling hills and has fluvial, morainal, and eolian
parent material (Frostad 2012; Meijer 2002; Government of Saskatchewan N.D.). The Maybelle
River deposit resides in the Boreal Forest Natural Region and the Athabasca Plain Subregion as
seen in Figure 4 and Figure 5. The Boreal Region is dominated by various communities with
the Maybelle River area consisting of mostly coniferous, pine, and deciduous woodlands, and
has infinitesimal bogs scattered throughout the landscape. A comprehensive analysis of plant
communities was done in the Maybelle River Wildland Provincial Park which resides 10-17 k.m.
away from the Maybelle River deposit. Since the park is relatively close to the Maybelle River
deposit, it can be expected that the plant communities will be the same. Note that little to no
invasive plant species have been discovered in the area. Please refer to Appendix A for a
complete list of plant communities and respective percent cover.
The two main and sensitive wildlife populations that will be disturbed are the Woodland Caribou
(Rangifer tarandus caribou) and the Whooping Crane (Grus americana). Estimated numbers of
Woodland Caribou are ~33,000 individuals with 51 known populations scattered throughout the
Boreal Forest Natural Region (SAR Public Registry N.D.). A well-known population decrease,
largely due to habitat destruction, has been noted over the past 30 years. This element, among
others, is the reason for choosing an in-situ extraction method in order to reduce the physical
disturbance on the landscape, therefore reducing the impact on the caribou. The Whooping Crane
is considered to be endangered and a study by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2014)
classifies the population at 437 individuals. The AS2 Mine is situated within the bird’s migratory
grounds. This makes the enclosed TPR222 (tailings pond) essential in reducing fatalities and
negative impacts pertaining to the Whooping Crane. Other vulnerable migratory birds and
mammal species that may be impacted by the AS2 Mine are of little concern due to their
increased or stable population and the decreased physical disturbance of the in-situ method;
however, Aurora S2 believes characterization of these species is still necessary and are presented
in Error! Reference source
not found..
Individuals Status Date Surveyed
WoodlandCaribou 33,000 Threatened 2010
Moose 118,000 Secure 2010
Whooping Crane 437 At Risk 2014
Northern Pintail 3,200,000 Sensitive 2009
Canvasback 662,000 Secure 2009
Redhead <1,000,000 Least Concern 2009
Black Bear 35,000 Secure 2010
Grizzly Bear 691 At Risk 2010
Grey Wolf 7,000 Secure 2010
Table 1. Population status of vulnerable Alberta boreal
species that could potentially affected by the AS2
Mine. Source: General Status of Alberta Wild Species
(2010).

Figure 5. Natural Regions and Subregions of Alberta represented by a fake colour scheme.
Red star represents AS2 Mine. Source: Government of Alberta.

2.1.5 Hydrological
As stated above in 1.3 Site Specific Information, the main concern with I.S.L. uranium mining is
groundwater contamination, aquifer damage, and drainage contamination. Drainage of
contaminants will drain into Lake Athabasca and/or Athabasca River (Figure 6), eventually
making its way to Hudson’s Bay. Tailings from uranium ore processing can potentially release
water born contaminants in the form of;
 radionuclides
 heavy metals
 copper, nickel, zinc, lead
 suspended solids
 settling, flocculation, and filtration
 arsenic, selenium, vanadium, and
molybdenum
 ammonia
 dissolved salts
(SENES Consultants Limited 2008)
To avoid any deleterious substances entering
the local watershed, a separate enclosed
building (TPR222) will house tailings due to
the contaminants mentioned above and
radioactiveness of the tailings described in
2.1.1. TPR222 will be checked and
maintained daily by qualified employees
hand-picked by the C.E.O. of Aurora S2
Environmental Inc. Special considerations
with the tailings pond will be made to ensure
the most cautious and vigilant procedures are
upheld to the highest order. A basic portrayal
of TPR222 can be seen in Figure 7. Figure 6. Watershed basin drainage in Alberta.
Red star represents AS2 Mine. Source:
University of Alberta.
Concrete
To injection wells To injection wells
Radon-222 Gas
Tailings
Clay
Figure 7. Basic TPR222 tailings pond design to ensure no contaminants are released into the
environment. Designed by Greg Sutherland. = Ventilation shafts and fans. Not to scale.
Perforatedwallto
trapgas

