The document discusses various techniques for conserving energy in lighting systems, including replacing lamps with more efficient options, using efficient ballasts and transformers, installing light controls, and establishing maintenance programs. Some key points covered are replacing incandescent lamps with CFLs or LEDs, using electronic ballasts instead of electromagnetic ones, installing sensors and dimmers to control lighting based on occupancy or daylight, and periodically cleaning lamps and fixtures to maintain light output over time.
This document discusses various types of electrical energy losses that occur from generation to consumption of electricity. It outlines losses that take place during transmission (5-8% loss), at substations during voltage transformation, and in distribution lines (about 40% of total losses). Improving insulation, transmission voltage levels, and distribution line equipment can help reduce losses. The document also discusses energy losses at the building level from appliances, wiring, and transmission lengths. Using efficient appliances and improving building wiring/cables can lower energy use and losses.
This document discusses different types of electrical lamps, including incandescent, fluorescent, mercury vapor, sodium vapor, compact fluorescent, LED, and halogen lamps. It provides details on the construction, working principles, advantages, and applications of each lamp type. The document is intended to educate readers about the elements and members of electrical engineering related to various lighting technologies.
Induction lighting provides significant benefits over traditional fluorescent lamps due to its extremely long lifespan of over 100,000 hours. It avoids common failures of fluorescent lamps by using no electrodes and having an enclosed lamp tube with no penetrations. This makes induction lighting well-suited for facilities that operate for long hours by eliminating ongoing maintenance costs. Retrofitting existing metal halide fixtures with induction lamps and ballasts can reduce energy costs by 50-60% while leveraging existing infrastructure.
A transformer transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through electromagnetic induction. It converts an alternating current from one voltage to another without changing frequency. An ideal transformer is 100% efficient, but real transformers have some losses due to winding resistance, leakage flux, hysteresis, and eddy currents. Transformers come in different types for various applications and use laminated cores to reduce eddy current losses.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
This document provides information about transformers and their components. It discusses how transformers work using electromagnetic induction to transfer energy between circuits without a direct electrical connection. The key components of a transformer are described, including the magnetic core made of silicon steel, the windings, insulation and cooling using mineral oil. Ideal transformer theory is also covered, explaining voltage and current ratios based on winding turns.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document discusses various techniques for conserving energy in lighting systems, including replacing lamps with more efficient options, using efficient ballasts and transformers, installing light controls, and establishing maintenance programs. Some key points covered are replacing incandescent lamps with CFLs or LEDs, using electronic ballasts instead of electromagnetic ones, installing sensors and dimmers to control lighting based on occupancy or daylight, and periodically cleaning lamps and fixtures to maintain light output over time.
This document discusses various types of electrical energy losses that occur from generation to consumption of electricity. It outlines losses that take place during transmission (5-8% loss), at substations during voltage transformation, and in distribution lines (about 40% of total losses). Improving insulation, transmission voltage levels, and distribution line equipment can help reduce losses. The document also discusses energy losses at the building level from appliances, wiring, and transmission lengths. Using efficient appliances and improving building wiring/cables can lower energy use and losses.
This document discusses different types of electrical lamps, including incandescent, fluorescent, mercury vapor, sodium vapor, compact fluorescent, LED, and halogen lamps. It provides details on the construction, working principles, advantages, and applications of each lamp type. The document is intended to educate readers about the elements and members of electrical engineering related to various lighting technologies.
Induction lighting provides significant benefits over traditional fluorescent lamps due to its extremely long lifespan of over 100,000 hours. It avoids common failures of fluorescent lamps by using no electrodes and having an enclosed lamp tube with no penetrations. This makes induction lighting well-suited for facilities that operate for long hours by eliminating ongoing maintenance costs. Retrofitting existing metal halide fixtures with induction lamps and ballasts can reduce energy costs by 50-60% while leveraging existing infrastructure.
