Παραγωγή, διαχείριση και αξιοποίηση της ξηραμένης ιλύος του Κέντρου Επεξεργασ...ΕΥΔΑΠ
Συνέδριο "Corporate Waste and Recycling Conference".
Παρουσίαση της κ. Γεωργίας Στεφανάκου,
Προϊσταμένη Κέντρου Επεξεργασίας Λυμάτων Ψυττάλειας.
20 Ιουνίου 2013, Αθήνα
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
“Ellovos” is a newly established cooperative of carob producers in Crete. The cooperative is based in Heraklion, Crete and has developed manufacturing and commercial activity. Carob pods are the raw material that is being used for the production of a range of products that are promoted into the Greek market.
The current business plan aims to present the planning and all the means that are demanded in order to achieve the goals for the launch of the cooperative as well as for its further development. At first, extensive reference is made to the cooperative movement in Greece, through a historical retrospective, followed by the legal framework, which governs the operation of cooperatives. There is more information provided on the organizational and operational structure of the cooperation including its vision, philosophy and objectives.
Moreover, there is a demonstration of carob’s cultivation, accompanied with evidence on carob’s uses and its chemical composition. The cooperative’s products are presented together with more details about their production process.
After analyzing the internal and external environment of the cooperative as well as the market in which it chooses to operate, the strategies the operative adopts are presented in addition to the manners of their implementation.
Finally the financial figures of the cooperative are presented by analyzing the ratios arising in relation to the investment costs and the sales forecasts in the five-year plan. In the end, there is an approach on some hypothetical scenarios, which may have negative impact on the cooperative’s smooth function.
Παραγωγή, διαχείριση και αξιοποίηση της ξηραμένης ιλύος του Κέντρου Επεξεργασ...ΕΥΔΑΠ
Συνέδριο "Corporate Waste and Recycling Conference".
Παρουσίαση της κ. Γεωργίας Στεφανάκου,
Προϊσταμένη Κέντρου Επεξεργασίας Λυμάτων Ψυττάλειας.
20 Ιουνίου 2013, Αθήνα
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
“Ellovos” is a newly established cooperative of carob producers in Crete. The cooperative is based in Heraklion, Crete and has developed manufacturing and commercial activity. Carob pods are the raw material that is being used for the production of a range of products that are promoted into the Greek market.
The current business plan aims to present the planning and all the means that are demanded in order to achieve the goals for the launch of the cooperative as well as for its further development. At first, extensive reference is made to the cooperative movement in Greece, through a historical retrospective, followed by the legal framework, which governs the operation of cooperatives. There is more information provided on the organizational and operational structure of the cooperation including its vision, philosophy and objectives.
Moreover, there is a demonstration of carob’s cultivation, accompanied with evidence on carob’s uses and its chemical composition. The cooperative’s products are presented together with more details about their production process.
After analyzing the internal and external environment of the cooperative as well as the market in which it chooses to operate, the strategies the operative adopts are presented in addition to the manners of their implementation.
Finally the financial figures of the cooperative are presented by analyzing the ratios arising in relation to the investment costs and the sales forecasts in the five-year plan. In the end, there is an approach on some hypothetical scenarios, which may have negative impact on the cooperative’s smooth function.
This document provides a summary of Maria G. Stamou's education and professional experience. It outlines her educational background which includes a Master's degree in History and Theory of Drama and Film Studies from the University of Crete and a Master's in Linguistics and English Language Teaching from Leeds University. Her professional experience includes her current role as the Regional Director of the Chania Music School and previous employment with the Greek Ministry of Education and as the owner of a foreign language institute. The document also lists the many in-service training seminars and courses she has participated in relating to teaching, European programs, and educational workshops.
The Globe Theatre was a theatre in London associated with William Shakespeare. It was built in 1599 by Shakespeare's playing company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men.
Este documento describe los factores de producción clásicos de la economía: tierra, trabajo y capital. Explica que la tierra incluye no solo la tierra agrícola sino también los recursos naturales. El capital es fundamental para el crecimiento económico y permite obtener bienes y servicios productivos. El trabajo se refiere al esfuerzo humano aplicado a actividades productivas de manera especializada.