In addition, surrounding infrastructure will be put in place to monitor TPR222.
 a plastic lining underlying the concrete base
 10 seepage monitoring wells
o Placed in a circle 100 m away from building centre with 36° separation between
each well
 4 interceptor recovery wells
o one for each cardinal direction (North, East, South, West)
 reclamation of TP222 will be done immediately after the AS2 Mine ceases production to
ensure the protection of the aforementioned water bodies and affected aquifers
Aquifer damage is a function of changing the geochemical regime via the extraction and
chemical injection wells (Catchpole and Kuchelka 1993). The addition of chemicals and oxidants
by the wells creates an oxidized rich environment which readily solubilizes heavy metals and any
leftover uranium. The heavy metals can then bioaccumulate in various food chains and cause a
multitude of biological problems. To remedy this problem Aurora S2 Environmental Inc.
proposes to inject hydrogen sulfide into the uranium formation. This returns the formation to pre-
mining conditions by reducing the oxygen rich environment. After this is done, a re-circulation
of water is done to obtain a consistent quality which eliminates spacial and temporal variations
(Catchpole and Kuchelka 1993).
2.2 Human Environment
2.2.1 Economics
Forecasting the economics can be difficult with a project of this size. Considering potential
prospect success and market demand and supply, an early estimate can be calculated. According
to a return report from Uranium Participation Corp (2014) the AS2 Mine in Maybelle River can
be expected to be generating in the tens of millions of dollars in revenue once operating. The
setup time would approximately be five years from planning to first yellow cake produced.
During this time the company would not be making any significant revenue and would rely on
grants from the government and initial capital set forth by Aurora S2 Environment Inc. for
construction.
Gathering human resources may be a challenge for the AS2 Mine. The closest settlement to the
site in Maybelle River is Fort Chipewyan with a population of 847 (Statistics Canada 2011). This
population includes non-working potential (children and the elderly) that live and work in Fort
Chipewyan already. Regardless Fort Chipewyan is inaccessible by road for some of the year.
Aurora S2 Environmental Inc. is ruling out Fort Chipewyan as a primary labour source. Aurora
S2 Environmental Inc. has decided to follow suite with the oil sands industry and hire from all
over Alberta and Canada. This means the majority of workers will be housed on site in a camp
setting.
The in-situ leaching process of uranium is similar to oil sand extraction with the difference being
different ore and end products. Aurora S2 Environmental Inc. will be looking for workers with
experience in the field of operations. Workers who are fully ticketed (O.S.S.A. Certification,
First Aid, H2S Alive Certification), and preferably have education in industry background, i.e.
possessing a H.O.O.T. ticket (Heavy Oil Operations Technician), or a similar program such as
H.O.P.E. (Heavy Oil Power Engineer). Both of these courses are available from many
institutions around Canada, such as the prestigious and admired Lakeland College.

2.2.2 Demographics
The Municipality of Wood Buffalo is home to many notable industries, such as extensive oil
production as well as oil sand exploration and development. To support such a large amount of
industry, work is often brought in from interprovincial sources, although the Municipality does
have a large permanent population. According to the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo
(2010) the population of the county is 104,338. This population is made up of 57% males and
43% females. The Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo (2010) states that 72.8% of the
population is within average working age (20-59). It must be kept in mind that the majority of
permanent residents work in Fort McMurray or residential towns within the Municipality and
may not be considered as a primary source of work for remote industry such as the AS2 Mine.
2.2.3 Local Services
The nearest educational services reside in Fort Chipewyan (57 k.m.). Although Fort Chipewyan
has been ruled out as a primary labour force, Aurora S2 Environmental Inc. finds it necessary to
give back to the community that AS2 operates in. Equipment and mobilization costs keep the
Athabasca Delta Community School isolated and prevents them from participating in regional
sporting events. Aurora S2 Environmental Inc. is prepared to fund and sponsor any and all costs
for the associated activities. Aurora S2 is also prepared to offer four half scholarships to the
courses mentioned in 2.2.1 Economics exclusively to the students of Athabasca Delta
Community School.
Wildfires are a pertinent issue in the boreal forest and the surrounding area. To protect the AS2
Mine as an investment, as well as the surrounding community, Aurora S2 is willing to finance a
new fire truck engine for the community of Fort Chipewyan. In addition, three additional part-
time firefighter salaries will be allotted to keep up with demand in the summer months.
The AS2 Mine will be extremely isolated and constructing a new road through 57 k.m. of
untouched forest is infeasible and environmentally immoral. To gain access to the AS2 Mine, an
on-site airstrip will be constructed. The airstrip will run two small planes that connect to Fort
Chipewyan.
Access to family physicians is limited in the region; therefore, Aurora S2 will be contracting a
fully licensed family physician to come in once a week during down hours to provide necessary
medical care and prescriptions.
2.2.4 Socio-Cultural
A project of this magnitude can have large environmental impacts, but can also affect the people
of the area in a positive way (i.e. payment and additional community services) and in negative
way (i.e. stress on family ties, unheard safety concerns from those who have family members in
the industry). The residents of the area and their lifestyles must not be affected in a negative way
by the AS2 Mine. A thorough evaluation of socio-cultural variables will be conducted and
evaluated to achieve a high standard of operation that will help AS2 be a force for good for the
community and not a hindrance. According to Statistics Canada (2001) 80% of the population of
Wood Buffalo identifies as Christian. To accommodate this, the AS2 Mine will have spiritual
support made available for workers and workers families, as well as isolated prayer rooms with
local pastors coming in every week for one half of a work day. These spiritual rooms will not be
just for the Christian portion of the workers we will have but for any other faiths that may work
at AS2. Other officials of other faiths can be made available at the request of the worker.

