The document provides guidance on effective legal writing. It discusses the importance of using precise language and avoiding legalese. Concise writing with short sentences and paragraphs is emphasized. Proper formatting of documents, including font, spacing, margins and capitalization is also covered. Effective organization of ideas and proper grammar are important aspects of legal writing.
The document discusses key aspects of the judicial department and powers according to the Philippine Constitution. It defines judicial power as the power of courts to interpret and apply laws to legal disputes. It also outlines that the judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court and lower courts established by law. The Supreme Court is composed of a Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices who can sit en banc or in divisions. Important concepts like jurisdiction, fiscal autonomy, and the number of votes required for different types of cases are also summarized.
Promoting amicable settlement at the local level the barangay justice serviceAnthony Duenas
This document discusses the Barangay Justice Service System (BJSS) project implemented in Maguindanao Province from 2003 to 2007. The project aimed to promote amicable dispute resolution at the local level through training barangay officials. It covered five modules: Katarungan Pambarangay (barangay justice), mediation, counseling, para-legal assistance, and Shariah law. The training methods included lectures, workshops, case analyses and role-playing. The project methodology involved social preparation strategies in pilot communities and documenting dispute cases. It aimed to institutionalize traditional dispute practices and provide a more systematic process for acceptable dispute resolution at the local level.
The judiciary, also known as the court system, interprets and applies the law, provides dispute resolution, and ensures equal justice. It consists of a Supreme Court as the highest court and lower courts. The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court and lower statutory courts established by law. The judiciary settles legal controversies and determines if other branches abused their discretion or jurisdiction.
The Supreme Court affirmed the Court of Appeals' decision remanding the case of ejectment to the regional trial court. It found that the proper action was accion publiciana instead of unlawful detainer, as the respondent's possession of the land portion in question had lasted more than one year. While the petitioner filed the complaint within one year of demanding possession, the respondent had been in possession since 1985, or for over 15 years prior to the complaint. As such, the case involved determining possession rights over a period longer than one year, making it a case for the regional trial court under accion publiciana instead of the municipal court under unlawful detainer.
This powerpoint presentation is about the Bangsamoro Organic Law of the Philippines. It seeks to educate the people of the said law, to dispel any misconception and to promote informed choices especially for the upcoming plebiscite in the covered areas.
Article 1 to 18 - Civil Code of the PhilippinesEFREN ARCHIDE
This document is the preliminary title of the Civil Code of the Philippines which outlines general provisions regarding the effect and application of laws in the country. Some key points:
- It establishes how laws take effect after publication and that ignorance of the law is no excuse.
- Laws shall not have retroactive effect unless specified, and acts against mandatory laws are void unless authorized.
- Rights can be waived unless against law, order, policy or morality. Laws are repealed by subsequent laws.
- Judicial decisions interpreting laws form part of the legal system, and judges cannot decline cases due to insufficient laws.
- Laws aim for justice and customs against law/order shall not stand.
- Pen
This document outlines the powers and responsibilities of the President of the Philippines according to the country's constitution. It discusses the qualifications for President, the term of office, election process, and oath. It then examines the various powers granted to the President, including executive power, power of appointment and removal, military powers, pardoning power, borrowing power, diplomatic power, budgetary power, informing power, and residual powers. It provides examples of relevant court cases and constitutional limitations on presidential powers.
The document discusses key aspects of the judicial department and powers according to the Philippine Constitution. It defines judicial power as the power of courts to interpret and apply laws to legal disputes. It also outlines that the judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court and lower courts established by law. The Supreme Court is composed of a Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices who can sit en banc or in divisions. Important concepts like jurisdiction, fiscal autonomy, and the number of votes required for different types of cases are also summarized.
Promoting amicable settlement at the local level the barangay justice serviceAnthony Duenas
This document discusses the Barangay Justice Service System (BJSS) project implemented in Maguindanao Province from 2003 to 2007. The project aimed to promote amicable dispute resolution at the local level through training barangay officials. It covered five modules: Katarungan Pambarangay (barangay justice), mediation, counseling, para-legal assistance, and Shariah law. The training methods included lectures, workshops, case analyses and role-playing. The project methodology involved social preparation strategies in pilot communities and documenting dispute cases. It aimed to institutionalize traditional dispute practices and provide a more systematic process for acceptable dispute resolution at the local level.
The judiciary, also known as the court system, interprets and applies the law, provides dispute resolution, and ensures equal justice. It consists of a Supreme Court as the highest court and lower courts. The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court and lower statutory courts established by law. The judiciary settles legal controversies and determines if other branches abused their discretion or jurisdiction.
The Supreme Court affirmed the Court of Appeals' decision remanding the case of ejectment to the regional trial court. It found that the proper action was accion publiciana instead of unlawful detainer, as the respondent's possession of the land portion in question had lasted more than one year. While the petitioner filed the complaint within one year of demanding possession, the respondent had been in possession since 1985, or for over 15 years prior to the complaint. As such, the case involved determining possession rights over a period longer than one year, making it a case for the regional trial court under accion publiciana instead of the municipal court under unlawful detainer.
This powerpoint presentation is about the Bangsamoro Organic Law of the Philippines. It seeks to educate the people of the said law, to dispel any misconception and to promote informed choices especially for the upcoming plebiscite in the covered areas.
Article 1 to 18 - Civil Code of the PhilippinesEFREN ARCHIDE
This document is the preliminary title of the Civil Code of the Philippines which outlines general provisions regarding the effect and application of laws in the country. Some key points:
- It establishes how laws take effect after publication and that ignorance of the law is no excuse.
- Laws shall not have retroactive effect unless specified, and acts against mandatory laws are void unless authorized.
- Rights can be waived unless against law, order, policy or morality. Laws are repealed by subsequent laws.
- Judicial decisions interpreting laws form part of the legal system, and judges cannot decline cases due to insufficient laws.
- Laws aim for justice and customs against law/order shall not stand.
- Pen
This document outlines the powers and responsibilities of the President of the Philippines according to the country's constitution. It discusses the qualifications for President, the term of office, election process, and oath. It then examines the various powers granted to the President, including executive power, power of appointment and removal, military powers, pardoning power, borrowing power, diplomatic power, budgetary power, informing power, and residual powers. It provides examples of relevant court cases and constitutional limitations on presidential powers.
Implementing Rules of the Local Government Code of the PhilippinesHarve Abella
This document outlines rules and regulations for implementing the Local Government Code of 1991 in the Philippines. It discusses policies around decentralization and local autonomy. It also establishes guidelines for creating, dividing, merging, and altering the boundaries of local government units (LGUs) like provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays. Requirements are outlined for income, population, and land area needed to create or reclassify LGUs. The process involves petitions, certifications, and plebiscites.