La función de demanda muestra que cuanto mayor es el precio, menor es la cantidad demandada. En particular, cuando el precio es 6, la cantidad demandada es 80; cuando el precio es 5, la cantidad demandada es 60; y así sucesivamente hasta que cuando el precio es 2, la cantidad demandada es 0.
O financiamento do desenvolvimento regional no brasil uma contribuição para...Cogepp CEPAM
O documento discute o desenvolvimento regional no Brasil e as desigualdades entre as regiões. Apresenta dados mostrando a persistência de grandes desigualdades no PIB per capita, renda e outros indicadores entre o Norte/Nordeste e o Sul/Sudeste. Também descreve vários programas e objetivos de políticas públicas voltadas para promover o desenvolvimento regional equilibrado e reduzir as desigualdades.
This document defines and describes Trojan horse viruses. It notes that Trojans install malicious software under the guise of something else. There are two main types: programs corrupted by hackers and standalone programs masquerading as other files. Trojans can give hackers remote access to systems and steal data, install malware, and more. Common Trojans mentioned include Netbus, Subseven, and Zeus. The document provides tips to avoid infection and remove Trojans using tools like SmitfraudFix and antivirus software.
World Resources Institute – Can the barriers to CCS be overcome? How? – Jenni...Global CCS Institute
The document discusses potential ways to overcome barriers to carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology, including reducing costs through tax incentives, loan guarantees, and grants for research and development. It also suggests developing supportive policies, infrastructure investments, and regulatory frameworks as well as requiring actions like performance standards or moratoriums on coal power plants without CCS.
Le Triathlon, distance Ironman, consiste à enchaîner, sans arrêt du chronomètre, 3.8 Km de natation, 180 Km de vélo et 42.195 Km de course à pied. Cette discipline est considérée comme une épreuve d’ultra-endurance multivariée (3 modes de locomotion différents) de part sa durée d’effort. En effet, le record sur la distance est de 8h18’13’’ chez les femmes et 7h35’39’’ chez les hommes.
Cette épreuve exigeante requière des ressources importantes que ce soit au niveau physiologique, musculo-squelettique, psychologique ou encore nutritionnel (Jones & Carter, 2000).
La mise en place d’un processus adaptatif du phénotype musculaire (masse musculaire, métabolisme énergétique, réseau capillaire, types de fibres) chez le triathlète, soumis à l’exigence des épreuves de longue durée, est un processus complexe.
Une parfaite connaissance ainsi qu’une compréhension des déterminants de l’activité sont essentielles afin d’assembler le puzzle qui permettra l’atteinte de la performance optimale en lien avec les capacités propres à chaque individu.
L’entraînement polarisé est une méthode d’entraînement efficace pour faire progresser un athlète pratiquant une discipline dite d’endurance (Triathlon, Trail, Cyclisme ...) et l’aider à atteindre une performance maximale.
Cette méthode est notamment utilisée avec succès par les équipes Néo-Zélandaises, Australiennes et Anglaises de poursuite en cyclisme sur piste, par des triathlètes élites ou encore des athlètes de fond et 1⁄2 fond.
Une distribution judicieuse des intensités au sein du programme va permettre de maximiser les adaptations positives de l’organisme tout en minimisant les effets négatifs.
La méthode polarisée repose sur des bases biochimiques solides qu’il faut connaître et savoir manier judicieusement pour en tirer tous les bénéfices.
The document summarizes key points from a report on real estate trends in global cities. It notes that the world's urban population is forecast to increase by 380 million in the next 5 years, requiring significant new infrastructure and development. This growth creates opportunities for real estate investors and occupiers. It discusses how sources of capital from North America and Europe may seek opportunities from economic recovery and low bond yields. It also notes trends like companies expanding operations abroad and evolving office space designs that prioritize employee satisfaction.