Unfortunately, Wood Buffalo has quite a high crime rate. The Regional Municipality of Wood
Buffalo is ranked the 8th most dangerous city in Canada by Maclean’s in 2011, and ranks in as a
member of the top ten municipalities in Canada for murder, impaired driving, and motor vehicle
theft (Statistics Canada n.d.). To help mitigate the risk that accompanies these characteristics,
AS2 will have 24 hour security on-site as well as in the camp area. The camp will be a dry camp
and sniffer dogs will be patrolled through the camps at random times one time a month.
Additionally, any worker who applies to work at AS2 will have to pass a drug and alcohol
reliance test before being cleared and considered “fit for work”.
The relation of male and female members of society to each other is that of a traditional western
cultural sense. This relation may not be the best mindset for the AS2 Mine to operate in as
sometimes great female minds and workers are looked over and undervalued as an important
human resource. Aurora S2 Environmental Inc. will push to promote equality of the sexes and
evaluate employees based on their knowledge and skill-set and not by their gender. Prolonged
exposure to this mindset may begin to change the community for the better to a more progressive
outlook on society.
3.0 Project Scoping Matrix
Table 2. Project scoping matrix depicting five actions of the operational phase of the AS2 Mine
located in Maybelle River.
Activities
U D U D U D P D U ?
1(-) 1(-) 1(-) 1(-) 1(-)
L L L L L L L R S L
C I C I C I U D U ?
5(-) 3(-) 5(-) 1(-) 1(-)
L L S L S R S R S L
U D U ? P D P D C I
1(-) 1(-) 1(-) 3(-) 3(-)
L L L L S L L R S L
P I U ? U D C I P I
5(-) 5(-) 1(-) 5(-) 3(-)
P L P L S L L R L L
C I C I U D U D C I
5(-) 5(-) 1(-) 1(-) 5(-)
L R P R S R S L L L
Affected Components
Operation Phase
Wildlife Forested Land Air Water Noise
Radioactivity
Dusts
Drilling Wells
Tailings Ponds
Traffic
Legend:
magnitude (direction)
timeframe
extentduration
likelihood
Liklihood: C = certain, P = probable, U = unlikely, ? = unknown
Time: I = immediate, D = delayed, ? = unknown
Magnitude: 5 = major, 3 = moderate, 1 = minor
Direction: + = positive, - = negative, ? = unknown
Duration: P = permanent, L = long-term, S = short-term
Extent: L = local, R = regional, N = national

4.0 Conclusion
The AS2 Mine will face multiple challenges including a weak local workforce, isolation of the
project, and the segregation of the tailings pond. Even though these challenges are daunting,
Aurora S2 believes these hurdles can be overcome through comprehensive and predictive
planning as well as adaptive management. Being highly isolated as the area is, certain advantages
are presented to the AS2 Mine, a few being the ease of reclamation due to the lack of
intrusiveness of the in-situ extraction method, the general lack of invasive species present in the
communities surrounding the work area, and the decreased radioactivity of the ore and
overburden of the Athabasca Basin which does not require additional safety measures and
precautions. Overall, Maybelle River is the prime location for a uranium mine of this magnitude
due to it’s high grade ore, shallow depth, economic feasibility, and opportunity to positively
influence the surrounding community. Concerns are sure to arise during the construction,
operation, processing, and reclamation of the area but with successful planning and
characterization of risk vs. reward of the situation, Aurora S2 Environmental Inc. is optimistic in
its ability to operate within the area under standard operating practices and its ability to achieve a
positive overall impact, both biophysically and socially. The risk to the surrounding area and its
residents will be overshadowed by the positive rewards provided by the AS2 Mine. Through
careful consideration, comprehensive evaluation, and a successful action plan, a synergy will be
achieved between the AS2 Mine and the surrounding area.

References
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Alberta: Environment and Sustainable Resource Development:
http://www.environment.alberta.ca/apps/aqhi/aqhi.aspx [accessed 3 November 2014].
Allen L., D. Hunter, W. Nordstorm, and D. Nujnovic. 2003. Maybelle River Wildland Provincial
Park and Athabasca Dunes Ecological Reserve A Synthesis of Biophysical Information.
Alberta Parks 57 p.
Catchpole G., and R. Kuchelka. 1993. Groundwater restoration of uranium ISL mines in the
United States. Uranerz Energy Corporation Review Paper, Casper, Wyoming 9 p.
Collier B. 2005. Sequence stratigraphy and its use for uranium exploration in the western
Athabasca basin of Alberta and Saskatchewan. EUB/AGS Earth Sciences Report 2004-
01, 38 p.
Eccles R., M. Hanki, and M. Roik. 2014. Geological orientation report Athabasca border
property, Northeastern Alberta. Vulcan Minerals Incorporated Report, St. John’s
Newfoundland 52 p.
Environment Canada. (n.d.). Annual average precipitation from Alberta. [online]. Available from
Meteorological Service of Canada, Canadian Climate Normals:
http://www.currentresults.com/Weather/Canada/Alberta/precipitation-annual-average.php
[accessed 3 November 2014].
Environment Canada. 2014. Fort Chipewyan – past 24 hours AQHI [online]. Available from
Environment Canada: https://weather.gc.ca/airquality/pages/trends/abaq-011_e.html
Fish and Wildlife Division. 2010. Alberta wild species general status listing – 2010 [online].
Available from the Government of Alberta: Environment and Sustainable Resource
Development: http://esrd.alberta.ca/fish-wildlife/species-at-risk/albertas-species-at-risk-
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2010WildSpeciesGeneralStatusList-Jan2012.pdf [accessed 10 November 2014].
Fraser W.P. 2006. Virtual herbarium of plants at risk in Saskatchewan: A Natural Heritage
[online]. Available from SASK Herbarium: University of Saskatchewan:
http://www.usask.ca/biology/rareplants_sk/root/htm/en/researcher/4_ecoreg.php
Frostad S. 2012. Technical report on the Smart Lake uranium project Northern Saskatchewan,
Canada. Purepoint Uranium Group Incorporated, Toronto, Ontario 56 p.