The 1987 constitution of the republic of the philippines – article xivJerine Aina Lugami
The document summarizes Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines regarding education, science and technology, arts, culture, and sports. It outlines the state's responsibilities to: (1) establish and maintain a complete education system and make education accessible to all citizens; (2) provide free public education and support programs for students; (3) foster patriotism through education; and (4) prioritize education funding and protect teachers' rights. It also addresses language, science, arts, and requiring physical education and sports to develop citizens.
This document contains an acknowledgment form used in the Philippines. The form acknowledges that an individual personally appeared before a notary public and acknowledged that they voluntarily signed a document. It includes spaces for the notary public to fill in details like the date, location, and expiration date of their commission. The form helps validate that a document was properly signed in the presence of an authorized official.
The document provides biographical and educational background information on the 15 Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines. It details the names, birthdates, birthplaces, dates of appointment, educational attainment and achievements of each Justice. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the Philippines and consists of a Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices. The document also provides some brief information on the Court itself and on recently retired Justice Roberto Abad and the Justice who replaced him, Francis Jardeleza.
Article 11 accountability of public officersJudithFtlvr
1. The document outlines the accountability of public officers under the Philippine Constitution. It defines key terms like public office, public officer, and establishes standards for integrity and conduct.
2. It discusses the process for impeachment of public officials, the grounds for impeachment, and which officials can be impeached.
3. It creates the Office of the Ombudsman to investigate graft and corruption, and outlines their powers, functions, and fiscal autonomy.
4. It establishes protections against ill-gotten wealth and conflicts of interest, and requires public officers to disclose their assets and maintain allegiance to the State.
This document discusses suffrage and voting qualifications in the Philippines. It defines suffrage as the right to vote for qualified citizens. Suffrage is classified as a political right that allows citizens to participate in government. The main qualifications to vote are being a citizen of the Philippines aged 18 or older, not otherwise disqualified, and having resided in the Philippines for at least one year and in one's local area for at least six months. The document also outlines the different types of elections and votes, including regular elections, special elections, plebiscites, referendums, initiatives, and recalls. It provides details on voter registration requirements and procedures for illiterate or disabled voters to vote. Absentee voting is also summarized as
During the Spanish Enlightenment period, there were several reforms aimed at modernizing and centralizing Spain. Key reforms included reducing the privileges of autonomous kingdoms, implementing Castilian as the main language, introducing new crops from America, improving irrigation systems, and developing industry and manufacturing. Trade was also liberalized by building new infrastructure like roads and ports, removing internal customs, and ending Cádiz's monopoly on colonial trade. The power of the Inquisition and Jesuits was reduced as well. However, Enlightenment ideas mainly impacted elites and faced opposition from the upper nobility and clergy who did not want to lose privileges.
The Legislative Administration of the House of Representatives (LA-HOR)virgilio gundayao
LA-HOR: The Legislative Administration of the House of Representatives is a quick reference presentation for this nth Congress under the Speakership of Hon. Feliciano "Sunny" Belmonte.
While there are voices to abolish the Legislature, this branch of the Government is constitutionally created and cannot just be drastically abolished under the same 1987 Philippine Constitution...
This document discusses the need to critically examine historical figures rather than blindly worshipping them as heroes. It argues that views of individuals and their significance can change over time as society's understanding evolves. Specifically, it analyzes several prominent Filipino figures from history like Rizal, Aguinaldo, Bonifacio and others, pointing out aspects of their actions and legacies that do not deserve uncritical honor. The document advocates rediscovering other heroes from the past who have been overshadowed and recognizing present-day heroes working for current needs, rather than limiting views of heroism to figures of the past.
Criminal procedure outlines the steps for apprehending, prosecuting, and punishing those accused of criminal offenses. It begins with the initial investigation of a crime and concludes with the release of the offender. Criminal procedure in the Philippines originated from Spanish law and was later influenced by American law and various acts passed by the Philippine Commission and Congress. The court system has both inquisitorial and accusatorial elements, with the judicial set-up being primarily accusatorial. Courts have jurisdiction as conferred by law over certain types of criminal cases and civil matters. Regional trial courts have broad original jurisdiction while the Court of Appeals and Supreme Court have appellate jurisdiction to review cases.
The document discusses the Sandiganbayan, which is the Philippines' anti-graft court. It was established by the 1973 constitution and given jurisdiction over criminal and civil cases involving public officials. The Sandiganbayan is composed of a presiding justice and 14 associate justices who sit in five divisions. The court handles notable cases like those against former President Estrada and Senator Estrada. However, it faces issues like a high backlog of over 2,600 pending cases due to requirements that three justices must hear each case. Proposed reforms aim to address this by allowing single justices to accept evidence and increasing the number of divisions.
The document provides samples of basic legal forms used in Philippine courts, including captions, acknowledgments, affidavits, and negotiable instruments. It describes the types of courts established after the Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980 and provides examples of captions for each court. It also provides templates for acknowledgments, jurats, affidavits, verifications, and certifications. Finally, it includes examples of promissory notes and bills of exchange as samples of negotiable instruments.
The document discusses the judicial department and powers of courts in the Philippines. It outlines that judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court and lower courts, and generally entails settling legal disputes and determining abuse of power. The Supreme Court has the power of judicial review to interpret laws. It is composed of a Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices. When a court reaches a decision, a justice writes an opinion certified by the Chief Justice and served to parties.
This document discusses appointive local officials and their responsibilities. It states that the local chief executive is responsible for human resources and development in their unit. It also discusses that local chief executives can hire temporary employees for local projects without Civil Service approval. The document also summarizes cases related to appointments of local officials and their authority. It outlines the disciplinary powers and process for local chief executives over appointive local officials and employees.
This document outlines Philippine laws regarding child abuse and protection. It defines a child as anyone under 18 years old or unable to care for themselves due to disability. Child abuse is defined as physical, psychological, or sexual abuse, neglect, or actions that degrade a child's dignity. The laws establish penalties for various acts that exploit children, including child prostitution, pornography, and trafficking. The laws also mandate reporting of suspected child abuse and establish authorities responsible for investigating reports and protecting abused children.
The document outlines the powers of the Supreme Court according to the Philippine Constitution. It discusses:
1) The Supreme Court's original jurisdiction over cases affecting ambassadors and petitions for writs like habeas corpus.
2) Its appellate jurisdiction over cases involving constitutionality of laws and those where only questions of law are involved.
3) Its powers to assign judges, order change of venue, promulgate rules of procedure and appoint judicial officials.
4) Qualification requirements for Supreme Court justices and judges, including Philippine citizenship and legal experience.
The document discusses the Family Code of the Philippines established by Executive Order No. 209. It recognizes the Filipino family as the foundation of the nation and defines the rights and responsibilities of family members. Key aspects of the code include protecting the rights of spouses to marry and have children, defending children's rights, and recognizing the family's duty to care for elderly members and each other. The code covers issues related to marriage, property relations between spouses, paternity and adoption, parental authority, and support.