A transformer transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through electromagnetic induction. It converts an alternating current from one voltage to another without changing frequency. An ideal transformer is 100% efficient, but real transformers have some losses due to winding resistance, leakage flux, hysteresis, and eddy currents. Transformers come in different types for various applications and use laminated cores to reduce eddy current losses.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
This document provides information about transformers and their components. It discusses how transformers work using electromagnetic induction to transfer energy between circuits without a direct electrical connection. The key components of a transformer are described, including the magnetic core made of silicon steel, the windings, insulation and cooling using mineral oil. Ideal transformer theory is also covered, explaining voltage and current ratios based on winding turns.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Cgls Presentation Induction & Led Lighting And The Environment 2011RichardBosteder
This document discusses how induction and LED lighting can reduce environmental impact in several ways: by saving energy, reducing CO2 emissions from lower energy consumption, reducing materials and mercury consumption compared to other lighting types, and reducing recycling issues. It provides details on energy savings from higher electrical conversion efficiency and secondary reductions from lower thermal loads and ability for on-demand usage.
Power transformers are static devices used to transmit electrical power between circuits without changing frequency. They operate using electromagnetic induction and are used to step up or down transmission voltages. Power transformers have ratings between 33-400 kV and above 200 MVA. They are essential for minimizing energy losses during long distance power transmission by increasing voltage for transmission then decreasing it for distribution. Power transformers work by inducing an emf in the secondary winding through a fluctuating magnetic field produced in the primary winding according to Faraday's law of induction. The number of turns in each winding determines whether the transformer steps up or down the voltage. Key components include the core, windings, insulating materials, tap changers, bushings, tank, conservator, breather
A transformer is a static device that changes alternating current (AC) at one voltage level to AC at another voltage level through electromagnetic induction. It consists of two coils, the primary and secondary windings, wrapped around a laminated iron core. When an alternating current is applied to the primary winding, it produces an alternating magnetic field that induces a voltage in the secondary winding. This allows the transformer to step up or step down voltages without changing the frequency. The transformer transfers power between its two coils through electromagnetic coupling between the coils wound around the iron core.
Electrical lamps have several advantages over mechanical lamps including cleanliness, easy control, lower cost, ease of use, steady output, reliability, and suitability for many purposes. Common electrical lighting types discussed in the document include incandescent, fluorescent, high intensity discharge, and light emitting diode lamps. Incandescent lamps work by passing current through a tungsten filament to produce light, while fluorescent lamps use mercury and phosphors to convert ultraviolet light into visible light. Tungsten-halogen lamps improve on incandescent efficiency through the use of halogen gases.
The document discusses different lighting technologies including LEDs, incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, and halogen lamps. It provides details on the working principles, advantages, disadvantages and applications of each technology. LEDs emit light when electric current passes through a semiconductor, while incandescent lamps work by heating a filament. Fluorescent lamps use phosphor coating and ultraviolet light to produce visible light. Halogen lamps use a tungsten filament in an environment of inert gas and halogen to increase filament life.
A transformer is a static device that transfers electrical energy between two circuits through electromagnetic induction. It consists of two or more coils wound around an iron core. The coil connected to the power source is the primary winding, and the coil that provides power to the load is the secondary winding. Transformers are used to change the voltage levels in electrical systems. They are categorized as power transformers or electronic transformers based on their power ratings and applications. Power transformers are used in power generation, transmission and distribution systems to increase or decrease voltage levels, while electronic transformers operate at lower voltages and power levels in devices like computers and TVs.
This document provides an overview of lighting systems and terms. It discusses different types of light sources like incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, discharge lamps, and their key features. It covers lighting terms such as illuminance, luminous efficacy, color rendering index. It also discusses control gear, luminaires and some good lighting practices for energy efficiency. The key points are that lighting accounts for 2-10% of industrial power, innovation in lighting offers energy savings opportunities, and proper lamp and luminaire selection along with operational practices can improve energy efficiency at the design stage.
The document discusses transformers. A transformer consists of two coils (primary and secondary windings) wrapped around an iron core. When alternating current flows through the primary winding, it creates an alternating magnetic field that induces alternating current in the secondary winding. Transformers are used to increase or decrease voltages for power transmission or domestic/industrial use. Common types include core and shell transformers, which differ in how the core and windings are arranged. Transformers allow alternating currents to be transformed but cannot operate on direct current as there is no changing magnetic flux.
Distribution transformers are used to reduce high primary voltages to lower utilization voltages for consumers. They come in various types including pole mounted, pad mounted, and underground transformers. Losses in distribution transformers include core losses from hysteresis and eddy currents, as well as copper losses from winding resistance. Efficiency is calculated based on total energy delivered over 24 hours rather than power ratio at full load, since distribution transformers rarely operate at full load. A breather uses silica gel to absorb moisture from transformer air and maintain a low dew point.