Jefferson C.W., and G. Delaney. 2007. Geology and uranium exploration technology of the
Proterozoic Athabasca Basin, Saskatchewan and Alberta. Geological Survey of Canada
Bulletin 588, 644 p.
Meijer M. 2002. Vegetation communities of Maybelle River Wildland Provincial Park. Alberta
Natural Heritage Information Centre: Heritage Protection and Recreation Management
Branch Report, Edmonton, Alberta 57 p.
SENES Consultants Limited. 2008. Environmental impacts of different uranium mining
processes. Government of Alberta: Alberta Environment Report, Edmonton, Alberta 56
p.
Statistics Canada. 2011. Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, Provinces and Territories,
and designated places, 2011 and 2006 censuses [online]. Available from Statistics
Canada: http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-
Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=1302&PR=48&S=51&O=A&RPP=25 [accessed 7
November 2014].
The Weather Network. (n.d.). Statistics for Fort Chipewyan [online]. Available from The
Weather Network: http://past.theweathernetwork.com/forecasts/statistics/precip-
itation/cl3072-658/metric [accessed 8 November 2014].
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2014. Species status and fact sheet Whooping Crane [online].
Available from North Florida Ecological Services Office: http://www.fws.gov/north-
florida/WhoopingCrane/whoopingcrane-fact-2001.htm [accessed 9 November].
Vance R. 2014. Managing environmental impacts and health impacts of uranium mining.
Nuclear Energy Agency Report, Paris, France 139 p.

AppendixA
3February2015AuroraS2
EnvironmentalIncorporatedPage|-15-
A. Appendix
Table A-1. Plant communities, moisture conditions, and physiognomic structures found at Maybelle River Wildland Provincial Park.
Source: Meijer (2002).
Plot
MAY 05
Site Conditions
very xeric, oligotrophic
Physiognomic Structure
open woodland - coniferous
Field Identified Community
Pj/ Pine needles (Clad spp.)
Community
MAY 07 very xeric, oligotrophic open woodland - coniferous Pj/ Pine needles Pj / Pine needles
MAY 15 xeric, oligotrophic closed woodland - coniferous Pj/ Pine needles (Poly pil - Clad spp.)
MAY 02 very xeric, oligotrophic low shrubland - pine regen Pinu ban/ Pine needles
MAY 06 xeric, submesotrophic tall shrubland - pine regen Pinu ban/Pine needles (Clad spp.)
MAY 03 xeric, mesotrophic tall shrubland - pine regen Pinu ban/Pine needles (Clad cor) Pinu ban / Pine needles
MAY 01 subxeric, oligotrophic tall shrubland - pine regen Pinu ban / (Vacc myr) / Pine needles (early seralstage)
MAY 11 subxeric, submesotrophic tall shrubland - pine regen Pinu ban / (Vacc myr) / Pine needles
MAY 12 xeric, submesotrophic tall shrubland - pine regen Pinu ban/Vacc myr - Betu neo / Clad spp. Pinu ban / Betu neo – Vacc myr
MAY 08 very xeric, oligotrophic open woodland - coniferous Pj/ Betula (Vacc myr) / Clad spp.- Poly pil P j/ Vacc myr/ Clad spp. - Poly pil
MAY 09 subxeric, submesotrophic open woodland - pine Pj / Vacc myr/ Clad spp.- Poly pil
MAY 10 subxeric, mesotrophic closed woodland - deciduous Bw – Ba Vacc myr - Vacc vit – Betu spp./
Forbs
Bw – Ba Vacc myr - Vacc vit / Forbs
MAY 04 subxeric, mesotrophic open woodland - deciduous Aw – Ba / Vacc myr – Alnu cri Aw – Ba / Vacc myr – Alnu cri
MAY 14 Subhydric, hydric,
mesotrophic
wetland – coniferous Sb/ Ledu gro / Pleu sch Sb/ Ledu gro / Pleu sch
MAY 16 hydric, permesotrophic wetland - shrubbypoor fen to bog * Pice mar - Ledu gro / Sphagnum (Lari lar) /Ledu gro – Cham cal – Pice
mar / Sphagnum
MAY 13 hydric, permesotrophic shrubbypoor fen to bog* Pice mar – Kalm pol / Sarr pur/ Erio vag /
Spha fus
Pice mar – Kalm pol / Sarr pur/ Erio
vag / Spha fus