Estos bloques fomentan la economía en la región y todo el continente, ALBA y el ALCA son dos proyectos con enfoques similares pero con sus respectivas diferencia, la idea de unificar todas las naciones del continente para el libre comercio entre ellas es ambiciosa pero posible, el desacuerdo ocurrido entre la ideología que puso en practica una de estas organizaciones dio una iniciativa para que la otra fuera creada. El creciente desarrollo de las relaciones comerciales de los países de América Latina,
Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice. It was first isolated in 2004 and has exceptional mechanical and electrical properties, making it the strongest known material. Graphene has potential applications in areas like electrical engineering, electronics, biomedical engineering, solar cells, water filters, and more. It could be used to create advanced touch screens, transparent tablets, lightweight airplanes and satellites, and future mobile devices that seamlessly connect to computers without additional devices. Graphene is poised to transform many industries due to its unique attributes.
This document provides a summary of Maria G. Stamou's education and professional experience. It outlines her educational background which includes a Master's degree in History and Theory of Drama and Film Studies from the University of Crete and a Master's in Linguistics and English Language Teaching from Leeds University. Her professional experience includes her current role as the Regional Director of the Chania Music School and previous employment with the Greek Ministry of Education and as the owner of a foreign language institute. The document also lists the many in-service training seminars and courses she has participated in relating to teaching, European programs, and educational workshops.
The Globe Theatre was a theatre in London associated with William Shakespeare. It was built in 1599 by Shakespeare's playing company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men.
Este documento describe los factores de producción clásicos de la economía: tierra, trabajo y capital. Explica que la tierra incluye no solo la tierra agrícola sino también los recursos naturales. El capital es fundamental para el crecimiento económico y permite obtener bienes y servicios productivos. El trabajo se refiere al esfuerzo humano aplicado a actividades productivas de manera especializada.
La función de demanda muestra que cuanto mayor es el precio, menor es la cantidad demandada. En particular, cuando el precio es 6, la cantidad demandada es 80; cuando el precio es 5, la cantidad demandada es 60; y así sucesivamente hasta que cuando el precio es 2, la cantidad demandada es 0.
O financiamento do desenvolvimento regional no brasil uma contribuição para...Cogepp CEPAM
O documento discute o desenvolvimento regional no Brasil e as desigualdades entre as regiões. Apresenta dados mostrando a persistência de grandes desigualdades no PIB per capita, renda e outros indicadores entre o Norte/Nordeste e o Sul/Sudeste. Também descreve vários programas e objetivos de políticas públicas voltadas para promover o desenvolvimento regional equilibrado e reduzir as desigualdades.
This document defines and describes Trojan horse viruses. It notes that Trojans install malicious software under the guise of something else. There are two main types: programs corrupted by hackers and standalone programs masquerading as other files. Trojans can give hackers remote access to systems and steal data, install malware, and more. Common Trojans mentioned include Netbus, Subseven, and Zeus. The document provides tips to avoid infection and remove Trojans using tools like SmitfraudFix and antivirus software.
World Resources Institute – Can the barriers to CCS be overcome? How? – Jenni...Global CCS Institute
The document discusses potential ways to overcome barriers to carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology, including reducing costs through tax incentives, loan guarantees, and grants for research and development. It also suggests developing supportive policies, infrastructure investments, and regulatory frameworks as well as requiring actions like performance standards or moratoriums on coal power plants without CCS.
Le Triathlon, distance Ironman, consiste à enchaîner, sans arrêt du chronomètre, 3.8 Km de natation, 180 Km de vélo et 42.195 Km de course à pied. Cette discipline est considérée comme une épreuve d’ultra-endurance multivariée (3 modes de locomotion différents) de part sa durée d’effort. En effet, le record sur la distance est de 8h18’13’’ chez les femmes et 7h35’39’’ chez les hommes.
Cette épreuve exigeante requière des ressources importantes que ce soit au niveau physiologique, musculo-squelettique, psychologique ou encore nutritionnel (Jones & Carter, 2000).
La mise en place d’un processus adaptatif du phénotype musculaire (masse musculaire, métabolisme énergétique, réseau capillaire, types de fibres) chez le triathlète, soumis à l’exigence des épreuves de longue durée, est un processus complexe.
Une parfaite connaissance ainsi qu’une compréhension des déterminants de l’activité sont essentielles afin d’assembler le puzzle qui permettra l’atteinte de la performance optimale en lien avec les capacités propres à chaque individu.