This document provides information about transformers, including:
1) Transformers work by mutual inductance between two coils linked by a magnetic flux, allowing conversion of voltages while keeping frequency the same.
2) Transformers consist of two inductive windings and a laminated steel core to reduce losses. They are classified based on factors like phase, core type, cooling method, and application.
3) Transformers experience losses from hysteresis in the core, eddy currents, and resistive heating of windings. Proper design aims to minimize different types of losses depending on the transformer's role.
Energy Efficient Lighting Systems ppt.pptChaudharyJi6
The document discusses India's need for energy efficient lighting to meet growing electricity demand and reduce peak loads by 17-18%. It describes the Bachat Lamp Yojana program which replaces incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) through public-private partnerships. Best practices for lighting systems include using T5 fluorescent lamps and LEDs instead of incandescent bulbs, and using electronic ballasts instead of magnetic ballasts. Solar lighting systems provide an environmentally sustainable option for rural areas with no grid access.
How to design your 12 volt outdoor lightingKim Pham
This document provides guidance on designing a 12-volt outdoor lighting system, including selecting fixtures and lamps, determining the proper mounting method, wiring the system using T-connectors and continuous loop wiring to minimize voltage drop, and choosing an appropriately sized transformer based on total wattage. Key considerations are grouping lights into clusters of no more than 240 watts, using thick enough cable to support the wattage over the cable length, and ensuring each light receives between 10.8-11.5 volts to maximize light output and lifespan.
How to design your 12 volt outdoor lightingKim Pham
This document provides guidance on designing a 12-volt outdoor lighting system, including selecting fixtures and lamps, determining the proper mounting method, selecting cable and calculating voltage drop to ensure adequate lighting while maximizing lamp life. Key considerations include grouping fixtures into clusters of no more than 240 watts, using T-connectors and continuous loop wiring to distribute power efficiently, and selecting an appropriately sized transformer located near the power source.
Key Differences Between Power Transformer and Distribution Transformer.pdfMAKPOWER TRANSFORMER
If you are wondering about the key differences between Power and distribution transformer then go through this brief presentation from Makpower Transformer , the distribution transformer manufacturer in India.
This document compares magnetic induction lighting and LED lighting technologies for commercial and industrial applications requiring high light levels. It provides background on the technologies, describing how magnetic induction lamps use an external or internal electromagnet to excite mercury atoms and produce light, while LEDs use a semiconductor junction to convert electricity into photons. The document explains that induction lamps require an electronic ballast for operation, which can achieve 95-98% efficiency, compared to 10-17% for traditional HID ballasts. It aims to demonstrate through a scientific analysis that induction lighting is the most energy efficient choice for many applications.
The document provides an introduction to electronic passive components. It discusses resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers. Resistors are electronic components that oppose the flow of current and come in fixed and variable types. Capacitors are components that store electric charge and also come in fixed and variable types. Inductors are coils of wire that oppose changes in current flow. Transformers are made of two coils of wire wound on a core and transfer energy from one circuit to another through mutual induction. The document provides details on various types of these components, their construction, properties, and applications.
Distribution transformers are used to reduce high primary voltages to lower utilization voltages for consumers. They come in various types including large distribution transformers used to receive energy from high voltage levels and distribute to substations or industries, and single-phase pole mounted transformers used for residential overhead distribution. Voltage regulation is the percentage difference between no-load and full-load voltages, and is affected by the voltage drop due to current flowing through the transformer windings. Losses in distribution transformers include core losses, copper losses from winding resistance, and stray losses from stray fluxes.
This document summarizes different types of electric lamps, including incandescent, vacuum, gas filled, discharge, neon, mercury, sodium, fluorescent, and halogen lamps. It describes the basic operating principles of each type of lamp, such as how current is passed through a filament to produce light for incandescent lamps, and how mercury vapor emits UV radiation that is converted to visible light by fluorescent coatings in fluorescent lamps. Key features of each lamp type are highlighted, such as the materials used, efficiency, color rendering, lifespan, and applications.