Appendix A
Table A-2. Community found in Maybelle River Wildland Provincial Park: Pj / Pine needles
(Jack pine / Pine needles). Source: Meijer (2002).
Code Scientific Name Common Name Cover Cover Cover
Canopy
PINUBAN Pinus banksiana jack pine 41 40 70
Low Shrubs
ARCTUVA Arctostaphylos uva-ursi common bearberry 0.5 0.5 0.5
HUDSTOM Hudsonia tomentosa sand heather 0.5
PINUBAN Pinus banksiana jack pine 0.5 1 0.5
VACC MYR Vaccinium myrtilloides common blueberry 0.5 1
VACCVIT Vaccinium vitis-idaea bog cranberry 0.5 0.5
Forbs
ARABLYR Arabis lyrata lyre-leaved rock cress 0.5
MAIACAN Maianthemum canadense
PYROCHL Pyrola chlorantha
wild lily-of-the-valley
greenish-flowered wintergreen
0.1
0.5
Grass
CARESIC Carex siccata hay sedge 0.1
CARETON Carex tonsa 0.1
ORYXPUN Oryzopsis pungens northern rice grass 0.1
Moss
DICRUND Dicranum undulatum wavy dicranum NV
POLYPIL Polytrichum piliferum
POLYSTR Polytrichum strictum
Lichen
awned hair-cap
slender hair-cap
2 1 15
NV
CETRERI Cetraria ericetorum
CETRNIV Cetraria nivalis
0.5 NV
0.5
CLADBOR Cladonia borealis
CLADCOR Cladonia cornuta 1 1
NV
4
CLADCRI Cladonia crispata
CLADCRY Cladonia cryptochlorophaea
6
1
NV
2
CLADDEF Cladonia deformis 1 0.5 1
CLADGRA Cladonia gracilis 5 1 2
CLADMIT Cladina mitis
CLADRAN Cladina rangiferina
reindeer lichen
reindeer lichen 1
0.5 0.5
CLADSUL Cladonia sulphurina
CLADUNC Cladonia uncialis
1
NV
PELTRUF Peltigera rufescens
Litter
pine needles 40 60
NV
65
deadwood 25 15

Appendix A
Table A-3. Community found in Maybelle River Wildland Provincial Park: Pinu ban / Pine
needles (early seral stage) (Jack pine regrowth / Pine needles). Source: Meijer (2002).
Code Scientific Name Common Name
1
Cover
2
Cover
3
Cover
6
Cover
11
Cover
Canopy
PINUBAN Pinus banksiana jack pine 5 5 2
Tall Shrubs
BETUPAP Betula papyrifera white birch 1
PINUBAN Pinus banksiana jack pine 80 2 80 60 80
Low Shrubs
ALNUCRI Alnus crispa green alder 0.5 0.5
ARCTUVA Arctostaphylos uva-ursi common bearberry 1 0.5 1
HUDSTOM Hudsonia tomentosa sand heather 1
LEDUGRO Ledum groenlandicum common Labrador tea 0.5
LINNBOR Linnaea borealis twinflower 0.5 0.5
PINUBAN Pinus banksiana jack pine 2 70 5 10 5
VACC MYR Vaccinium myrtilloides common blueberry 4 0.5 7
VACCVIT Vaccinium vitis-idaea bog cranberry 0.5 0.5
Forbs
ACHIMIL Achillea millefolium common yarrow 0.5
ANEMMUL Anemone multifida cut-leaved anemone 0.5
ARALNUD Aralia nudicaulis wild sarsaparilla 0.1
ASTELAE Aster laevis smooth aster 0.5
EPILANG Epilobium angustifolium fireweed 0.5
MAIACAN Maianthemum canadense wild lily-of-the-valley 0.5 0.1 0.5
PYROCHL Pyrola chlorantha greenish-flowered wintergreen 0.5
SOLIMUL Solidago multiradiata alpine goldenrod 0.1 0.5
Grass
AGROSPP Agropyron sp. wheatgrass 0.5
CARESIC Carex siccata hay sedge 0.1
ORYXPUN Oryzopsis pungens northern rice grass 0.5
Moss
POLYPIL Polytrichum piliferum awned hair-cap 1 20
Lichen
CLADCAR Cladonia cariosa NV
CLADCOR Cladonia cornuta 0.5 5 4 5
CLADCRY Cladonia
cryptochlorophaea
1 0.5
CLADDEF Cladonia deformis 0.5 0.1 1 0.5
CLADGRA Cladonia gracilis 0.5 1 2 10
CLADMIT Cladina mitis reindeer lichen 0.5 0.1 0.1 1 1
CLADSUL Cladonia sulphurina 0.5 0.1 1 0.5
CLADVER Cladonia verticillata 0.5
Litter
pine needles 90 90 high 35 40
deadwood 30 high 20 25 10

