The document discusses the significance of energy-efficient transformers in reducing power loss within electrical distribution systems, which contributes substantially to total transmission and distribution losses. It highlights various types of transformers, including amorphous metal transformers and cast resin transformers, each designed with materials that enhance efficiency. The document also emphasizes the importance of upgrading lighting systems and utilizing technology such as electronic ballasts and light control systems to achieve better energy conservation in lighting applications.

2. INTRODUCTION :-
In a typical power distribution grid, electric transformer
power loss typically contributes to about 40-50% of the total
transmission and distribution loss. Energy efficient
transformers are therefore an important means to reduce
transmission and distribution loss.With the improvement of
electrical steel (silicon steel) properties, the losses of a
transformer in 2010 can be half that of a similar transformer
in the 1970s.[citation needed] With new magnetic materials,
it is possible to achieve even higher efficiency. The
amorphous metal transformer is a modern example.

3. What Is an Energy Efficient Transformers :-
A transformer is an electrical device which transfers electrical energy from one
electrical circuit to another. While ordinary transformers cost a substantial amount of
power loss to a line, resulting in roughly 40 to 50 percent of all transmission and
distribution losses, an energy efficient transformer is designed to be more efficient and
reduce the amount of power loss that occurs when the energy is transferred. An energy
efficient transformer accomplishes this by using extremely conductive materials, including
electrical steel and easily magnetized materials.Transmission and distribution losses are
some of the biggest enemies to efficient power transfer in transformers. These losses are
natural losses of attrition which occur as electricity moves through the line. Much like a
dragging cloth along a piece of sandpaper, where tiny portions of the cloth will be snagged
during the process, some of the power flowing through a transformer is similarly
"snagged" and displaced by the substances through which it moves. The amount of
"snagging" that occurs is largely dependent on the conductivity of the materials through
which the electricity flows; highly conductive materials can pass a charge with much less
of a snagging effect.

4. TYPES OF TRANSFORMER:-
 AMORPHOUS TRANSFORMER
EPOXY RESIN COST TRANSFORMER / DRY TYPE OF
TRANSFORMER

5. An amorphous metal transformer (AMT) is a type of
energy efficient transformer found on electric grids.[1] The
magnetic core of this transformer ismade with a
ferromagnetic amorphous metal. The typical material
(Metglas) isan alloy of iron with boron, silicon, and
phosphorus in the form of thin (e.g. 25 µm) foils rapidly
cooled from melt. These materials have high magnetic
susceptibility, very low coercivity and high electrical
resistance. The high resistance and thin foils lead to low
losses by eddy currentswhen subjected to alternating
magnetic fields. On the downside amorphous alloys have
a lower saturation induction and often a higher
magnetostriction compared to conventional crystalline
iron-silicon electrical steel.
AMORPHOUS TRANSFORMER:-

6. What is a Cast Resin Transformer?
A cast resin transformer is a static machine (without moving parts) designed
to lower or raise voltage levels and galvanically separate those 2 voltage
levels. Its windings are encapsulated in cast resin, and are cooled by natural
air or forced ventilation, all safely without affecting the frequency, and
require very little maintenance.
Cast resin transformers are usually installed in medium voltage, for all types
of solutions: auxiliary services of electrical systems, substations, large
factories or industrial plants, institution buildings, schools, shopping centers,
residential energy supply and many other uses.
They are considered the most important electrical equipment in any
electrical system, due to their function and cost, this is the reason why they
mustbe protected to guarantee their operation and extend their life to
máximum. We are experts manufacturing digital protection relays for cast
resin transformers with hundreds of thousands of units distributed in a large
number of countries, click on the following link to learn about our solution
to protect cast resin transformers:
Relay for Cast Resin Transformer: Control temperature rise.

7. Cast Resin Dry Type Specification:-
A dry type transformer is a transformer that does not use liquid as insulation for its
winding or core. Instead the windings and core are kept within a sealed cast
epoxy resin.
Cast resin dry type transformers are used in high moisture areas. Itis because its
primary and secondary windings are encapsulated with epoxy resin (non
hygroscopic). The encapsulation prevents moisture from penetrating the winding.
Available power 25 KVA to 12,500 KVA. with an insulation class of F (90oC Temp.
Rise).
This type of transformer has some featured advantages. They are Better over load
capacity.
Low partial discharge along with low loss. Hence efficiency is very good. As it is
with non inflammable winding insulation, it offers zero risk to fire hazard. So it is
suitable for indoorinstallation.
Can be fitted outdoor in IP 45 enclosure.
And off course non hygroscopic.
This type of transformer has several advantages. They are-
High mechanical strength.
Void free insulation.
No temperature fluctuation.
Easy maintenance.
Lessprone to fire hazard.