L’entraînement polarisé est une méthode d’entraînement efficace pour faire progresser un athlète pratiquant une discipline dite d’endurance (Triathlon, Trail, Cyclisme ...) et l’aider à atteindre une performance maximale.
Cette méthode est notamment utilisée avec succès par les équipes Néo-Zélandaises, Australiennes et Anglaises de poursuite en cyclisme sur piste, par des triathlètes élites ou encore des athlètes de fond et 1⁄2 fond.
Une distribution judicieuse des intensités au sein du programme va permettre de maximiser les adaptations positives de l’organisme tout en minimisant les effets négatifs.
La méthode polarisée repose sur des bases biochimiques solides qu’il faut connaître et savoir manier judicieusement pour en tirer tous les bénéfices.
The document summarizes key points from a report on real estate trends in global cities. It notes that the world's urban population is forecast to increase by 380 million in the next 5 years, requiring significant new infrastructure and development. This growth creates opportunities for real estate investors and occupiers. It discusses how sources of capital from North America and Europe may seek opportunities from economic recovery and low bond yields. It also notes trends like companies expanding operations abroad and evolving office space designs that prioritize employee satisfaction.
Estos bloques fomentan la economía en la región y todo el continente, ALBA y el ALCA son dos proyectos con enfoques similares pero con sus respectivas diferencia, la idea de unificar todas las naciones del continente para el libre comercio entre ellas es ambiciosa pero posible, el desacuerdo ocurrido entre la ideología que puso en practica una de estas organizaciones dio una iniciativa para que la otra fuera creada. El creciente desarrollo de las relaciones comerciales de los países de América Latina,
Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice. It was first isolated in 2004 and has exceptional mechanical and electrical properties, making it the strongest known material. Graphene has potential applications in areas like electrical engineering, electronics, biomedical engineering, solar cells, water filters, and more. It could be used to create advanced touch screens, transparent tablets, lightweight airplanes and satellites, and future mobile devices that seamlessly connect to computers without additional devices. Graphene is poised to transform many industries due to its unique attributes.
Προσδιορισμός υπολειμμάτων των φυτοπροστατευτικών προϊόντων σε αγροτικά προϊό...Margarita Dima
A trend in the field of pesticide residue analysis is the implementation of easy, robust, cheap and multiresidue analytical methods. The recent advances of analytical instrumentation, offers new tools for the reliable and more accurate determination of unknown analytes in a variety of complex matrices like fruits and vegetables.
Under the current work a multiresidue analytical method, based on the extraction method QuEChERS, a short extraction procedure without complex equipment, low consumption of consumables and appropriate isolation of pesticide residues of different chemical classes was developed and validated. The identification and quantification of the analytes was performed using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry time of flight (LC-TOF), a relatively new technique in the field of pesticide residue, mostly applied for a screening method. The method was successfully validated in three matrices (cauliflower, mandarin and peach), representative commodities of the group of plant commodities with high water and high acid content, for 163 analytes of different chemical groups. Accuracy, precision, linearity and matrix effect were investigated.
The majority of analysts showed acceptable linearity with r ≥ 0,99, accuracy with 70-120% recovery rates and precision with SDR ≤ 20%. The limit of quantification was set at 0.01 mg / kg. Thus the method was found suitable for the determination of multiclass pesticide residues in cauliflower, peach and mandarins.
During the Ottoman period from 1453-1821, there were 9 mosques built in Athens, though few remain today. Mosques were financed by wealthy individuals and sultans seeking prestige rather than the state. The most famous was one built inside the Parthenon, demolished in 1839 during restoration work. Two that still have remnants are the Kiouchuk mosque in Pana Square and the Fethiye mosque, the oldest, built on a Byzantine church. Other notable surviving mosques include the Tzisdaraki mosque, now a folk museum, and the Softa mosque near a former seminary.
During the Ottoman Empire Period from 1458-1830:
- Athens fell under Ottoman rule when Francesco Acciaioli handed the town over to Mehmed II in 1458.
- The Parthenon was converted into a mosque around 1460, and was later used to store gunpowder before being blown up in 1687.
- The Ottomans made several architectural modifications including constructing bulwarks, mosques, and baths, and some historic mansions were decorated with objects from different time periods.