Appendix A
Table A-4. Community found in Maybelle River Wildland Provincial Park: Pinu ban / Betu neo
- Vacc myr (Jack pine regrowth / Blueberry). Source: Meijer (2002).
Code
Canopy
Scientific Name Common Name Cover
BETUNEO
Tall Shrubs
Betula neoalaskana Alaska birch 1
BETUNEO Betula neoalaskana Alaska birch 5
PINUBAN Pinus banksiana jack pine 25
SALIBEB
Low Shrubs
Salix bebbiana beaked willow 0.5
ALNUCRI
ARCTUVA
Alnus crispa
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
green alder common
bearberry 5
BETUNEO Betula neoalaskana Alaska Birch 25
CORNCAN Cornus canadensis bunchberry 1
LEDUGRO Ledum groenlandicum common Labrador tea 0.5
VACC MYR Vaccinium myrtilloides common blueberry 65
VACCVIT Vaccinium vitis-idaea bog cranberry 10
MAIACAN Maianthemum canadense
Grass
wild lily-of-the-valley 1
ORYXPUN Oryzopsis pungens
Moss
northern rice grass 0.5
POLYPIL Polytrichum piliferum
Lichen
awned hair-cap
CLADCAR Cladonia cariosa
CLADCOR Cladonia cornuta 1
CLADCRY Cladonia cryptochlorophaea
CLADDEF Cladonia deformis
1
CLADGRA Cladonia gracilis 5
CLADMIT Cladina mitis reindeer lichen 1
CLADVER Cladonia verticillata
Litter
pine needles
deadwood 25

Appendix A
Table A-5. Community found in Maybelle River Provincial Park: Pj / Vacc myr / Clad spp. –
Poly pil (Jack pine / Blueberry / Lichen – Awned hair cap moss). Source: Meijer (2002).
Code Scientific Name Common Name Cover Cover
Canopy
PINUBAN Pinus banksiana jack pine 10 43
Tall Shrubs
BETUNEO Betula neoalaskana Alaska Birch 1 0.5
SALIBEB Salix bebbiana
Low Shrubs
beaked willow 1
ALNUCRI Alnus crispa
ARCTUVA Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
green alder common
bearberry
2
0.5
BETUNEO Betula neoalaskana Alaska Birch 35 0.5
LINNBOR Linnaea borealis twinflower 1
PICEGLA Picea glauca
PICEMAR Picea mariana
white spruce black
spruce
0.5
1
PINUBAN Pinus banksiana
SALIBEB Salix bebbiana
jack pine beaked willow
1
1
VACC MYR Vaccinium myrtilloides common blueberry 4 3
VACCVIT Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Forbs
bog cranberry 0.5
CYPRACA Cypripedium acaule stemless lady's -slipper 0.5
GEOCLIV Geocaulon lividum northern bastard toadflax 0.5
MAIACAN Maianthemum canadense wild lily-of-the-valley 0.5
Moss
DICRSPP Dicranum sp. dicranum 0.5
POLYPIL Polytrichum piliferum awned hair-cap 5 8
POLYSTR Polytrichum strictum slender hair-cap 0.5
Lichen
CLADCOR Cladonia cornuta 2 1
CLADCRY Cladonia cryptochlorophaea 5
CLADDEF Cladonia deformis 0.5 0.5
CLADGRA Cladonia gracilis 2 4
CLADMIT Cladina mitis
Litter
reindeer lichen 0.5
pine needles
deadwood
10
15

Appendix A
Table A-6. Community found in Maybelle River Provincial Park: Bw – Ba / Vacc myr – Vacc
vit / Forbs (White birch – Alaska birch / Blueberry – Bog cranberry – Birch / Forbs). Source:
Meijer (2002).
Code Scientific Name Common Name Cover
Main Canopy
PICEMAR Picea mariana black spruce 1
POPUTRE Populus tremuloides aspen 1
Tall Shrubs
Low Shrubs
PRUNPEN Prunus pensylvanica pin cherry 1
VACCVIT Vaccinium vitis-idaea bog cranberry 20
Forbs
CHIMUMB Chimaphila umbellata prince's pine 2
CYPRACA Cypripedium acaule stemless lady's -slipper 0.5
EQUISYL Equisetum sylvaticum woodland horsetail 0.5
GEOCLIV Geocaulon lividum northern bastard toadflax 2
LYCOCOM Lycopodium complanatum ground-cedar 2
LYCOOBS Lycopodium obscurum ground-pine 1
MAIACAN Maianthemum canadense wild lily-of-the-valley 1
Grass
AGROSPP Agropyron sp. wheatgrass 0.1
CARESIC Carex siccata
Moss
hay sedge 0.5
DICRUND Dicranum undulatum wavy dicranum 0.5
PLEUSCH Pleurozium schreberi Schreber's moss 1
POLYSTR Polytrichum strictum
Lichen
slender hair-cap 0.5
CLADCRY Cladonia cryptochlorophaea 0.5
CLADGRA Cladonia gracilis
Litter
0.5
deadwood 20

