This document discusses population growth and its relationship to economic development. It begins by outlining several topics that will be covered, including the basic issues around population growth and quality of life, population growth trends over time, the demographic transition, and theories on the causes of high fertility in developing countries. The Malthusian model and household model of fertility are described. The document then discusses some conflicting perspectives on the consequences of high fertility. It provides historical data on population growth and examines factors influencing fertility rates across different regions and development levels.

1. ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
Understanding
POPULATION GROWTH AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
C A U S E S , C O N S E Q U E N C E S A N D C O N T R O V E R S I E S
M i c h a e l P To d a r o , A u t h o r

2. Topicsof this
Presentation
HIGHLIGHTS AND INSIGHTS
The Basic Issue : Population Growth and
Quality of Life
Population Growth: Past,Present and Future
The demographic Transition
The Causes and High Fertility in Developing
Countries : The Malthusian and Household
Models
The Consequences of High Fertility: Some
Conflicting Perspectives

3. Presentor
Helen G Suruiz
Mary Jane Lomioan
Ann Genina P Losito
Abigail G Diezmo

4. Population
Growth
Is rapid population growth per se
as serious a problem as many
believed ,or is it manifestation of
more fundamental problems of
underdevelopment and unequal
utilization of global resources
between rich and poor nations?

5. WORLD POPULATION
In demographics, the term world population is often used to refer to the total number of
humans currently living, and was estimated to have exceeded 7.9 billion as of November
2021

6. How does development affect
population growth?
. .

7. Every year more than 75
million people are being
added to the world’s
population. Almost all this
net population increase- 97%
- is in developing countries.

8. Topicsof this
P r e s e n t a t i o n
HIGHLIGHTS AND
INSIGHTS
The Basic Issue : Population Growth
and Quality of Life
Population Growth: Past,Present and
Future
The demographic Transition
The Causes and High Fertility in Developing
Countries : The Malthusian and Household
Models
The Consequences of High Fertility: Some
Conflicting Perspectives

9. Population Growth :
Past ,Present and
Future
Item 1 Item 2 Item 3 Item 4 Item 5
40
30
20
10
0
During the next 200 years of industrial
revolution,an additional 1.7 billion people were
added to the planets number. Four decades
thereafter human population more than doubled
again

10. STRUCTURE OF
WORLD
POPULATION
The worlds population is very
unevenly distributed by geographic
region, by fertility and mortality
levels and by age structures.
Geographic Region

11. Perhaps more than any
other demographic
indicator, fertility trends
illustrate the similarity and
the diversity of Asia’s
populations. Fertility has
declined over the past 50
years in every major
country of the region.
Although the trend has
been consistent, the rate of
fertility decline has varied,
so that fertility levels in
Asia today are widely
diverse
Fertility and Mortality Trends

12. A Total Fertility Rate
(TFR) of 2.1
represents the
Replacement-Level
Fertility: the
average number of
children per woman
needed for each
generation to exactly
replace itself without
needing international
immigration. A value
below 2.1 will cause
the native population
to decline
The Momentum of
Population Growth
Philippine
population
pyramid as of
2019

13. Demographic
Transition
The process by which
fertility rates eventually
decline to replacement
levels has been portrayed
by a famous concept in
economic demography

14. Topicsof this
P r e s e n t a t i o n
HIGHLIGHTS AND
INSIGHTS
The Basic Issue : Population
Growth and Quality of Life
Population Growth: Past,Present
and Future
The demographic Transition
The Causes and High Fertility in
Developing Countries : The
Malthusian and Household Models
The Consequences of High Fertility:
Some Conflicting Perspectives

15. The Causes of
High Fertility
in Developing
Country
.
The Malthusian
and Households
Models

16. Thomas Robert Malthus
(14 February 1766 – 23 December1834)
was an English cleric, scholar and
influential economist in the fields
of political economy and demography.
“Population when uncheck,
goes on doubling itself every
25 years or increase in
geometrical ratio”

17. Essay on the Principle of Population
Malthus argued that
while population
would grow
exponentially over
the coming decades,
food production
would grow
arithmetically, and
increases in labor
supply would result
in lower wages
In order to keep humanity
from starving, there must
be controls set on
populations so that "the
effects of these two
unequal powers must be
kept equal."
suffering and misery will still be
inevitable. He says there will
always be two types of checks
on population: The first he
paradoxically names positive
checks and preventative checks.
He believes that
government
institutions should
gradually lower the
number of
impoverished citizens
who receive
government aid. The
most destitute should
then receive help from
private charities

18. Malthusian Population Trap
The growth of the human population is much faster than
the rate of growth for the means of subsistence such as
food, clothing, and other agro-products.
As the production rate of agro products is slower it is
surpassed by population growth which results in the onset
of poverty.
Control of the growth of the population is important to
sustain the population.
Positive checks restore the balance between the increased
growth rate of population and food supply.

19. The Importance of The Malthusian Theory
 Humans have a strong desire to reproduce. This
is to maintain the family lineage and legacy. So ,the
population is bound to grow rapidly if birth control
measures are not taken.
 Malthus’s assumptions regarding positive checks
are true to a certain extent. History has shown that
whenever there is an increase in population for any
country, thousands have died due to natural
calamities.
 After studying these points, one can say that the
theory is valid to a certain extent. Some of the leading
economists of modern times have observed that
Thomas Malthus in this theory regarding population
growth has stated the partial truth and no one can
deny that.

20. The Microeconomic
Household
Theory of Fertility
•The microeconomic theory of
fertility asks the question why
a family would decide to rear
children . The economics of
the family asks what kinds of
incentives are involved and
the decisions being made
based on society’s natural
capital or local wage levels.

21. The Demand
for Children in
Developing
Country F i r s t t w o o r t h r e e a s c o n s u m e r
g o o d s .
Additional children as investment goods
W o r k o n f a m i l y f a r m , m i c r o
e n t e r p r i s e
Old security motivation

22. Demand for Children
Equation
Cd The demand for surviving
children
Y is the level of household income
Pc is the net price for children
Px is price of all other goods
Tx is the tastes for goods relative
to children
Under neoclassical condition we
expect
The higher the household
income, the greater the
demand for children
The higher the net price of
children ,the lower the quantity
demanded
The higher the prices of all
other goods relative to children,
the greater the quantity of
children demanded
The greater the strength of
taste of goods relative to
children , the fewer children
demanded.

23. So
Some
implication
It follows logically that fertility lower where
there is :
More female nonagricultural employment
and a higher wages
Raised women education ,role and status
Expanded schooling opportunities , with lowered
real cost for children
Increases in family income
Reduction in infant mortality , better health
care
Development of old age and social security
plans
There is empirical evidence of varying
strength to support the conclusion

24. A n o t h e r i n f l u e n c e s c o u l d b e
L o w e r e d p r i c e s a n d b e t t e r i n f o r m a t i o n o n
c o n t ra c e p t i ve s
Po l i c i e s t h a t h a ve e f f e c t o f r e d u c i n g b o y
p r e f e r e n c e s
D i r e c t i n c e n t i ve s s u c h a s s u b s i d y b e n e f i t s
In addition, social norms and fertility expectation can
play significant roles in different context