This document provides an overview of collective negotiation agreements (CNAs) in the Philippines. It defines a CNA and outlines the steps to create one, including negotiation between management and unions, approval by employees, and signing by both parties. Key elements of CNAs like scope, union recognition, and grievance procedures are described. The document discusses negotiable topics like work schedules and benefits, as well as non-negotiable items set by law. Sample ground rules for negotiations and the registration process for CNAs are also summarized.
The document discusses the structure and powers of the Philippine government based on the Constitution. It notes that the government is divided into three branches - legislative, executive, and judicial - based on the separation of powers doctrine. The legislative branch, or Congress, has the power to create and repeal laws, appropriate funds, levy taxes, and approve treaties. These powers are delegated by the people through the Constitution but are subject to checks and balances from the other branches to prevent abuse of power.
ARTICLE 4 CITIZENSHIP AND ARTICLE 5 SUFFRAGEjundumaug1
This document discusses citizenship and suffrage. It defines citizenship as full membership in a political community with rights and responsibilities. There are two methods of acquiring citizenship - jus sanguinis, by bloodline, and jus soli, by being born in the territory. The document also outlines who are considered citizens of the Philippines. It states that suffrage is a privilege granted by law, not a natural right. It describes the scope of suffrage to include elections, plebiscites, referendums, initiatives, and recall.
The document discusses the role and responsibilities of a copyeditor, including editing texts for grammar, spelling, punctuation and style. It provides examples of copyediting guidelines on topics like capitalization, abbreviations, numbers, quotations and formatting. The last part explains different types of headlines and techniques for writing concise headlines.
The document discusses the role and responsibilities of a copyeditor, including editing texts for grammar, spelling, punctuation and style. It provides examples of copyediting guidelines on topics like capitalization, abbreviations, numbers, quotations and formatting. The last part explains different types of headlines and techniques for writing concise headlines.
Implementing Rules of the Local Government Code of the PhilippinesHarve Abella
This document outlines rules and regulations for implementing the Local Government Code of 1991 in the Philippines. It discusses policies around decentralization and local autonomy. It also establishes guidelines for creating, dividing, merging, and altering the boundaries of local government units (LGUs) like provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays. Requirements are outlined for income, population, and land area needed to create or reclassify LGUs. The process involves petitions, certifications, and plebiscites.
The 1987 constitution of the republic of the philippines – article xivJerine Aina Lugami
The document summarizes Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines regarding education, science and technology, arts, culture, and sports. It outlines the state's responsibilities to: (1) establish and maintain a complete education system and make education accessible to all citizens; (2) provide free public education and support programs for students; (3) foster patriotism through education; and (4) prioritize education funding and protect teachers' rights. It also addresses language, science, arts, and requiring physical education and sports to develop citizens.
This document contains an acknowledgment form used in the Philippines. The form acknowledges that an individual personally appeared before a notary public and acknowledged that they voluntarily signed a document. It includes spaces for the notary public to fill in details like the date, location, and expiration date of their commission. The form helps validate that a document was properly signed in the presence of an authorized official.
The document provides biographical and educational background information on the 15 Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines. It details the names, birthdates, birthplaces, dates of appointment, educational attainment and achievements of each Justice. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the Philippines and consists of a Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices. The document also provides some brief information on the Court itself and on recently retired Justice Roberto Abad and the Justice who replaced him, Francis Jardeleza.
Article 11 accountability of public officersJudithFtlvr
1. The document outlines the accountability of public officers under the Philippine Constitution. It defines key terms like public office, public officer, and establishes standards for integrity and conduct.
2. It discusses the process for impeachment of public officials, the grounds for impeachment, and which officials can be impeached.
3. It creates the Office of the Ombudsman to investigate graft and corruption, and outlines their powers, functions, and fiscal autonomy.
4. It establishes protections against ill-gotten wealth and conflicts of interest, and requires public officers to disclose their assets and maintain allegiance to the State.
This document discusses suffrage and voting qualifications in the Philippines. It defines suffrage as the right to vote for qualified citizens. Suffrage is classified as a political right that allows citizens to participate in government. The main qualifications to vote are being a citizen of the Philippines aged 18 or older, not otherwise disqualified, and having resided in the Philippines for at least one year and in one's local area for at least six months. The document also outlines the different types of elections and votes, including regular elections, special elections, plebiscites, referendums, initiatives, and recalls. It provides details on voter registration requirements and procedures for illiterate or disabled voters to vote. Absentee voting is also summarized as
During the Spanish Enlightenment period, there were several reforms aimed at modernizing and centralizing Spain. Key reforms included reducing the privileges of autonomous kingdoms, implementing Castilian as the main language, introducing new crops from America, improving irrigation systems, and developing industry and manufacturing. Trade was also liberalized by building new infrastructure like roads and ports, removing internal customs, and ending Cádiz's monopoly on colonial trade. The power of the Inquisition and Jesuits was reduced as well. However, Enlightenment ideas mainly impacted elites and faced opposition from the upper nobility and clergy who did not want to lose privileges.
The Legislative Administration of the House of Representatives (LA-HOR)virgilio gundayao
LA-HOR: The Legislative Administration of the House of Representatives is a quick reference presentation for this nth Congress under the Speakership of Hon. Feliciano "Sunny" Belmonte.
While there are voices to abolish the Legislature, this branch of the Government is constitutionally created and cannot just be drastically abolished under the same 1987 Philippine Constitution...
This document discusses the need to critically examine historical figures rather than blindly worshipping them as heroes. It argues that views of individuals and their significance can change over time as society's understanding evolves. Specifically, it analyzes several prominent Filipino figures from history like Rizal, Aguinaldo, Bonifacio and others, pointing out aspects of their actions and legacies that do not deserve uncritical honor. The document advocates rediscovering other heroes from the past who have been overshadowed and recognizing present-day heroes working for current needs, rather than limiting views of heroism to figures of the past.
Criminal procedure outlines the steps for apprehending, prosecuting, and punishing those accused of criminal offenses. It begins with the initial investigation of a crime and concludes with the release of the offender. Criminal procedure in the Philippines originated from Spanish law and was later influenced by American law and various acts passed by the Philippine Commission and Congress. The court system has both inquisitorial and accusatorial elements, with the judicial set-up being primarily accusatorial. Courts have jurisdiction as conferred by law over certain types of criminal cases and civil matters. Regional trial courts have broad original jurisdiction while the Court of Appeals and Supreme Court have appellate jurisdiction to review cases.
The document discusses the Sandiganbayan, which is the Philippines' anti-graft court. It was established by the 1973 constitution and given jurisdiction over criminal and civil cases involving public officials. The Sandiganbayan is composed of a presiding justice and 14 associate justices who sit in five divisions. The court handles notable cases like those against former President Estrada and Senator Estrada. However, it faces issues like a high backlog of over 2,600 pending cases due to requirements that three justices must hear each case. Proposed reforms aim to address this by allowing single justices to accept evidence and increasing the number of divisions.