This document summarizes several Christmas customs in Athens, Greece. It describes how sailors' children would make toy boats to symbolize anticipation of reunion with family and their love of the sea. It also discusses how Athenians hang wreaths outside their doors on Christmas Eve for good luck, how children go door-to-door singing carols in exchange for money or sweets, how a special bread is made and cut on Christmas, and how Santa Claus brings gifts to children according to legend.
This document summarizes some Christmas customs in Athens, Greece. It describes the tradition of decorating boats to symbolize new beginnings after the birth of Christ. It also mentions that Athenians hang wreaths on their doors for good luck and that children go from house to house singing carols and receiving treats. Another custom is baking a special "bread of Christ" cake to bless the home. The document also notes that Santa Claus, who brings gifts to children, has become a dominant figure in celebrating Christmas.
The Sagrada Familia in Barcelona was inspired by a bookseller who wanted to build a church after visiting the Vatican and the basilica at Loreto. Construction began in 1882 to the design of architect Francisco de Paula del Villar, but in 1883 Antoni Gaudí took over the radical redesign of the project. Gaudí worked on the large unfinished Roman Catholic church until his death in 1926, drawing inspiration from Spanish cathedrals like Burgos, Leon, and Seville for its complex sections.
Casa Milà, also known as La Pedrera, is a modernist building in Barcelona designed by architect Antoni Gaudí between 1906 and 1912. It was commissioned by Pere Milà and his wife Roser Segimon and declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1984. The unconventional rough-hewn style of the building led to it being nicknamed "La Pedrera" or "the stone quarry" and was subject to criticism when it was built.
Dimitris Pikionis was a major 20th century Greek architect who had a considerable influence on Greek architecture. He studied civil engineering and continued his studies in sculpture and drawing in Paris and Munich. Pikionis introduced the work of Paul Cézanne to Greece and became a lecturer at the National Technical University of Athens. Some of his most notable works include the Lycabettus School in 1933, landscaping of the Acropolis of Athens, the Xenia hotel in Delphi, and the Filothei playground from 1961-1964.
Gothic architecture developed in Europe during the Middle Ages as a successor to Romanesque architecture. It is characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. Gothic architecture is most prominently featured in many European cathedrals, abbeys, and churches from the 12th-16th centuries, but was also applied to other buildings like palaces, town halls, universities, and domestic structures.
Art Nouveau took its name from an 1895 art gallery in Paris that featured the new style. It originated in the late 19th century, drawing influence from British Arts and Crafts movement and Pre-Raphaelite art. Japonism, featuring Japanese woodblock prints, also influenced Art Nouveau's stylized organic forms and asymmetrical designs. Art Nouveau was popularized through international expositions and art magazines of the time. It was expressed through architecture, interior design, graphics and more in many European countries in the late 19th to early 20th centuries.
Gaudi was a Catalan architect known for his highly original and idiosyncratic style that left an indelible mark on Barcelona. His distinctive style incorporated elements of modernism and came to revolutionize architecture in the early 20th century. Some of his most famous works include the Guell Palace, Park Guell, Casa Mila, and the still unfinished Sagrada Familia basilica, ensuring his vision and influence on architecture would be recognized worldwide for years to come.
Barcelona is the capital and largest city of Catalonia, with a population of 4.7 million people. The document discusses the history of Spain in the 19th century when Antoni Gaudi was born and lived, including periods of civil war, rebellions, World War 1 neutrality, and economic and social changes. It also describes two major international exhibitions held in Barcelona in 1888 and 1929, and the resulting architecture including the National Palace building now housing the National Art Museum of Catalonia.
This document provides photos and descriptions of facilities at the 3rd Geniko Lykeio school in Ano Liosia, Greece. It includes photos of the volleyball and basketball courts, school canteen, computer lab, science lab, principal's office, and notes that this is their school.
The document describes various landmarks and buildings in a town, including the community's central town hall, a statue of a marine general in the north part of the central square, and a traditional restaurant. It also mentions the town's school, which was originally built in 1978 as a manufacture but later became the school, as well as the school's playground, computer science room, garden, and other areas.
