3. You thought a meal was
Expensive in Hawai’i.
(Where does $2 can take you?)
4. The World Food Programme, used a
plate of rice and beans paired with a local
carbohydrate as the baseline for the
analysis.
https://cafedelites.com/black-beans-rice-recipe/
5. New York would spend about $1.9, or
about .6% of their daily income on such a
meal.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2021/10/15/rice-
arsenic-risk-children-amount/
6. In Kenya, the food would cost $14.51!
https://www.wfpusa.org/articles/school-meals-success-in-
kenya/
7. In Somalia is $42.12!
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-somalia-drought-
idUSKBN16E1OR
8. In Haiti is $72.65!
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2015/04/h
aiti-safe-food-in-rural-schools/
9. In the poorest country in the
survey, South Sudan, this same
simple plate of food would cost
$321.70, or 155% of a person’s
daily income!
https://www.worldvision.org.uk/about/blogs/breakfast-in-
south-sudan/
12. With 795 million people in 49 countries on the brink of
starvation, a plate of rice and beans
isn’t even financially accessible.
The Better World Campaign, 2022
13. Factors Influencing Economic Disparities
• Inflation
• Interest rates
• Public Debt
• Political Stability
• Economic Recession
• Investment & Capital
• Current account deficit
• Confidence and speculation
• Government intervention
• Stock markets
14. SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY:
DEBT AND CAPITAL
Ratchada Arpornsilp (Thailand)
Medardo B. Bombita (The Philippines)
Shashank Mishra (India)
Thi Ngoc Quy Dinh (Vietnam)
16. Equality, like fairness, is an important
value in most societies. Irrespective of
ideology, culture, and religion, people
care about inequality.
Inequality can be a signal of lack of
income mobility and opportunity―a
reflection of persistent disadvantage for
particular segments of the society.
17. High and sustained levels of inequality of
opportunities can entail large social costs.
Inequality of outcomes does not generate the
“right” incentives if it rests on rents (Stiglitz 2022).
Individuals divert their efforts toward securing
favored treatment and protection, resulting in
resource misallocation, corruption, and
nepotism, with attendant adverse social and
economic consequences. In particular, citizens can
lose confidence in institutions, eroding social
cohesion and confidence in the future.
18. IMF studies have found that income inequality
negatively affects growth and its sustainability
(Ostry, Berg, and Tsangarides 2014; Berg and
Ostry 2011).
20. What is the great aftermath of the pandemic to
your country’s economy and people?
21. What is the advantage (if there is any) of the
pandemic to your people’s quality of life?
22. What major intervention does your government
implement to ease the suffering of your
people?
23. Global Economic Effects of COVID-19
• Highly personal experience with wide-ranging effects.
• In U.S. viral deaths alone, surpassed the 675,446 total from the 1918
Spanish flu.
• Global economic fallout. Reduced global economic growth in 2020 to an
annualized rate of around -3.2%.
• Disparate impact on certain sectors of the economy, particularly the service
sector, and certain population groups and continued labor dislocations.
24. Global Economic Effects of COVID-19
• The human costs in terms of lives lost will permanently affect global
economic growth in addition to the cost of elevated levels of poverty, lives
upended, careers derailed, and increased social unrest.
• Estimates indicate that 65 million to 75 million people may have entered into
extreme poverty in 2020.
• 80 million more undernourished compared to pre-pandemic levels.
25. What major policy was put in place to respond
to the post-pandemic (New Normal)
challenges?
26. Post Pandemic Economies
• Strides in vaccinating growing shares of their populations.
• Workers considered career choices and work patterns.
• Varied labor arrangements and altered urban environments.
• Weighing fiscal support as a result of concerns over potential inflationary
pressures against the prospect of slowing the pace of the recovery.
29. Net-zero is a state where no incremental
greenhouse gases are added into the
atmosphere. This means achieving a balance
between carbon emissions and carbon
removals through a combination of emissions
reduction and carbon sequestration.
30. Why there is a need to reduce CO2 emissions
to reach zero?
31. Net-Zero Economy
• Net zero is essentially an accounting term applied to carbon emissions.
• Science cautioned to limit global warming to 1.50C to avoid the most
catastrophic impacts of climate change.
• Reducing emissions by 7.6% every year between 2020 to 2030 is
achievable.
32. What are Net-Zero Emissions
• Positive: Emissions by sources
(e.g., burning fossil fuels, cutting down forests)
• Negative: Removals by sinks
(e.g., growing new forests, engineered removal of CO2 from
the atmosphere)
• Net: 1 + 2: Emissions by sources plus removals by sinks
33. Is achievable? Or just another “talk shop” from
national to international levels?
34.
35.
36.
37.
38. Net-Zero at the Country Level
• Many countries are pledging to ‘net-zero’ emissions
US, EU27 have pledged net-zero GHG emissions by 2050
China has pledged net-zero CO2 emissions by 2060
• Rich countries should reach net zero before the global
• average:
2075: Net-zero GHG emissions
2050: Net-zero CO2 emissions
39. The climate problem is solved when
everyone stops burning fossil fuels
(& stops cutting down forests)!
Editor's Notes
It turns out that buying a plate of food is significantly more expensive for people living in poor countries than it is for people living in wealthy countries when adjusting for income levels, gross domestic product, and local pricing patterns (United Nations). In other words, the percentage of a person’s daily income that goes toward food varies dramatically around the world.
Disparities are driven by deep-rooted problems. Food production systems in some countries are underdeveloped, food supply chains are broken, conflict and political instability exacerbate poverty, and climate change affects some countries more sharply than others.
The challenge with net zero was. the lack of an internationally recognized definition until the recent release of the SBTi’s Net-Zero Standard
The challenge so far has been the lack of an internationally recognized definition, and the absence of any universal guidelines on how to achieve it.
With no time to lose to limit global warming, there is a growing consensus between climate experts in the sustainability sector who have been working with terms like “carbon neutrality” and “net-zero