The document provides samples of basic legal forms used in Philippine courts, including captions, acknowledgments, affidavits, and negotiable instruments. It describes the types of courts established after the Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980 and provides examples of captions for each court. It also provides templates for acknowledgments, jurats, affidavits, verifications, and certifications. Finally, it includes examples of promissory notes and bills of exchange as samples of negotiable instruments.
The document discusses the judicial department and powers of courts in the Philippines. It outlines that judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court and lower courts, and generally entails settling legal disputes and determining abuse of power. The Supreme Court has the power of judicial review to interpret laws. It is composed of a Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices. When a court reaches a decision, a justice writes an opinion certified by the Chief Justice and served to parties.
This document discusses appointive local officials and their responsibilities. It states that the local chief executive is responsible for human resources and development in their unit. It also discusses that local chief executives can hire temporary employees for local projects without Civil Service approval. The document also summarizes cases related to appointments of local officials and their authority. It outlines the disciplinary powers and process for local chief executives over appointive local officials and employees.
This document outlines Philippine laws regarding child abuse and protection. It defines a child as anyone under 18 years old or unable to care for themselves due to disability. Child abuse is defined as physical, psychological, or sexual abuse, neglect, or actions that degrade a child's dignity. The laws establish penalties for various acts that exploit children, including child prostitution, pornography, and trafficking. The laws also mandate reporting of suspected child abuse and establish authorities responsible for investigating reports and protecting abused children.
The document outlines the powers of the Supreme Court according to the Philippine Constitution. It discusses:
1) The Supreme Court's original jurisdiction over cases affecting ambassadors and petitions for writs like habeas corpus.
2) Its appellate jurisdiction over cases involving constitutionality of laws and those where only questions of law are involved.
3) Its powers to assign judges, order change of venue, promulgate rules of procedure and appoint judicial officials.
4) Qualification requirements for Supreme Court justices and judges, including Philippine citizenship and legal experience.
The document discusses the Family Code of the Philippines established by Executive Order No. 209. It recognizes the Filipino family as the foundation of the nation and defines the rights and responsibilities of family members. Key aspects of the code include protecting the rights of spouses to marry and have children, defending children's rights, and recognizing the family's duty to care for elderly members and each other. The code covers issues related to marriage, property relations between spouses, paternity and adoption, parental authority, and support.
This document provides an overview of collective negotiation agreements (CNAs) in the Philippines. It defines a CNA and outlines the steps to create one, including negotiation between management and unions, approval by employees, and signing by both parties. Key elements of CNAs like scope, union recognition, and grievance procedures are described. The document discusses negotiable topics like work schedules and benefits, as well as non-negotiable items set by law. Sample ground rules for negotiations and the registration process for CNAs are also summarized.
The document discusses the structure and powers of the Philippine government based on the Constitution. It notes that the government is divided into three branches - legislative, executive, and judicial - based on the separation of powers doctrine. The legislative branch, or Congress, has the power to create and repeal laws, appropriate funds, levy taxes, and approve treaties. These powers are delegated by the people through the Constitution but are subject to checks and balances from the other branches to prevent abuse of power.
ARTICLE 4 CITIZENSHIP AND ARTICLE 5 SUFFRAGEjundumaug1
This document discusses citizenship and suffrage. It defines citizenship as full membership in a political community with rights and responsibilities. There are two methods of acquiring citizenship - jus sanguinis, by bloodline, and jus soli, by being born in the territory. The document also outlines who are considered citizens of the Philippines. It states that suffrage is a privilege granted by law, not a natural right. It describes the scope of suffrage to include elections, plebiscites, referendums, initiatives, and recall.
The document discusses the role and responsibilities of a copyeditor, including editing texts for grammar, spelling, punctuation and style. It provides examples of copyediting guidelines on topics like capitalization, abbreviations, numbers, quotations and formatting. The last part explains different types of headlines and techniques for writing concise headlines.
The document discusses the role and responsibilities of a copyeditor, including editing texts for grammar, spelling, punctuation and style. It provides examples of copyediting guidelines on topics like capitalization, abbreviations, numbers, quotations and formatting. The last part explains different types of headlines and techniques for writing concise headlines.
Copyreading and headline writing bcis campus journalism training-workshop 2012Antonio Delgado
The document discusses the role and responsibilities of a copyeditor, including editing texts for grammar, spelling, punctuation and style. It provides examples of copyediting guidelines on topics like capitalization, abbreviations, numbers, quotations and formatting. The last part explains different types of headlines and techniques for writing concise headlines.
Copyreading and headline writing san antonio district press conference 2012Antonio Delgado
The document provides guidance on proper copy editing techniques for journalists. It discusses best practices for grammar, spelling, punctuation, style, and fact-checking. Key aspects include using American English spelling, capitalizing proper nouns, placing numbers in words or figures correctly, and ensuring consistency in spelling and abbreviations. The goal is to produce accurate and cleanly edited news stories.
This document provides information about copyreading and headline writing for newspapers. It discusses the functions of a copyreader, which include editing for grammar, facts, relevance and libel; improving news value; and providing instructions to typesetters. It outlines the step-by-step copyreading process and important tools. Guidelines are provided for writing headlines, including using short words, active voice and specific terms. Various headline styles and directions for typesetters on font, size and other specifications are also described.
The document provides guidelines for writing numbers consistently in sentences and documents. It recommends spelling out single-digit whole numbers and using numerals for numbers greater than nine. It also provides examples and rules for fractions, decimals, dates, times, decades, and compound numbers. Consistency within categories and sentences is important.
This document provides guidelines for writing and saying large numbers in American English. It explains that numbers over 10 should be written using digits with commas separating thousands, millions, etc. Examples are provided for numbers written out in words and how they would be said aloud. Special notes explain that numbers like hundreds and thousands can be preceded by "a" in speech and numbers are not made plural in American English.
The document discusses the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the trial of Duško Tadić. The ICTY was the first war crimes court created by the UN since the Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals to try individuals responsible for crimes during the Balkan conflicts in the 1990s. Duško Tadić, the first person tried by the ICTY, was accused of war crimes and atrocities at a concentration camp in Bosnia in 1992. Tadić argued the ICTY did not have jurisdiction as it was not properly established under international law. However, the ICTY rejected this claim and established the "overall control test" for determining if individuals acting
This document is the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). It establishes standards for civil and political rights that all ratifying countries must uphold. The preamble recognizes the inherent dignity of all humans and that civil/political rights are necessary for freedom, justice and peace. The covenant establishes rights such as self-determination, equal rights for men and women, the right to life, prohibitions against torture and slavery, rights to liberty, due process, and humane treatment for those deprived of liberty. States must respect these rights and take steps to adopt laws upholding them.
The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities outlines States' obligations to promote and protect the human rights of persons with disabilities. It recognizes that disability is an evolving concept, and that persons with disabilities should have equal rights and opportunities. States must adopt measures to eliminate discrimination, promote accessibility, support the rights and abilities of children with disabilities, and closely consult with organizations representing persons with disabilities. The Convention represents significant international progress for the rights and inclusion of persons living with disabilities.