Feudalism was a social, economic, and political system that emerged in Europe between the 8th and 9th centuries. People sought protection from powerful lords in exchange for their loyalty and labor. The lords provided land and security to their vassals, who were obligated to provide military or agricultural service. Society was organized into a strict hierarchy with the king and barons at the top, followed by free farmers and slaves with few rights. Land was held under a variety of systems in which lords derived revenue from crops, labor, or money paid by those working the fiefs and manors.
The document provides an overview of classical Athenian society, including its basic social structures and divisions of labor. It describes how Athenian citizens saw their city as a collection of citizens rather than a geographical area. The average household consisted of a husband, wife, children and slaves, with distinct gender roles. Men participated in civic duties and warfare while women managed the home. Children's education differed by gender, and ephebes served mandatory military service. Household slaves performed domestic and agricultural work and could potentially gain freedom. The economy was based on farming, fishing and craft workshops.
The fortress of Filis is located in West Parnitha at 687 meters high. It had extremely thick external walls of 2.75 meters and played an important role in Athens' defense system after their defeat in the Peloponnesian War. It was supplied with water from four northern sources and had additional water tanks to withstand sieges.
1. Η ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑ ΣΤΟ
ΚΟΣΤΟΣ ΔΙΑΧΕΙΡΙΣΗΣ ΣΤΕΡΕΩΝ
ΑΠΟΒΛΗΤΩΝ ΕΚ ΚΑΙΡΩ ΚΡΙΣΗΣ
Δρ. Κωνσταντίνος Αραβώσης,
Πρόεδρος ΕΕΔΣΑ - Λέκτορας ΕΜΠ
Αβραάμ Καραγιαννίδης,
Μέλος Δ.Σ. ΕΕΔΣΑ, Αναπληρωτής Καθηγητής ΑΠΘ
Ημερίδα: «Οικονομικά Εργαλεία
Διαχείρισης Στερεών Αποβλήτων»
ΕΚΘΕΣΗ ECOTEC, 17 Μαρτίου
2012
2. Η έννοια της αειφορίας στη ΔΑ
Κύκλος ζωής υλικών
(επάνω) και ιεραρχία
διαχείρισης
αποβλήτων (δεξιά)
3. Υπηρεσίες Διαχείρισης Απορριμμάτων
Η αειφορία ενός
συστήματος
αυξάνεται όσο
διευρύνεται ο
μελετούμενος
κύκλος ζωής των
επί μέρους
συστημάτων
Παραγωγή ΑΣΑ
ΔσΠ και ΠρΑπ
Συλλογή και
μεταφορά
Επεξεργασία και
αξιοποίηση
Τελική
διάθεση
5. Κοστολόγηση υπηρεσιών Διαχείρισης
Απορριμμάτων
Το μοντέλο κοστολόγησης που εφαρμόζεται
στην Ελλάδα υπολογίζει τις επιβαρύνσεις
ανάλογα με την επιφάνεια του ακινήτου που
εξυπηρετείται (FLAT RATE).
Η είσπραξη των επιβαρύνσεων γίνεται μέσω
του λογαριασμού της ΔΕΗ.
Η ΔΕΗ αφού αποσπάσει από τα έσοδα των
ανταποδοτικών τελών τη χρέωση για τον
ηλεκτροφωτισμό του δήμου επιστρέφει το
ποσό που υπολείπεται.
6. Κοστολόγηση υπηρεσιών Διαχείρισης
Απορριμμάτων
Ο φορολογικός συντελεστής ρυθμίζεται με
απόφαση του δημοτικού συμβουλίου.
Το δημοτικό συμβούλιο αποφασίζει και ορίζει
ετησίως ένα τέλος ανταποδοτικού χαρακτήρα.
Ο καθορισμός των ανταποδοτικών τελών λαμβάνει
υπόψη του:
– Το δημοτικό προϋπολογισμό λειτουργίας και παροχής
υπηρεσιών.
– Τις μελλοντικές ανάγκες και βλέψεις του δήμου.
– Την εκάστοτε πολιτική βούληση.