Appendix A
Table A-7. Community found in Maybelle River Wildland Provincial Park: Aw – Ba / Vacc myr
- Alnu cri (Aspen – Alaska birch / Green alder – Bog cranberry). Source: Meijer (2002).
Canopy
Tall Shrubs
POPUTRE
Low Shrubs
Populus tremuloides aspen 2
ALNUCRI Alnus crispa green alder 25
LONIDIO Lonicera dioica twining honeysuckle 0.5
PRUNPEN Prunus pensylvanica pin cherry 0.5
VACCVIT Vaccinium vitis-idaea bog cranberry 0.5
Forbs
ARALNUD Aralia nudicaulis wild sarsaparilla 1
LYCOOBS Lycopodium obscurum ground-pine 1
MAIACAN Maianthemum canadense wild lily-of-the-valley 1
TRIEBOR Trientalis borealis northern starflower 0.5
Moss
DICRPOL Dicranum polysetum wavy dicranum 0.5
Lichen
CLADBOT Cladonia botrytes NV
CLADCOR Cladonia cornuta NV
CLADCRI
CLADDEF
Cladonia crispata
Cladonia deformis
NV
NV

Appendix A
Table A-8. Community found in Maybelle River Wildland Provincial Park: Sb / Ledu gro / Pleu
sch (Black spruce / Common Labrador tea / Feather moss). Source: Meijer (2002).
Canopy
Tall Shrubs
Low Shrubs
LEDUGRO Ledum groenlandicum common Labrador tea 90
VACCVIT
Moss
Vaccinium vitis-idaea bog cranberry 0.5
DICRUND Dicranum undulatum wavy dicranum 0.5
PLEUSCH Pleurozium schreberi Schreber's moss 90
SPHAANG
Lichen
Sphagnum angustifolium peatmoss 0.5
CLADMIT Cladina mitis reindeer lichen 0.5
CLADSTE Cladina stellaris reindeer lichen 0.5
Litter
deadwood 10
Table A-9. Community found in Maybelle River Wildland Provincial Park: Pice mar – Cham cal
/ Sarr pur / Erio vag / Spha fus (Black spruce regeneration – Leatherleaf / Pitcher plant / Cotton
grass / Peat moss). Source: Meijer (2002).
Code
Low Shrubs
Scientific Name Common Name Cover
ANDRPOL Andromeda polifolia bog rosemary 1
CHAMCAL Chamaedaphnecalyculata leatherleaf 4
KALMPOL Kalmia polifolia northern laurel 15
LARILAR Larix laricina tamarack 0.5
OXYCMIC Oxycoccus microcarpus small bog cranberry 0.5
RUBUCHA Rubus chamaemorus cloudberry 0.5
Forbs
DROSROT Drosera rotundifolia round-leaved sundew 1
SARRPUR Sarracenia purpurea pitcher-plant 2
SMILTRI Smilacina trifolia three-leaved Solomon's -seal 2
Moss
SPHAFUS Sphagnum fuscum rusty peat moss 95
Lichen
CLADMIT Cladina mitis reindeer lichen 1

AppendixB
B. Appendix
Precipitation JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Monthly rainfall (mm) 0 0 0 5 23 52 71 48 37 17 1 0
Monthly snowfall (cm) 20 16 18 14 3 0 0 0 2 17 30 25
Monthly precipitation (mm) 19 16 18 18 25 52 71 48 38 34 29 24
Mean daily snow depth (cm) 42 51 58 21 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 25
Median daily Snow depth (cm) 42 50 57 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 24
Mean monthly end snow depth (cm) 51 56 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 20 38
Single day record rainfall (mm) 4 3 1 12 21 72 47 30 42 25 5 1
Date
Jan-
11
Feb-
21
Mar-
06
Apr-
28
May-
31
Jun-
19
Jul-
10
Aug-
01
Sep-
08
Oct-
12
Nov-
06
Dec-
03
1987 1977 1968 1975 1988 1986 1972 1987 1978 1984 1977 1990
Single day record snowfall (cm) 14 19 14 23 19 0 0 0 16 27 23 15
Date
Jan-
01
Feb-
08
Mar-
17
Apr-
03
May-
01
Jun-
01
Jul-
01
Aug-
01
Sep-
22
Oct-
03
Nov-
06
Dec-
08
1974 1992 1970 1969 1968 1968 1968 1968 1972 1976 1988 1990
Single day record precipitation (mm) 14 19 16 19 36 72 47 30 42 33 23 15
Date
Jan-
16
Feb-
08
Mar-
17
Apr-
01
May-
01
Jun-
19
Jul-
10
Aug-
01
Sep-
08
Oct-
03
Nov-
06
Dec-
08
1968 1992 1970 1972 1968 1986 1972 1987 1978 1976 1988 1990
Extreme daily Snow depth (cm) 86 109 124 112 23 2 0 0 15 16 57 85
Date
Jan-
31
Feb-
27
Mar-
18
Apr-
02
May-
02
Jun-
15
Jul-
01
Aug-
01
Sep-
23
Oct-
17
Nov-
30
Dec-
31
Table B-1. Various precipitation data collected over 30 years at Fort Chipewyan International Airport. Source:
The Weather Network.