University college of engineering, rajasthan technical universityDivyansh Gupta
The document provides information about a presentation given at BHEL, Bhopal on vocational training. It discusses BHEL, its establishment and operations. BHEL was established in 1964 and owns power plant manufacturing facilities across India. The document then discusses BHEL's facility in Bhopal, which was established in 1964 and manufactures power plant equipment. It provides an overview of the types of equipment manufactured at BHEL Bhopal such as transformers, motors, switchgear, turbines and alternators.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Cgls Presentation Induction & Led Lighting And The Environment 2011RichardBosteder
This document discusses how induction and LED lighting can reduce environmental impact in several ways: by saving energy, reducing CO2 emissions from lower energy consumption, reducing materials and mercury consumption compared to other lighting types, and reducing recycling issues. It provides details on energy savings from higher electrical conversion efficiency and secondary reductions from lower thermal loads and ability for on-demand usage.
Power transformers are static devices used to transmit electrical power between circuits without changing frequency. They operate using electromagnetic induction and are used to step up or down transmission voltages. Power transformers have ratings between 33-400 kV and above 200 MVA. They are essential for minimizing energy losses during long distance power transmission by increasing voltage for transmission then decreasing it for distribution. Power transformers work by inducing an emf in the secondary winding through a fluctuating magnetic field produced in the primary winding according to Faraday's law of induction. The number of turns in each winding determines whether the transformer steps up or down the voltage. Key components include the core, windings, insulating materials, tap changers, bushings, tank, conservator, breather
A transformer is a static device that changes alternating current (AC) at one voltage level to AC at another voltage level through electromagnetic induction. It consists of two coils, the primary and secondary windings, wrapped around a laminated iron core. When an alternating current is applied to the primary winding, it produces an alternating magnetic field that induces a voltage in the secondary winding. This allows the transformer to step up or step down voltages without changing the frequency. The transformer transfers power between its two coils through electromagnetic coupling between the coils wound around the iron core.
Electrical lamps have several advantages over mechanical lamps including cleanliness, easy control, lower cost, ease of use, steady output, reliability, and suitability for many purposes. Common electrical lighting types discussed in the document include incandescent, fluorescent, high intensity discharge, and light emitting diode lamps. Incandescent lamps work by passing current through a tungsten filament to produce light, while fluorescent lamps use mercury and phosphors to convert ultraviolet light into visible light. Tungsten-halogen lamps improve on incandescent efficiency through the use of halogen gases.
The document discusses different lighting technologies including LEDs, incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, and halogen lamps. It provides details on the working principles, advantages, disadvantages and applications of each technology. LEDs emit light when electric current passes through a semiconductor, while incandescent lamps work by heating a filament. Fluorescent lamps use phosphor coating and ultraviolet light to produce visible light. Halogen lamps use a tungsten filament in an environment of inert gas and halogen to increase filament life.
A transformer is a static device that transfers electrical energy between two circuits through electromagnetic induction. It consists of two or more coils wound around an iron core. The coil connected to the power source is the primary winding, and the coil that provides power to the load is the secondary winding. Transformers are used to change the voltage levels in electrical systems. They are categorized as power transformers or electronic transformers based on their power ratings and applications. Power transformers are used in power generation, transmission and distribution systems to increase or decrease voltage levels, while electronic transformers operate at lower voltages and power levels in devices like computers and TVs.
This document provides an overview of lighting systems and terms. It discusses different types of light sources like incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, discharge lamps, and their key features. It covers lighting terms such as illuminance, luminous efficacy, color rendering index. It also discusses control gear, luminaires and some good lighting practices for energy efficiency. The key points are that lighting accounts for 2-10% of industrial power, innovation in lighting offers energy savings opportunities, and proper lamp and luminaire selection along with operational practices can improve energy efficiency at the design stage.
The document discusses transformers. A transformer consists of two coils (primary and secondary windings) wrapped around an iron core. When alternating current flows through the primary winding, it creates an alternating magnetic field that induces alternating current in the secondary winding. Transformers are used to increase or decrease voltages for power transmission or domestic/industrial use. Common types include core and shell transformers, which differ in how the core and windings are arranged. Transformers allow alternating currents to be transformed but cannot operate on direct current as there is no changing magnetic flux.