8. Certainly there are several reasons, a number of pros and cons
to improve energy efficiency. Theoretically, with the magic formula
ceteris paribus, the pros prevail and the experience from developed
countries confirms this in practice as well. Transition economies have a
chance to either improve or introduce energy efficiency, and despite
the fact that the obstacles and negatives exist, EE has a great
potential, which should be utilized. Whilst an increase in energy
efficiency investment can generate economic and business
opportunities, it cannot be done unless there is an effective institutional
mechanism to provide financing as well as technological inputs.
CONCLUSION:-

9. THANK YOU

10. SHRI SAI POLYTECHNIC,CHANDRAPUR
ELECTRICAL ENGG. DEPT.

11. Energy
Conservation
Techniques
in
Lighting
System
Replacing Lamp
Resources
Electric chokes / starters / ballast
Using energy efficient
luminaires
Using light controlled
gears
By installation of separate
transformer/servo
stabilizer for lighting
Periodic survey and
adequate maintenance
programs

12. (A) By replacing lamp sources :
The lamp sources used for lighting are :
1. Filament lamps
2. Fluorescent lamp. While following types of lamps are mostly used for street
lighting, factories etc.
3. Mercury vapour lamp.
4. Sodium vapour lamp.

13.  Halogen lamps can be used for public halls, factories studios, play grounds, car parking purposes
etc.
 When we consider general lighting system, then mostly filament lamps or fluorescent lamp i.e. tube
lights are mostly used.
 Filament lamps are more sensitive to voltage variation. A small reduction in voltage reduces its
luminous output greatly, while a small increase in voltage increases its output but at the same time
reduces its life
 The same variations in case of fluorescent lamps are comparatively less.
 The luminous output of filament lamps goes on reducing with usage, which is due to slow
vapourisation of the lamp filament and partly due to black deposit formed inside the lamp.
 In case of fluorescent lamps a change of ±1% of the supply voltage produces a change of about ± 1% in
luminous output.
 The increase or decrease in voltage reduces lamp life, with increase voltage heating effect of
electrodes is increases and they loose electron emissive material by evaporation.
 With reduced voltage, the current reduces causing sputtering at the electrodes reducing their life.
 The luminous output of incandescent lamps of 40 watt is nearly 10 lumens / watt while that of 40
watt fluorescent tube or lamp is nearly 40-50 lumens watt.
 Hence, replace incandescent lamps by fluorescent lamps of proper size.
 Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) of smaller wattage will provide same illumination.
 Life of CFL lamps is nearly 10 to 15 times more than ordinary incandescent lamps.
 Energy consumption can still further be reduced by using electronic ballasts instead of
electromagnetic ballast.

14. Lamp Replaced by
i. Incandescent → Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL).
ii. Conventional fluorescent lamp → Energy efficient fluorescent lamp.
iii. Mercury vapour or sodium vapour lamp → Halide lamp.
iv. HPMV lamp → HPSV lamp.
v. Filament lamps on panels → LED .
C
FL
HPMV Lamp
HallideL
amp

15. B) Electric chokes / starters / ballast:-
 Saving can be achieved by selecting a ballast base for the CFL lamps separate from the bulb, which
will help to change the bulb only at its life end.
 In case of compact fluorescent lamps, their colour rendering index should be seen, we should
select lamps having CRI nearest to 100, which is best.
 Linear fluorescent tubes are suitable for kitchen, bathroom, utility area select suitable styles and
lengths of these instead of incandescent lamps.
 If incandescent lamps of large size are used for light focus, halogen lamps with a special reflector
may be used, replacing incandescent lamps, as they consume 40 to 50% less energy giving output
similar to incandescent lamps. Hence, they should be used for lighting of gardens and pathways.
 Efficiency of lamps, whether incandescent or fluorescent goes on reducing up to life end hence we
should not wait till the lamps blows out it must be replaced by new one when it is observed that it is
giving less luminous output.
C
hokeandS
tarter