The document outlines regulations for private sector participation in recruitment and placement of workers under the Philippine Labor Code, including requirements that at least 75% of recruitment agencies be owned by Filipino citizens, agencies must meet capitalization thresholds, and licenses are non-transferable and may be suspended or cancelled for certain prohibited practices. Recruitment agencies can only charge documented fees for approved costs and any unauthorized fees must be refunded.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Department of Energy Act of 1992 and the Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001 in the Philippines. It establishes the Department of Energy to ensure adequate, economic and sustainable energy supply. The DOE formulates energy policies and regulates the energy sector. It created bureaus for resource development, utilization, policy and power industry administration. The Act also outlines the organizational structure and powers of the DOE. The EPIRA Act restructured the electric power industry and created regulatory bodies like the Energy Regulatory Commission and PSALM.
This document summarizes Philippine laws related to water rights and management. It discusses various types of easements relating to water under civil code, including natural drainage and construction of dams. It also outlines obligations of lower estates to receive natural water flow from higher estates. The document then covers declarations of navigable rivers, watershed protections, and powers of the National Water Resources Board to regulate water use and resolve disputes. It concludes by discussing water districts, penalties for violations, and roles of the Local Water Utilities Administration.
The Department of Energy Act of 1992 establishes the Department of Energy (DOE) to ensure an adequate and economic supply of energy in the Philippines. The DOE is tasked with formulating energy policies, developing energy programs, regulating the energy industry, and promoting energy exploration, development, and conservation. It has powers to establish rules and regulations to implement energy laws. The organizational structure of the DOE includes the Secretary, Undersecretaries, Assistant Secretaries, and various bureaus and services.
The Philippines is highly vulnerable to natural disasters due to its geographical location within the Circum-Pacific belt of fires and along typhoon paths. As an archipelago of over 7,000 islands, it faces threats of tsunamis affecting coastal areas and hosts 300 volcanoes, 22 of which are active. Each year, an average of 24 typhoons hit the Philippines, 4-5 of which are destructive, costing billions of pesos in losses.
This document contains daily COVID-19 case statistics from May 11 to May 27, 2021 for a certain location. It shows the date, number of new cases reported each day, and number of recoveries. The new cases started low but rose over time, peaking at 12 on May 22nd, while recoveries were sporadic with the highest of 7 on May 25th.
The document discusses disaster risk reduction and management (DRR/M) in the Philippines. It provides background on frameworks adopted by the UN and Philippines to strengthen DRR/M efforts, including the Hyogo Framework (2005-2015), Sendai Framework (2015-2030), and relevant Philippine laws. It notes that while progress has been made in establishing DRR/M structures at the local level, challenges remain in ensuring quality and compliance of local plans, as well as integrating climate change adaptation. The document emphasizes that disasters are social constructs rather than natural, and stresses shared responsibility across all parts of society for strengthening DRR/M.
The Place of the Louisiana Civil Code in the Hispanic Civil Codif.pdfBalindoaJom
This document summarizes an article from the Louisiana Law Review that examines the influence of the Louisiana Civil Code on codification projects in Spanish-speaking countries. Specifically, it discusses how Florencio Garcia Goyena's 1852 work Concordancias, Motivos y Comentarios del C6digo Civil Espafiol (Concordancias), which commented on a proposed 1851 Spanish civil code, referenced the Louisiana Civil Code over 1,100 times and helped spread the influence of the Louisiana code to other regions working on civil code projects. The Concordancias provided codifiers with a comparative survey of existing civil law precedents, including the Louisiana code.
The document discusses several criminal cases and motions. It addresses whether a defendant can be charged with multiple offenses for a single criminal act with aggravating circumstances. It also discusses whether amendments to criminal charges are allowed, who is authorized to sign an information, and what is required to convict someone of estafa based on failure to provide services.
The Department of Energy Act of 1992 establishes the Department of Energy (DOE) to ensure adequate and economic supply of energy in the Philippines. The DOE is tasked with formulating energy policies, developing energy programs, regulating private energy activities, and promoting exploration, development, and conservation of energy resources. It has powers to establish programs for energy production, utilization, and efficiency. The DOE is headed by a Secretary assisted by Undersecretaries and Assistant Secretaries, and is composed of various bureaus and offices. The Act aims for the Philippines to achieve self-sufficiency in energy through developing indigenous resources and private sector participation.
Guide on the use of Artificial Intelligence-based tools by lawyers and law fi...Massimo Talia
This guide aims to provide information on how lawyers will be able to use the opportunities provided by AI tools and how such tools could help the business processes of small firms. Its objective is to provide lawyers with some background to understand what they can and cannot realistically expect from these products. This guide aims to give a reference point for small law practices in the EU
against which they can evaluate those classes of AI applications that are probably the most relevant for them.
What are the common challenges faced by women lawyers working in the legal pr...lawyersonia
The legal profession, which has historically been male-dominated, has experienced a significant increase in the number of women entering the field over the past few decades. Despite this progress, women lawyers continue to encounter various challenges as they strive for top positions.
Synopsis On Annual General Meeting/Extra Ordinary General Meeting With Ordinary And Special Businesses And Ordinary And Special Resolutions with Companies (Postal Ballot) Regulations, 2018
सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने यह भी माना था कि मजिस्ट्रेट का यह कर्तव्य है कि वह सुनिश्चित करे कि अधिकारी पीएमएलए के तहत निर्धारित प्रक्रिया के साथ-साथ संवैधानिक सुरक्षा उपायों का भी उचित रूप से पालन करें।
Lifting the Corporate Veil. Power Point Presentationseri bangash
"Lifting the Corporate Veil" is a legal concept that refers to the judicial act of disregarding the separate legal personality of a corporation or limited liability company (LLC). Normally, a corporation is considered a legal entity separate from its shareholders or members, meaning that the personal assets of shareholders or members are protected from the liabilities of the corporation. However, there are certain situations where courts may decide to "pierce" or "lift" the corporate veil, holding shareholders or members personally liable for the debts or actions of the corporation.
Here are some common scenarios in which courts might lift the corporate veil:
Fraud or Illegality: If shareholders or members use the corporate structure to perpetrate fraud, evade legal obligations, or engage in illegal activities, courts may disregard the corporate entity and hold those individuals personally liable.
Undercapitalization: If a corporation is formed with insufficient capital to conduct its intended business and meet its foreseeable liabilities, and this lack of capitalization results in harm to creditors or other parties, courts may lift the corporate veil to hold shareholders or members liable.
Failure to Observe Corporate Formalities: Corporations and LLCs are required to observe certain formalities, such as holding regular meetings, maintaining separate financial records, and avoiding commingling of personal and corporate assets. If these formalities are not observed and the corporate structure is used as a mere façade, courts may disregard the corporate entity.