Distribution transformers are used to reduce high primary voltages to lower utilization voltages for consumers. They come in various types including pole mounted, pad mounted, and underground transformers. Losses in distribution transformers include core losses from hysteresis and eddy currents, as well as copper losses from winding resistance. Efficiency is calculated based on total energy delivered over 24 hours rather than power ratio at full load, since distribution transformers rarely operate at full load. A breather uses silica gel to absorb moisture from transformer air and maintain a low dew point.
This document provides information about transformers, including:
1) Transformers work by mutual inductance between two coils linked by a magnetic flux, allowing conversion of voltages while keeping frequency the same.
2) Transformers consist of two inductive windings and a laminated steel core to reduce losses. They are classified based on factors like phase, core type, cooling method, and application.
3) Transformers experience losses from hysteresis in the core, eddy currents, and resistive heating of windings. Proper design aims to minimize different types of losses depending on the transformer's role.
Energy Efficient Lighting Systems ppt.pptChaudharyJi6
The document discusses India's need for energy efficient lighting to meet growing electricity demand and reduce peak loads by 17-18%. It describes the Bachat Lamp Yojana program which replaces incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) through public-private partnerships. Best practices for lighting systems include using T5 fluorescent lamps and LEDs instead of incandescent bulbs, and using electronic ballasts instead of magnetic ballasts. Solar lighting systems provide an environmentally sustainable option for rural areas with no grid access.
How to design your 12 volt outdoor lightingKim Pham
This document provides guidance on designing a 12-volt outdoor lighting system, including selecting fixtures and lamps, determining the proper mounting method, wiring the system using T-connectors and continuous loop wiring to minimize voltage drop, and choosing an appropriately sized transformer based on total wattage. Key considerations are grouping lights into clusters of no more than 240 watts, using thick enough cable to support the wattage over the cable length, and ensuring each light receives between 10.8-11.5 volts to maximize light output and lifespan.
How to design your 12 volt outdoor lightingKim Pham
This document provides guidance on designing a 12-volt outdoor lighting system, including selecting fixtures and lamps, determining the proper mounting method, selecting cable and calculating voltage drop to ensure adequate lighting while maximizing lamp life. Key considerations include grouping fixtures into clusters of no more than 240 watts, using T-connectors and continuous loop wiring to distribute power efficiently, and selecting an appropriately sized transformer located near the power source.
Key Differences Between Power Transformer and Distribution Transformer.pdfMAKPOWER TRANSFORMER
If you are wondering about the key differences between Power and distribution transformer then go through this brief presentation from Makpower Transformer , the distribution transformer manufacturer in India.
This document compares magnetic induction lighting and LED lighting technologies for commercial and industrial applications requiring high light levels. It provides background on the technologies, describing how magnetic induction lamps use an external or internal electromagnet to excite mercury atoms and produce light, while LEDs use a semiconductor junction to convert electricity into photons. The document explains that induction lamps require an electronic ballast for operation, which can achieve 95-98% efficiency, compared to 10-17% for traditional HID ballasts. It aims to demonstrate through a scientific analysis that induction lighting is the most energy efficient choice for many applications.
The document provides an introduction to electronic passive components. It discusses resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers. Resistors are electronic components that oppose the flow of current and come in fixed and variable types. Capacitors are components that store electric charge and also come in fixed and variable types. Inductors are coils of wire that oppose changes in current flow. Transformers are made of two coils of wire wound on a core and transfer energy from one circuit to another through mutual induction. The document provides details on various types of these components, their construction, properties, and applications.
Distribution transformers are used to reduce high primary voltages to lower utilization voltages for consumers. They come in various types including large distribution transformers used to receive energy from high voltage levels and distribute to substations or industries, and single-phase pole mounted transformers used for residential overhead distribution. Voltage regulation is the percentage difference between no-load and full-load voltages, and is affected by the voltage drop due to current flowing through the transformer windings. Losses in distribution transformers include core losses, copper losses from winding resistance, and stray losses from stray fluxes.
This document summarizes different types of electric lamps, including incandescent, vacuum, gas filled, discharge, neon, mercury, sodium, fluorescent, and halogen lamps. It describes the basic operating principles of each type of lamp, such as how current is passed through a filament to produce light for incandescent lamps, and how mercury vapor emits UV radiation that is converted to visible light by fluorescent coatings in fluorescent lamps. Key features of each lamp type are highlighted, such as the materials used, efficiency, color rendering, lifespan, and applications.