7. Στατιστική ανάλυση συντελεστών
ανταποδοτικών τελών
Μεταβλητότητα των συντελεστών ανταποδοτικών τελών
ανάλογα με την ημερήσια παραγωγή απορριμμάτων.
Δεν παρατηρείται
συσχέτιση τελών-
παραγωγής
αποβλήτων!
8. Τέλος πύλης μονάδων διαχείρισης
ΑΣΑ
Η έννοια του τέλους πύλης (gate fee) έχει πλέον
καθιερωθεί στην φρασεολογία των διαχειριστών
ΑΣΑ στην Ελλάδα.
Η έλλειψη (ακόμη) πολυμορφίας εγκαταστάσεων
διαχείρισης ΑΣΑ (εκτός των ΧΥΤΑ) περιορίζει
(προς το παρόν) το τέλος πύλης σε κόστος
τελικής διάθεσης στην Ελλάδα.
10. Η επίδραση της ανακύκλωσης στα
ανταποδοτικά τέλη
Κόστος
Αύξηση ανακύκλωσης
Κόστος ανακύκλωσης (αποκομιδή)
Κόστος σύμμεικτων (αποκομιδή)
Συνολικό κόστος αποκομιδής
Συνολικό κόστος τελικής διάθεσης
Συνολικό κόστος συστήματος
Αναμενόμενη πορεία ανταποδοτικών τελών
11. Η ευρωπαϊκή πραγματικότητα
www.wrap.org.uk/marketknowledge
Μονάδα Χαρακτηριστικά Μέση τιμή [€] Εύρος τιμών [€]
MRF - 30 26-110
Κομποστοποίηση Ανοιχτού τύπου
Κλειστού τύπου
31
60
25-48
30-100
Αναερόβια
χώνευση
- 45-90
ΧΥΤΑ - 65 45-95
Καύση Σύνολο
(2000-σήμερα)
110
120
45-190
90-190
ΜΒΤ - 75 -
12. Κάποιες επισημάνσεις
Δεν υπάρχει μέχρι στιγμής στην Ελλάδα εφαρμοζόμενη
συσχέτιση μεταξύ παραγόμενων αποβλήτων και τελών.
Εφαρμογή τιμολόγησης βάσει ζυγολογίων θα εισάγει σημαντικές
διαφοροποιήσεις στα ανταποδοτικά τέλη.
Αναγκαία η αστυνόμευση και ο έλεγχος έναντι παράνομης
διάθεσης. Ακόμη περισσότερο η πρόληψη.
Όσο τα τέλη πύλης για ΧΥΤΑ παραμένουν χαμηλά (10-40 €/t) και
χωρίς άλλη παρέμβαση (π.χ. φόρος ταφής, όπως ο πρόσφατα
θεσπισμένος των 35 €/t), η εργοστασιακή επεξεργασία
(μηχανική, βιολογική, ενεργειακή) σύμμικτων / υπολειμματικών
ΑΣΑ δεν είναι προφανώς ανταγωνιστική.
13. Απαιτήσεις ενός μοντέλου χρέωσης
13
ΠρακτικότηταΑνάκτηση κόστους
Αποφυγή αρνητικών
παραφαινομένων
Προσαρμογή σε
τοπικές δομές
Λογική
Καθοδηγητική
λειτουργία
Κοινωνική
δικαιοσύνη
Δικαιότητα
Φιλικότητα
στο χρήστη
ΑξιοπιστίαΑποδοχή Πρόβλεψη νομικών
αποφάσεων
Ανταποδοτικό
τέλος
14. Δήμοι (σχεδόν) μηδενικών αποβλήτων
(και στην ‘θηλειά’ του οικονομικού
στραγγαλισμού)
Στόχος ή ουτοπία.
Συνύπαρξη με τον εκάστοτε περιφερειακό σχεδιασμό
(όχι αυτονόμηση, καθότι αυτή θα οδηγήσει μ.ά. και σε
φαινόμενα ανεξέλεγκτης ιδιωτικοποίησης).
Στρατηγικός, τακτικός και επιχειρησιακός σχεδιασμός
συγκροτημένων (και ενίοτε συγχρονισμένων) τοπικών
δράσεων.
Καμία δαιμονοποίηση τεχνολογιών ή πρακτικών.