Alter Ego: If there is such a unity of interest and ownership between the corporation and its shareholders or members that the separate personalities of the corporation and the individuals no longer exist, courts may treat the corporation as the alter ego of its owners and hold them personally liable.
Group Enterprises: In some cases, where multiple corporations are closely related or form part of a single economic unit, courts may pierce the corporate veil to achieve equity, particularly if one corporation's actions harm creditors or other stakeholders and the corporate structure is being used to shield culpable parties from liability.
Genocide in International Criminal Law.pptxMasoudZamani13
Excited to share insights from my recent presentation on genocide! 💡 In light of ongoing debates, it's crucial to delve into the nuances of this grave crime.
Matthew Professional CV experienced Government LiaisonMattGardner52
As an experienced Government Liaison, I have demonstrated expertise in Corporate Governance. My skill set includes senior-level management in Contract Management, Legal Support, and Diplomatic Relations. I have also gained proficiency as a Corporate Liaison, utilizing my strong background in accounting, finance, and legal, with a Bachelor's degree (B.A.) from California State University. My Administrative Skills further strengthen my ability to contribute to the growth and success of any organization.
Sangyun Lee, 'Why Korea's Merger Control Occasionally Fails: A Public Choice ...Sangyun Lee
Presentation slides for a session held on June 4, 2024, at Kyoto University. This presentation is based on the presenter’s recent paper, coauthored with Hwang Lee, Professor, Korea University, with the same title, published in the Journal of Business Administration & Law, Volume 34, No. 2 (April 2024). The paper, written in Korean, is available at <https://shorturl.at/GCWcI>.
Business law for the students of undergraduate level. The presentation contains the summary of all the chapters under the syllabus of State University, Contract Act, Sale of Goods Act, Negotiable Instrument Act, Partnership Act, Limited Liability Act, Consumer Protection Act.
2. Sources of this
Presentation
• LEGAL WRITING
By: J. Cesar S. Sangco
• MANUAL OF JUDICIAL WRITING
By: Supreme Court
• FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR FILIPINO
By: Justice Isagani Cruz and Justice Camilo D. Quiason
• IDIOMATIC EXPRESSION
By: Justice Isagani Cruz and Justice Camilo D. Quiason
• RELEVANT COURT DECISIONS AND ISSUANCES
3. The MAGIC OF WORDS
Words are the lifeblood of judicial decisions or any other form
of writing. When the right words are used, they serve as germs
that give luster to a message or idea. On the other hand,
gobbledygook, legal jargon or archaic language is likely to take
away the vigor of a message. Thus, the use of plain, concrete
words are encouraged, especially in judicial decisions– which
are meant to settle, not to further cloud, grey areas in law or in
contracts, as well as to end justiciable controversies instead of
spawning new one.
CHIEF JUSTICE HILARIO G. DAVIDE JR.
4. ELEMENTS OF A BAD BRIEF
by: Atty. James W. McElhaney
• TOO LONG
• TOO MANY ISSUES
• BOMBASTIC LANGUAGE
• TO MANY CITATIONS
• TO MANY QUOTATIONS
• PERSONAL FEELINGS
• MISREPRESENTING A RULE/MISCITE A CASE
6. THE FIVE ELEMENTS OF EFFECTIVE
WRITTEN COMMUNICATION
1. PRECISION
2. BREVITY
A. Use the simple, familiar and concrete words
B. Short sentences
C. Make your paragraph compact
3. Originality
4. Vividness
5. Style
7. ON MATTERS OF STYLE for
STYLE MATTERS
• FONT SIZE
-- Use TIMES ROMAN—THE WORKHORSE OF SERIF FONTS, COMPACT AND
RELIABLE AT ALL SIZES, A NEUTRAL BUSINESSLIKE
TYPE FONT SIZE
HEADER 12
TITLE 14
TEXT 14
BLOCK QUOTE 12
FOOTNOTE 10
10. ESSENTIAL PARTS OF PLEADING
BEFORE THE SUPREME COURT
I. TITLE PAGE HEADER
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
SUPREME COUT
EN BANC
11. ESSENTIAL PARTS OF PLEADING
BEFORE THE SUPREME COURT
II. CASE TITLE
People of the Philippines
Appellee,
-versus-
Juan dela Cruz
Appellant
12. ESSENTIAL PARTS OF PLEADING
BEFORE THE SUPREME COURT
III. DOCKET NUMBERS
1.Each case is assigned a docket number when filed. The docket
number is placed opposite the name of the party first listed.
2.If the cases are consolidated, the cases are listed according to
their docket numbers in ascending orders.
3.For administrative decisions involving court officials and personnel
and other administrative matters, the docket numbers should be
written as “A.M. No.____”
4.For administrative decisions involving lawyers, the docket
numbers should be written as “A.C. No.____”
13. THE ART OF CAPITALIZATION
A. REFERENCE TO COURTS
Reference to courts other than the Supreme Court should be in lower case
This court is convinced that grave abuse of discretion was
committed
B. PARTY DESIGNATION
Party designations, such as petitioner, respondent, appellant and appellee, are not
capitalized even if replacing a proper name.
Consequently, petitioner spouses contend that the contract is valid.
14. THE ART OF CAPITALIZATION
C. TITLE OF COURT DOCUMENTS
1. Capitalize the actual title of documents filed in the courts such as
pleadings, motions, and manifestations, or decisions, orders, and
resolutions issued by the courts.
The Balmes decision is about national patrimony.
2. Do not capitalize the generic name or shortened title of a court document.
The petition for mandamus was timely filed.
D. REFERENCE TO SPECIFIC LAWS
1. Capitalize references to constitutions, statutes, rules, administrative
issuances, and ordinances.
The constitutionality of the Generics Law was upheld by the Court/
15. THE ART OF CAPITALIZATION
E. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
1. Capitalize references derived from proper names of government
agencies
The Bureau (referring to the Bureau of Customs)
F. POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS
Capitalize words designation political subdivisions when they
are essential elements of specific names.
Municipality of Bauan, Province of Batangas
16. ITALICS anyone?
A. NON-ENGLISH WORDS
Italicize non-English words. Non-English words are those
not found in the latest unabridged Webster’s dictionary.
When necessary, include a parenthetical explanation or
translation immediately after the word.
Basi (local fermented wine) was served by the victim to the
accused before the altercation.
B. NAMES OF NEWSPAPERS OR MAGAZINES
Italicize the names of newspapers or magazines.
The details of the incident received extensive coverage
from such newspapers as The Philippine Star.
17. “Highlighting or Italics Supplied”
For EMPHASIS
A. FOR ADDED EMPHASIS
Use italics or boldface to emphasize specific words or
phrases
The Rule of Law must always prevail.
B. USE OF WORDS AS WORDS
Use quotation marks or italics when:
a) referring to a word or a phrase or
b) providing a definition
The phrase for payees account indicated on the face of the check
simply means that it is for deposit only and it could not be
encashed.