University college of engineering, rajasthan technical universityDivyansh Gupta
The document provides information about a presentation given at BHEL, Bhopal on vocational training. It discusses BHEL, its establishment and operations. BHEL was established in 1964 and owns power plant manufacturing facilities across India. The document then discusses BHEL's facility in Bhopal, which was established in 1964 and manufactures power plant equipment. It provides an overview of the types of equipment manufactured at BHEL Bhopal such as transformers, motors, switchgear, turbines and alternators.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
2. INTRODUCTION :-
In a typical power distribution grid, electric transformer
power loss typically contributes to about 40-50% of the total
transmission and distribution loss. Energy efficient
transformers are therefore an important means to reduce
transmission and distribution loss.With the improvement of
electrical steel (silicon steel) properties, the losses of a
transformer in 2010 can be half that of a similar transformer
in the 1970s.[citation needed] With new magnetic materials,
it is possible to achieve even higher efficiency. The
amorphous metal transformer is a modern example.
3. What Is an Energy Efficient Transformers :-
A transformer is an electrical device which transfers electrical energy from one
electrical circuit to another. While ordinary transformers cost a substantial amount of
power loss to a line, resulting in roughly 40 to 50 percent of all transmission and
distribution losses, an energy efficient transformer is designed to be more efficient and
reduce the amount of power loss that occurs when the energy is transferred. An energy
efficient transformer accomplishes this by using extremely conductive materials, including
electrical steel and easily magnetized materials.Transmission and distribution losses are
some of the biggest enemies to efficient power transfer in transformers. These losses are
natural losses of attrition which occur as electricity moves through the line. Much like a
dragging cloth along a piece of sandpaper, where tiny portions of the cloth will be snagged
during the process, some of the power flowing through a transformer is similarly
"snagged" and displaced by the substances through which it moves. The amount of
"snagging" that occurs is largely dependent on the conductivity of the materials through
which the electricity flows; highly conductive materials can pass a charge with much less
of a snagging effect.
4. TYPES OF TRANSFORMER:-
AMORPHOUS TRANSFORMER
EPOXY RESIN COST TRANSFORMER / DRY TYPE OF
TRANSFORMER
5. An amorphous metal transformer (AMT) is a type of
energy efficient transformer found on electric grids.[1] The
magnetic core of this transformer ismade with a
ferromagnetic amorphous metal. The typical material
(Metglas) isan alloy of iron with boron, silicon, and
phosphorus in the form of thin (e.g. 25 µm) foils rapidly
cooled from melt. These materials have high magnetic
susceptibility, very low coercivity and high electrical
resistance. The high resistance and thin foils lead to low
losses by eddy currentswhen subjected to alternating
magnetic fields. On the downside amorphous alloys have
a lower saturation induction and often a higher
magnetostriction compared to conventional crystalline
iron-silicon electrical steel.
AMORPHOUS TRANSFORMER:-
6. What is a Cast Resin Transformer?
A cast resin transformer is a static machine (without moving parts) designed
to lower or raise voltage levels and galvanically separate those 2 voltage
levels. Its windings are encapsulated in cast resin, and are cooled by natural
air or forced ventilation, all safely without affecting the frequency, and
require very little maintenance.
Cast resin transformers are usually installed in medium voltage, for all types
of solutions: auxiliary services of electrical systems, substations, large
factories or industrial plants, institution buildings, schools, shopping centers,
residential energy supply and many other uses.
They are considered the most important electrical equipment in any
electrical system, due to their function and cost, this is the reason why they
mustbe protected to guarantee their operation and extend their life to
máximum. We are experts manufacturing digital protection relays for cast
resin transformers with hundreds of thousands of units distributed in a large
number of countries, click on the following link to learn about our solution
to protect cast resin transformers:
Relay for Cast Resin Transformer: Control temperature rise.
7. Cast Resin Dry Type Specification:-
A dry type transformer is a transformer that does not use liquid as insulation for its
winding or core. Instead the windings and core are kept within a sealed cast
epoxy resin.
Cast resin dry type transformers are used in high moisture areas. Itis because its
primary and secondary windings are encapsulated with epoxy resin (non
hygroscopic). The encapsulation prevents moisture from penetrating the winding.