16. Advantages of high frequency ballast :
• Instant light.
• Light in weight.
• Operates at low voltage.
• Power saving = 35 %.
• Power factor improvement.
• Heat output is negligible that reduces load on air-conditioning.
• Enhances life of lamp.
Advantages of electronic ballast over electric ballast :
• Instant light.
• Lighter in weight.
• 35 % power saving.
• Power factor improvement.
• Heat output is less.
• Operates at low voltage.
• Enhances life of lamp.
Electrical choke

17. (C) Using energy efficient luminaires :
• As explained previously, the incandescent lamps use only 5 to 10% of their energy to produce light
and the rest is wasted in developing heat, hence their luminous efficiency is low as 10 to 12 lumens /
watt.
• While the CFL or fluorescent lamps have a luminous efficiency of 40 to 50 lumens / watt, they are
available in different sizes and shapes and can suitably replace the incandescent lamps, in position
where they are required.
• Incandescent lamps of large capacity used for gardens, parks, roads, play grounds, flood lighting etc.
be replaced by halogen lamps, sodium vapour lamps or mercury vapour lamps having more luminous
efficiency.
Criteria for selecting energy efficient lamps (replacement option) :
• While replacing the lamps by higher energy efficiency, we must ensure that the required current rendering
(CRI) is maintained, otherwise it has an adverse effect on the quality and rate of work output. Also the cost
involved must also be considered.
• By any lighting method, electrical and mechanical accidents should be less.
• The glare to human eyes should be less by any lighting method.
• By proper selection of lighting method, surrounding conditions should be pleasant to every body. Energy
efficient lamps → CFL, LEDs.

18. D) Using light controlled gears :
•Generally, the outside lighting is made on and off at particular time of the day irrespective
of the requirement.
•However, the wastage of such energy when it is not required can be saved by using light
sensors i.e. a device that will use photoelectric controls, which will make the circuit on or off.
•When the illumination level goes below a particular level or when it goes above a particular
level. So that wastage of energy can be saved.
•Use of controlled switches may be made in the wiring system, so that when necessary high
capacity bulbs may be made on and when low illumination is required, less capacity bulbs
can be used.
•Only a particular bulb can be kept on and other can be made off when not required giving
much more saving in energy.
•Using light control gear :
1.Install a microprocessor / infra-red controlled dimming or switching.
2.Movement detectors / lighting sensors used feed signals to the controller.
3.Optimum use of day lighting in combination with electric lighting.
4.Installation of exclusive transformer for lighting (this reduces voltage related problems).
5.This increases lighting efficiency.
6.Install high frequency (HF) electronic ballast in place of conventional ballasts, this saves
35% energy.

19. (E) By installation of separate transformer/servo stabilizer for
lighting :
 The luminous efficiency of lamps depends upon the voltage applied across its terminals.
 It gives its best output at rated voltage Small reduction in applied voltage greatly reduces
its luminous output.
 When it is necessary that the voltage applied across them is properly maintained constant.
This can be achieved by installing a transformer sub - station near the load so that
variation in voltage will be negligible.
 However to such sub-stations different categories of loads are connected, which may act
in such a way that there may be sudden voltage drop taken place and when such loads are
made off, it may result in sudden rise of voltage, which will certainly affect on the luminous
efficiency of the lamps.
 To obtain constant luminous output in particular installation it is necessary to stabilize the
voltage.
 Hence for such purposes servo stabilizers are connected in the system of such premises,
which will maintain the voltage constant in that installation for giving best luminous
efficiency of lamps.
To obtain constant luminous output in particular installation , it is necessary to
stabilize the voltage. Hence such purposes, servo-stabilizers are connected in the system of
such premises which will maintain the voltage constant in that installation for giving best
luminous efficiency of lamps. maintenance programs.

20. F) Periodic survey and adequate maintenance programs :
 Depreciation in lumen output of the lamp occurs with time due to
blackening of lamp , evaporation element material or reduction of electron
emitting materials from fluorescent tube etc. The actual amount of light to
be provided by the source is greater by 50 to 100% on account of
depositing on the reflector surfaces.
 Hence, a periodic survey is necessary for a particular installation , in which
we have to clean all shade lamps, surface of lamps and remove dirt, dust
etc. accumulated on the surface inter and outer of shades and outer
surfaces of lamps etc.
 See that blackening of lamps at the electrodes of fluorescent lamps has
taken place or not if it is observed replaced them by new ones. If the lamps
are in use for long time do not wait for blowing out, replace for better
luminous efficiency.