18. IT IS A NUMBERS GAME!!!
A. THE PROPER USE OF NUMBERS
Spell out numbers zero to nine and use numerals for 10 and above. Use commas for
large numbers i.e. numbers of four digits or more.
Five
55
5,555
B. IF THE NUMBER IS SIGNIFICANT.
Write it in both words and figures and enclose the figures in parenthesis
Before the present case was filed, the respondent was already charged with eleven
(11) counts of estafa.
19. IT IS A NUMBERS GAME!!!
C. NUMBERS GROUPED FOR COMPARISON
If a sentence or paragraph compares numbers in a particular category, use figures for all numbers
in that category.
The following provinces were represented by a good number of delegates :10 from Mindoro, 12
from Laguna, 15 from Quezon and 16 from Batangas.
D. ADJACENT NUMBERS
To clarify back-to-back modifiers, spell out the smaller number. If the numbers are the
same, spell out one.
The speech was interrupted by 12 two-minute standing ovations.
20. IT IS A NUMBERS GAME!!!
E. NUMBERS GROUPED FOR COMPARISON
Spell out numbers that begin a sentence
One hundred fifty disbarment cases are still pending with the office of the Bar Confidant.
D. NUMBERS IN DIALOGUE
Spell out numbers in dialogue, except numbers in large amounts.
He told her, “the meeting will start in twenty minutes”.
The speech was interrupted by 12 two-minute standing ovations.
21. IT IS A NUMBERS GAME!!!
F. NUMBERS IN COMMON EXPRESSION
Spell out numbers in figures of speech or certain common expressions.
Ten Cardinal Principles
Fifty feet under
G. NUMBERS IN DIALOGUE
Spell out numbers in dialogue, except numbers in large amounts.
He told her, “the meeting will start in twenty minutes”.
The speech was interrupted by 12 two-minute standing ovations.
22. IT IS A NUMBERS GAME!!!
H. ORDINAL NUMBERS
Treat ordinal numbers the same as cardinal numbers. Spell out the first through the
ninth, and use figures for the 10th onwards.
The accused succeeded on her fifth try.
G. PLURALS OF FIGURES ARE FORMED BY ADDING s.
F-14s
200s
H. PLURAL FORM OF NUMBERS
Plurals of spelled-out numbers are formed by adding s or es.
The winning raffle ticket was three eights and two sixes.
24. PERCENTAGES?
1. Figures are used either with the word percent or the percent
sign (%) . Place the percent sign directly next to the number.
The margin or error in the latest survey was. 30%
2. In pairs of numbers or numbers in a series, repeat the
percent sign.
20% to 30%
25. A FRACTION OF A FRACTION
1. Spell out common fractions and mixed numbers and use a
hyphen
One-fourth
2. When whole numbers, fractions and mixed numbers appear
together, use figures. When expressing mixed numbers as
figures, insert a space between the whole number and the
fraction. Do not use a hyphen.
The murder weapon was a piece of wood measuring 2 by 1/3 by 15 ¾ inches.
26. ON DECIMALS
3. In text that mixes decimals and whole numbers, a trailing zero
is added to the whole numbers.
3.1, 3.6, 4.0
4. If any decimal is less than one, a leading zero is added.
However, if the quantity will never be greater than zero, the zero
is not added.
0.5
.45 caliber
27. AND THE WINNER IS…
For voting results
1. Use figures and the comparative term to when reporting
voting results.
The Board voted 10 to 4 in favor of our proposal.
28. MONEY TALKS…
1. Place the currency sign directly before the number
P500/$300
2. Repeat the currency sign with each number in a pair of series.
Do not use any hyphens when the currency amount is used as a
compound modifier.
$100 to $300 price range.
29. MONEY TALKS…
3. Use the currency abbreviation only when clarity requires it.
Leave a space after the foreign currency abbreviation and before
the indicated amount.
Php 500/USD 600
2. Repeat the currency sign with each number in a pair of series.
Do not use any hyphens when the currency amount is used as a
compound modifier.
$100 to $300 price range.
30. TO BE MEASURED AND NOT FOUND
WANTING…
1. SPELL OUT UNITS OF MEASURE WHEN FIRST USED.
500 square meters.
2. Use figures with abbreviations, signs and symbols.
5km
300 sq m
36 Mhz
31. TO BE MEASURED AND NOT FOUND
WANTING…
3. USE A HYPHEN TO JOIN A NUMBER AND A UNIT OF MEASURE
USED AS A MODIFIER
40-kg sacks
5-cm board
20-m distance
2. Use figures with abbreviations, signs and symbols.
5km
300 sq m
36 Mhz
32. WE NEED MORE TIME?
1. EXPRESS TIME IN FIGURES FOLLOWED BY a.m. or p.m.
2:45 p.m. or 3:45 a.m.
2. When referring to 12 a.m. or 12 p.m. eliminate confusion by
specifying 12 midnight or 12 noon,respectively.
33. IT’S A DATE!
1. THE WRITER HAS THE OPTION OF USING THE AMERICAN
METHOD (MONTH-DAY-YEAR) OR THE BRITISH METHOD
(DAY-MONTH-YEAR) OF WRITING DATES IS ACCEPTABLE.
HOWEVER FOR CONSISTENCY, USE ONLY ONE METHOD
THROUGHOUT THE TEXT AND FOOTNOTES.
2. WHEN REFERRING TO A DATE BY MONTH FOLLOWED BY THE
DAY, DO NOT USE THE ORDINAL FORM.
(this) The September 19 hearing
(not this) The September 19th hearing
34. IT’S A DATE!
3. WHEN INDICATING A PERIOD OF SEVERAL YARS, USE to or
through, not hypen.
(this) Justice Manalo was on the bench from 1955 to 1971.
(not this) Justice Manalo was on the bench from 1955-1971
4. Apostrophes are used to indicate a period of time.
5. DO NOT USE AN APOSTROPHE TO INDICATE A DECADE.
1990s
35. IT’S A DATE!
3. WHEN INDICATING A DATE BY MONTH AND YEAR ONLY, DO
NOT PLACE A COMMA BEFORE OR AFTER THE YEAR.
Two lawyers attended the June 2009 deposition.
4. Spell out names of the days and months in the text and
footnotes. Abbreviate only in formats such as tables, graphs and
catalogs where space is a consideration.
36. ABBREVIATIONS
1. ON THE FIRST USE, NAMES THAT ARE CUSTOMARILY
ABBREVIATED ARE SPELLED OUT FOLLOWED BY THE
ABBREVIATION IN PARENTHESIS.
The pre-judicature program was sponsored by the Philippine Judicial Academy
(PHILIA).
37. ABBREVIATIONS
2. After the first usage, abbreviate specific parts of the laws.
The powers of the Supreme Court which concerns admission to the bar is found in
paragraph 5, section 5 of Article VIII of the 1981 Constitution. Sec.5 also covers the rule
making power of the Court.
3. As a rule, spell out Constitution, legislative enactments,
treaties, executive and administrative issuances.