AppendixB
Days with Rainfall JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Above 0.2 mm 0 0 0 3 7 11 14 13 12 6 1 0
Above 5 mm 0 0 0 0 2 3 4 3 2 1 0 0
Above 10 mm 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 1 0 0 0
Days with Snowfall JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Above 0.2 cm 13 10 9 4 1 0 0 0 1 7 14 13
Above 5 cm 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1
Above 10 cm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Days with Precipitation JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Above 0.2 mm 13 10 9 6 8 11 14 13 12 12 15 13
Above 5 mm 1 0 1 1 2 3 4 3 2 2 2 1
Above 10 mm 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 1 1 0 0
Fort Chipewyan International Airport. Source: The Weather Network.
Fort Chipewyan International Airport. Source: The Weather Network.
Table B-4. Average monthly measurements of days with precipitation collected over thirty years at Fort
Chipewyan International Airport. Source: The Weather Network.

AppendixB
Snow depth JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Mean daily snow depth (cm) 42 51 58 21 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 25
Median daily Snow depth (cm) 42 50 57 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 24
Extreme daily Snow depth (cm) 86 109 124 112 23 2 0 0 15 16 57 85
Days with: JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Freezing rain or freezing drizzle 0.83 0.79 0.52 0.22 0.04 0 0 0 0 1.1 2.05 0.81
Thunderstorms 0.04 0 0 0.09 1 3.74 4.48 3.09 0.33 0 0 0
Hail 0 0 0 0.04 0.13 0.09 0.13 0.17 0.17 0 0 0
Fog, ice fog, or freezing fog 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.5 1.2 1.6 3.11 2.56 1.22
Haze or smoke 0 0 0 0.2 1 0.7 2.7 2 0 0 0 0
Blowing dust 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Blowing snow 2.2 1.5 0.6 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0.22 0.67 1.44
Table B-5. Average monthly measurements of snow depth recorded over thirty years at Fort Chipewyan
International Airport. Source: The Weather Network.
Table B-6. Average monthly measurements of various climate parameters recorded over thirty years at Fort
Chipewyan International Airport. Source: The Weather Network.

AppendixB
Temperature (°C) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Average -23.2 -19.3 -11.8 -0.1 8.6 14.2 16.7 14.8 8.2 0.8 -11.3 -20.5
Average high -17.6 -13.3 -5 5.8 14.8 20.2 22.6 20.7 13.3 5.1 -6.8 -15.2
Average low -28.7 -25.2 -18.6 -6 2.4 8.1 10.7 8.9 3.2 -3.5 -15.7 -25.8
Record daily high 10.5 11 14.5 27.1 32 34.4 34 34 29 26.5 17 8.8
Date
Jan-
31
Feb-
28
Mar-
30
Apr-
29
May-
26
Jun-
04
Jul-
16
Aug-
09
Sep-
08
Oct-
02
Nov-
13
Dec-
27
1993 1986 1984 1980 1986 1970 1989 1981 1981 1987 1984 1999
Record daily low -50 -46.7 -43.5 -34.1 -10.6 -4 -0.9 -4.2 -12.2 -30 -39 -47.8
Date
Jan-
26
Feb-
12
Mar-
13
Apr-
05
May-
03
Jun-
02
Jul-
03
Aug-
29
Sep-
26
Oct-
31
Nov-
13
Dec-
11
1969 1975 1984 1979 1979 1990 2001 1979 1974 1984 1989 1975
Humidex JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Record humidex 7.3 10.6 14.5 26.4 32.4 38.3 37.7 40.6 30.6 26 14.1 8.4
Date
Jan-
26
Feb-
28
Mar-
30
Apr-
29
May-
28
Jun-
27
Jul-
27
Aug-
04
Sep-
05
Oct-
02
Nov-
02
Dec-
27
1989 1986 1984 1980 1995 2002 1984 1974 1988 1987 1978 1999
Days with humidex over 30 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 3 0 0 0 0
Table B-7. Average monthly temperature values recorded over thirty years at Fort Chipewyan
Table B-8. Average monthly humidex values recorded over thirty years at Fort Chipewyan International
Airport. Source: The Weather Network.

AppendixB
Wind Chill (°C) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Record wind-chill -57.6 -58.6 -52.4 -41 -25 -6.7 -0.9 -6.2 -16.5 -33.1 -47.1 -59.1
Date
Jan-
29
Feb-
02
Mar-
01
Apr-
01
May-
03
Jun-
11
Jul-
03
Aug-
19
Sep-
28
Oct-
30
Nov-
26
Dec-
11
1990 1979 1976 1996 2002 1969 2001 1974 1974 1984 1990 1975
Days with wind-chill below -20 29 23 19 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 14 25
Table B-9. Average monthly wind-chill values recorded over thirty years at Fort Chipewyan

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