Κοινωνική συναίνεση (εφικτή σε τοπικό επίπεδο) και
ενεργή ενημέρωση κατοίκων και τοπικών παραγόντων:
Ευαισθητοποίηση – (κατ’ελάχιστον) κατανόηση –
ενεργοποίηση, ενίοτε προσωποποίηση σχέσεων
(π.χ. οικιακή κομποστοποίηση).
15. To Pay As You Throw (PAYT) προ των Ελληνικών πυλών
Πρώτη εφαρμογή 2009-2011: Δήμος Ελευσίνας (LIFE+)
PAYTPAYT
Ατομική
ευθύνη
Ατομική
χρέωση
Αναγνώριση
Μέτρηση
Μοναδιαία
κοστολόγηση
πΝομικό λαίσιο
[i] Εφημερίδα της Κυβερνήσεως / Ν. 25 (1975), «Περί υπολογισμού και τρόπου εισπράξεως Δ&Κ τελών καθαριότητας και φωτισμού και ρυθμίσεων συναφών θεμάτων», ΦΕΚ Α’74.
[ii] Εφημερίδα της Κυβερνήσεως / Ν. 429 (1976), «Περί τροποποιήσεως διατάξεων τινών του Ν25/1975», ΦΕΚ Α’235/03.09.1976.
[iii] Εφημερίδα της Κυβερνήσεως / Ν. 1080 (1980), «Περί τροποποιήσεως και συμπληρώσεως διατάξεων τινών της περί των προσόδων των ΟΤΑ νομοθεσίας και άλλων τινών συναφών διατάξεων», ΦΕΚ Α’246/22.10.1980.
[iv] Εφημερίδα της Κυβερνήσεως / Ν. 1828 (1989), «Αναμόρφωση φορολογίας εισοδήματος και άλλες διατάξεις», ΦΕΚ Α’2/03.01.1989.
[i] Εφημερίδα της Κυβερνήσεως (2001), «Σύνταγμα της Ελλάδας», ΦΕΚ Α’85/18.04.2001.
Μεταβλητότητα του Cr και του Cs για την κλάση Ι (n = 250) ανάλογα με την ημερήσια παραγωγή απορριμμάτων.
Ένας τύπος της μεταβλητής κοστολόγησης των ΥΔΑ είναι το σύστημα PΑΥΤ (Πληρώνεις όσο απορρίπτεις)[1], το οποίο αποτελεί μία προσέγγιση της ΔΑ και της χρέωσης των αντίστοιχων υπηρεσιών, στη βάση της ΑΡΠ και της αρχής της «ευθύνης του παραγωγού», η οποία συνδέει άμεσα τις υπηρεσίες που παρέχονται στο δημότη για τη ΔΑ του με «ανταποδοτική χρέωση» ανάλογη με τα απορρίμματα που θέτει προς συλλογή, ανάλογη της ρύπανσης που προκαλεί στο περιβάλλον και το μέγεθος των υπηρεσιών που δέχεται. Η αναγνώριση του παραγωγού στη βάση της ΠΕ και της αρχής της εκτεταμένης ευθύνης του παραγωγού, τελευταίου κατόχου των απορριμμάτων. Σύμφωνα με τον επιμερισμό της ευθύνης, οι δημότες αποτελούν σημαντικό κρίκο στην αλυσίδα «παραγωγή – διανομή – εμπόριο -κατανάλωση» που οδηγεί σε ΠΑ και πρέπει να αναλάβουν το δικό τους κομμάτι στη συλλογική ευθύνη.
Η μέτρηση της χρήσης των ΥΔΑ, με μεταβλητές την ποσότητα των απορριμμάτων που θέτονται προς συλλογή (βάρος ή όγκος) ή τη συχνότητα χρήσης των συγκεκριμένων υπηρεσιών.
Η κοστολόγηση των παρεχόμενων ΥΔΑ και η αντίστοιχη μοναδιαία τιμολόγηση, με μονάδα χρέωσης την ποσότητα των απορριμμάτων που θέτονται προς συλλογή (βάρος ή όγκος) ή τη συχνότητα χρήσης των συγκεκριμένων υπηρεσιών.