Available power 25 KVA to 12,500 KVA. with an insulation class of F (90oC Temp.
Rise).
This type of transformer has some featured advantages. They are Better over load
capacity.
Low partial discharge along with low loss. Hence efficiency is very good. As it is
with non inflammable winding insulation, it offers zero risk to fire hazard. So it is
suitable for indoorinstallation.
Can be fitted outdoor in IP 45 enclosure.
And off course non hygroscopic.
This type of transformer has several advantages. They are-
High mechanical strength.
Void free insulation.
No temperature fluctuation.
Easy maintenance.
Lessprone to fire hazard.
8. Certainly there are several reasons, a number of pros and cons
to improve energy efficiency. Theoretically, with the magic formula
ceteris paribus, the pros prevail and the experience from developed
countries confirms this in practice as well. Transition economies have a
chance to either improve or introduce energy efficiency, and despite
the fact that the obstacles and negatives exist, EE has a great
potential, which should be utilized. Whilst an increase in energy
efficiency investment can generate economic and business
opportunities, it cannot be done unless there is an effective institutional
mechanism to provide financing as well as technological inputs.
CONCLUSION:-
12. (A) By replacing lamp sources :
The lamp sources used for lighting are :
1. Filament lamps
2. Fluorescent lamp. While following types of lamps are mostly used for street
lighting, factories etc.
3. Mercury vapour lamp.
4. Sodium vapour lamp.
13. Halogen lamps can be used for public halls, factories studios, play grounds, car parking purposes
etc.
When we consider general lighting system, then mostly filament lamps or fluorescent lamp i.e. tube
lights are mostly used.
Filament lamps are more sensitive to voltage variation. A small reduction in voltage reduces its
luminous output greatly, while a small increase in voltage increases its output but at the same time
reduces its life
The same variations in case of fluorescent lamps are comparatively less.
The luminous output of filament lamps goes on reducing with usage, which is due to slow
vapourisation of the lamp filament and partly due to black deposit formed inside the lamp.
In case of fluorescent lamps a change of ±1% of the supply voltage produces a change of about ± 1% in
luminous output.
The increase or decrease in voltage reduces lamp life, with increase voltage heating effect of
electrodes is increases and they loose electron emissive material by evaporation.
With reduced voltage, the current reduces causing sputtering at the electrodes reducing their life.
The luminous output of incandescent lamps of 40 watt is nearly 10 lumens / watt while that of 40
watt fluorescent tube or lamp is nearly 40-50 lumens watt.
Hence, replace incandescent lamps by fluorescent lamps of proper size.
Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) of smaller wattage will provide same illumination.
Life of CFL lamps is nearly 10 to 15 times more than ordinary incandescent lamps.
Energy consumption can still further be reduced by using electronic ballasts instead of
electromagnetic ballast.
14. Lamp Replaced by
i. Incandescent → Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL).
ii. Conventional fluorescent lamp → Energy efficient fluorescent lamp.
iii. Mercury vapour or sodium vapour lamp → Halide lamp.
iv. HPMV lamp → HPSV lamp.
v. Filament lamps on panels → LED .
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HPMV Lamp
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amp
15. B) Electric chokes / starters / ballast:-
Saving can be achieved by selecting a ballast base for the CFL lamps separate from the bulb, which
will help to change the bulb only at its life end.
In case of compact fluorescent lamps, their colour rendering index should be seen, we should
select lamps having CRI nearest to 100, which is best.
Linear fluorescent tubes are suitable for kitchen, bathroom, utility area select suitable styles and
lengths of these instead of incandescent lamps.
If incandescent lamps of large size are used for light focus, halogen lamps with a special reflector
may be used, replacing incandescent lamps, as they consume 40 to 50% less energy giving output
similar to incandescent lamps. Hence, they should be used for lighting of gardens and pathways.
Efficiency of lamps, whether incandescent or fluorescent goes on reducing up to life end hence we
should not wait till the lamps blows out it must be replaced by new one when it is observed that it is
giving less luminous output.
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16. Advantages of high frequency ballast :
• Instant light.
• Light in weight.
• Operates at low voltage.
• Power saving = 35 %.
• Power factor improvement.
• Heat output is negligible that reduces load on air-conditioning.