IN EXCEPTIONAL INSTANCES WHEN ABBREVIATIONS ARE
NECESSARY, SPELL OUT THE ABBREVIATED WORDS ON FIRST
USAGE FOLLOWED BY THE ABBREVIATION IN PARENTHESIS.
38. KISSing OUR PARAGRAPHS
(keeping is short and simple but effective)
1. INTRODUCE EACH PARAGRAPH WITH A TOPIC SENTENCE. (this
allows readers who are in a hurry to get the point efficiently)
OPEN THE PARAGRAPH WITH YOUR TOPIC SENTENCE.
2. USE TRANSITION WORDS AND PHRASES TO BRIDGE BETWEEN
PARAGRAPHS such as:
1. Pointing words– like, this, that, these, those and the.
2. Echo Links—words or phrases in which a previously mentioned idea
reverberates.
3. Explicit connectives– words whose chief purpose is to supply transitions
(further, also, therefore)
39. KISSing OUR PARAGRAPHS
(keeping is short and simple but effective)
NOTE: Selecting a precise transition is entirely a matter of
context, some transitions will work well in some contexts but not
all in others.
3. VARY THE LENGTH OF YOUR PARAGRAPH, BUT GENERALLY
KEEP THEM SHORT.
--long paragraphs can put off your readers even if they are lawyers.
--strive for an average paragraph of not more than 150 words.
40. A LONG SENTENCE IS A DEATH
SENTENCE.
1. LONG SENTENCES ARE THE HALLMARKS OF TRADITIONAL
LEGAL WRITING BUT OUR WRITING CAN BE LEGALLY ACCURATE
WHETHER WE USE ON SENTENCE OR SEVERAL SENTENCES
2. THE AVERAGE READER CAN HOLD ONLY A FEW IDEAS AT A
TIME IN HIS SHORT TERM MEMORY. AFTER TWO OR THREE
IDEAS, THE READER NEEDS TO PAUSE AND PUT TOGETHER
WHAT HAS BEEN READ. READERS OFTEN GET LOST IN VERY
LONG SENTENCES.
41. SOME PITFALLS OF SENTENCE
WRITING
1. FAILURE TO PUT PARTS OF EACH SENTENCE IN A LOGICAL
ORDER.
(not this) Petitioner sent respondent copies of the pleadings and some
additional documents in response to the request of February 9, 2005.
(this) In response to his request of February 9, 2005, petitioner sent
respondent copies of the pleadings and some additional documents.
42. SOME PITFALLS OF SENTENCE
WRITING
2. THE USE OF SEXIST LANGUAGE
Avoid language that discriminates against women or perpetuate thoughts of
male supremacy.
USE DO NOT USE
1. HUMAN RESOURCES 1. MANPOWER
2. POLICE OFFICER 2. POLICEMAN
3. SALESPERSON 3. SALESGIRL
43. SOME PITFALLS OF SENTENCE
WRITING
3. AVOID USING HE OR SHE AS A GENERIC PRONOUN by:
a. Eliminating the pronoun altogether
A court clerk can give her advice on the matter
A court clerk can give an advice on the matter.
44. SOME PITFALLS OF SENTENCE
WRITING
3. AVOID USING HE OR SHE AS A GENERIC PRONOUN by:
a. Replace the sexist pronoun with a neutral pronoun or article such
as a, the, this or one.
A judge can always make his ruling orally.
A judge can always make the ruling orally.
45. SOME PITFALLS OF SENTENCE
WRITING
4. OMIT SURPLUS WORDS
Three good things happen when one combats verbosity:
1. Reading is faster
2. Clarity is enhanced
3. Writing has greater impact
ERGO, Include only those words that will sufficiently get the
point across, no more no less.
46. SOME PITFALLS OF SENTENCE
WRITING
WHY WRITE THIS:
It is not necessary that an investment adviser’s
compensation be paid directly by the person receiving
investment advisory services, but only that the investment
adviser receive compensation from some source for his or her
services.
47. SOME PITFALLS OF SENTENCE
WRITING
IF YOU CAN WRITE THIS:
Although the investment adviser must be paid, the
source of the payment does not matter.
48. SOME PITFALLS OF SENTENCE
WRITING
5. AVOID THE JARGON
Even lawyers can have trouble understanding specialized
legal terms, particularly those pertaining to a field of law outside
of their practice.
Limit the use of LATIN words to phrases that are generally used,
i.e. res ipsa loquitor, prima facie, res judicata, sui generis. (LATIN
PHRASES ARE OFTEN JARRING TO THE MODERN READER, EVEN
WHEN THAT READER IS A LAWYER)
49. SOME PITFALLS OF SENTENCE
WRITING
6. AVOID THE ARCHAIC
a. Aforesaid
b. Henceforth
c. Hereinbefore
d. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein
e. Null and void
f. Give, devise and bequeth
g. Free and clear
h. Full and complete
i. True and correct
j. Convey, transfer and set over.
50. SOME RULES TO REMEMBER IN
WRITING OUR PLEADING
BAR MATTER NO. 1132, DECEMBER 2, 2010
ALL LAWYERS ARE REQUIRED TO INDICATE THEIR ROLL
OF ATTORNEY NUMBER IN ALL PAPERS OR PLEADINGS
SUBMITTED TO THE VARIOUS JUDICIAL OR QUASI
JUCICIAL BODIES IN ADDITION TO THE REQUIREMENT
OF INDICATING THEIR CURRENT PTR AND IBP OFFICAL
RECEIPT NUMBER OF LIFE MEMBER NUMBER.
51. SOME RULES TO REMEMBER IN
WRITING OUR PLEADING
BAR MATTER NO. 1132, DECEMBER 2, 2010
ALL LAWYERS ARE REQUIRED TO INDICATE THEIR ROLL
OF ATTORNEY NUMBER IN ALL PAPERS OR PLEADINGS
SUBMITTED TO THE VARIOUS JUDICIAL OR QUASI
JUCICIAL BODIES IN ADDITION TO THE REQUIREMENT
OF INDICATING THEIR CURRENT PTR AND IBP OFFICAL
RECEIPT NUMBER OF LIFE MEMBER NUMBER.
52. SOME RULES TO REMEMBER IN
WRITING OUR PLEADING
BAR MATTER NO. 1132, DECEMBER 2, 2010
ALL LAWYERS ARE REQUIRED TO INDICATE THEIR ROLL
OF ATTORNEY NUMBER IN ALL PAPERS OR PLEADINGS
SUBMITTED TO THE VARIOUS JUDICIAL OR QUASI
JUCICIAL BODIES IN ADDITION TO THE REQUIREMENT
OF INDICATING THEIR CURRENT PTR AND IBP OFFICAL
RECEIPT NUMBER OF LIFE MEMBER NUMBER.
53. BEFORE SIGNING and PRINTING
and FILING
READ, READ, READ
REVIEW
REDUCE
REDRAFT