• Enhances life of lamp.
Advantages of electronic ballast over electric ballast :
• Instant light.
• Lighter in weight.
• 35 % power saving.
• Power factor improvement.
• Heat output is less.
• Operates at low voltage.
• Enhances life of lamp.
Electrical choke
17. (C) Using energy efficient luminaires :
• As explained previously, the incandescent lamps use only 5 to 10% of their energy to produce light
and the rest is wasted in developing heat, hence their luminous efficiency is low as 10 to 12 lumens /
watt.
• While the CFL or fluorescent lamps have a luminous efficiency of 40 to 50 lumens / watt, they are
available in different sizes and shapes and can suitably replace the incandescent lamps, in position
where they are required.
• Incandescent lamps of large capacity used for gardens, parks, roads, play grounds, flood lighting etc.
be replaced by halogen lamps, sodium vapour lamps or mercury vapour lamps having more luminous
efficiency.
Criteria for selecting energy efficient lamps (replacement option) :
• While replacing the lamps by higher energy efficiency, we must ensure that the required current rendering
(CRI) is maintained, otherwise it has an adverse effect on the quality and rate of work output. Also the cost
involved must also be considered.
• By any lighting method, electrical and mechanical accidents should be less.
• The glare to human eyes should be less by any lighting method.
• By proper selection of lighting method, surrounding conditions should be pleasant to every body. Energy
efficient lamps → CFL, LEDs.
18. D) Using light controlled gears :
•Generally, the outside lighting is made on and off at particular time of the day irrespective
of the requirement.
•However, the wastage of such energy when it is not required can be saved by using light
sensors i.e. a device that will use photoelectric controls, which will make the circuit on or off.
•When the illumination level goes below a particular level or when it goes above a particular
level. So that wastage of energy can be saved.
•Use of controlled switches may be made in the wiring system, so that when necessary high
capacity bulbs may be made on and when low illumination is required, less capacity bulbs
can be used.
•Only a particular bulb can be kept on and other can be made off when not required giving
much more saving in energy.
•Using light control gear :
1.Install a microprocessor / infra-red controlled dimming or switching.
2.Movement detectors / lighting sensors used feed signals to the controller.
3.Optimum use of day lighting in combination with electric lighting.
4.Installation of exclusive transformer for lighting (this reduces voltage related problems).
5.This increases lighting efficiency.
6.Install high frequency (HF) electronic ballast in place of conventional ballasts, this saves
35% energy.
19. (E) By installation of separate transformer/servo stabilizer for
lighting :
The luminous efficiency of lamps depends upon the voltage applied across its terminals.
It gives its best output at rated voltage Small reduction in applied voltage greatly reduces
its luminous output.
When it is necessary that the voltage applied across them is properly maintained constant.
This can be achieved by installing a transformer sub - station near the load so that
variation in voltage will be negligible.
However to such sub-stations different categories of loads are connected, which may act
in such a way that there may be sudden voltage drop taken place and when such loads are
made off, it may result in sudden rise of voltage, which will certainly affect on the luminous
efficiency of the lamps.
To obtain constant luminous output in particular installation it is necessary to stabilize the
voltage.
Hence for such purposes servo stabilizers are connected in the system of such premises,
which will maintain the voltage constant in that installation for giving best luminous
efficiency of lamps.
To obtain constant luminous output in particular installation , it is necessary to
stabilize the voltage. Hence such purposes, servo-stabilizers are connected in the system of
such premises which will maintain the voltage constant in that installation for giving best
luminous efficiency of lamps. maintenance programs.
20. F) Periodic survey and adequate maintenance programs :
Depreciation in lumen output of the lamp occurs with time due to
blackening of lamp , evaporation element material or reduction of electron
emitting materials from fluorescent tube etc. The actual amount of light to
be provided by the source is greater by 50 to 100% on account of
depositing on the reflector surfaces.
Hence, a periodic survey is necessary for a particular installation , in which
we have to clean all shade lamps, surface of lamps and remove dirt, dust
etc. accumulated on the surface inter and outer of shades and outer
surfaces of lamps etc.
See that blackening of lamps at the electrodes of fluorescent lamps has
taken place or not if it is observed replaced them by new ones. If the lamps
are in use for long time do not wait for blowing out, replace for better
luminous efficiency.