This document provides a history of the development of cinema from the 17th century through the early 20th century. It describes the precursors to motion pictures like dioramas, stereoscopes, and zoetropes. Important early inventions like the kinetoscope, bioscope, and cinematographe are also outlined. The document then focuses on the development of the American film industry in the late 19th/early 20th century including the rise of nickelodeons, studios, and the independent movement that challenged patent control by companies like Edison's.
This document summarizes the history and development of movies from the novelty stage through Eadweard Muybridge's pioneering work with multiple cameras to capture animal motion, to the entrepreneurial stage with Edison's creation of early movie technologies. It then discusses the rise of the studio system in Hollywood and how studios gained control over production, distribution and exhibition. Finally, it briefly discusses more recent transformations including the shift to digital formats.
Adv4 m the invention and early years of cinema part iccharters27
The document discusses the key technological developments that enabled the invention of cinema in the late 19th century, including persistence of vision, photography, film projection, and the work of inventors like Edison, the Lumiere Brothers, and Melies who developed early cameras and projectors. Early films were typically actualities showing everyday events, though some filmmakers like Melies began experimenting with narrative films and special effects. The foundations laid in cinema's early decades paved the way for its growth into a major industry.
Film and cinema have developed significantly since the late 19th century. The kinetoscope, invented in 1891, was the first device to display moving images but could only be viewed by one person at a time. In 1894, the phantoscope was invented, allowing for the first public projections of films. The Lumiere brothers' 1895 cinématographe was a more portable projector that helped popularize moving pictures. By the early 1900s, narrative films like The Great Train Robbery emerged, and sound was introduced to films with The Jazz Singer in 1927. Major developments in the 1970s included the rise of the blockbuster film and higher budgets, exemplified by the highest-grossing film of all time, Avatar
This document provides a history of film editing from its early beginnings to modern practices. It discusses how the earliest films had very little editing due to limitations in technology. As technology advanced throughout the 20th century, editing became more sophisticated and helped filmmakers tell stories in new ways, as pioneered by directors like D.W. Griffith. The document also profiles some of the key figures and inventions that helped develop film editing into the technique used widely in the film industry today.
Here are the key points each group should cover in their 10 minute presentation on their assigned broadcast system:
- Provide a brief history of how and when the system was developed
- Explain in detail how the technical process works from content creation to transmission and reception
- Identify the main pros and cons of the system in terms of picture/sound quality, accessibility, costs for viewers and broadcasters, etc.
- Include relevant visual examples like diagrams, screenshots or video clips to illustrate your explanations
- Conclude by summarizing the significance and role of the system in today's media landscape
- Be prepared after the presentation to answer questions from others on your assigned topic
The Lumiere Brothers were Auguste and Louis Lumiere, two French brothers who were technical innovators in photography and film. After seeing Thomas Edison's Kinetoscope, they set out to create a device that overcame its limitations of only allowing one viewer at a time. By 1895, they had invented the Cinematographe, a much smaller hand-cranked device that could both film and project movies, establishing the standard film rate of 16 frames per second. The Cinematographe was a major improvement over Edison's Kinetoscope and is credited with inventing the foundation of modern cinematography.
The Lumiere Brothers were Auguste and Louis Lumiere, two French brothers who were technical innovators in photography and film. After seeing Thomas Edison's Kinetoscope, they set out to create a device that overcame its limitations of only allowing one viewer at a time. By 1895, they had invented the Cinematographe, a much smaller hand-cranked device that could both film and project movies, establishing the standard of 16 frames per second. The Cinematographe was a major improvement over Edison's Kinetoscope and is credited with inventing the basis of modern cinematography.
The Lumiere Brothers were Auguste and Louis Lumiere, two French brothers who were technical innovators in photography and film. After seeing Thomas Edison's Kinetoscope, they set out to create a device that overcame its limitations of only allowing one viewer at a time. By 1895, they had invented the Cinematographe, a much smaller hand-cranked device that could both film and project movies, establishing the standard of 16 frames per second. The Cinematographe is credited as a major invention in the history of film.
This document summarizes the history and development of movies from the novelty stage through Eadweard Muybridge's pioneering work with multiple cameras to capture animal motion, to the entrepreneurial stage with Edison's creation of early movie technologies. It then discusses the rise of the studio system in Hollywood and how studios gained control over production, distribution and exhibition. Finally, it briefly discusses more recent transformations including the shift to digital formats.
Adv4 m the invention and early years of cinema part iccharters27
The document discusses the key technological developments that enabled the invention of cinema in the late 19th century, including persistence of vision, photography, film projection, and the work of inventors like Edison, the Lumiere Brothers, and Melies who developed early cameras and projectors. Early films were typically actualities showing everyday events, though some filmmakers like Melies began experimenting with narrative films and special effects. The foundations laid in cinema's early decades paved the way for its growth into a major industry.
Film and cinema have developed significantly since the late 19th century. The kinetoscope, invented in 1891, was the first device to display moving images but could only be viewed by one person at a time. In 1894, the phantoscope was invented, allowing for the first public projections of films. The Lumiere brothers' 1895 cinématographe was a more portable projector that helped popularize moving pictures. By the early 1900s, narrative films like The Great Train Robbery emerged, and sound was introduced to films with The Jazz Singer in 1927. Major developments in the 1970s included the rise of the blockbuster film and higher budgets, exemplified by the highest-grossing film of all time, Avatar
This document provides a history of film editing from its early beginnings to modern practices. It discusses how the earliest films had very little editing due to limitations in technology. As technology advanced throughout the 20th century, editing became more sophisticated and helped filmmakers tell stories in new ways, as pioneered by directors like D.W. Griffith. The document also profiles some of the key figures and inventions that helped develop film editing into the technique used widely in the film industry today.
Here are the key points each group should cover in their 10 minute presentation on their assigned broadcast system:
- Provide a brief history of how and when the system was developed
- Explain in detail how the technical process works from content creation to transmission and reception
- Identify the main pros and cons of the system in terms of picture/sound quality, accessibility, costs for viewers and broadcasters, etc.
- Include relevant visual examples like diagrams, screenshots or video clips to illustrate your explanations
- Conclude by summarizing the significance and role of the system in today's media landscape
- Be prepared after the presentation to answer questions from others on your assigned topic
The Lumiere Brothers were Auguste and Louis Lumiere, two French brothers who were technical innovators in photography and film. After seeing Thomas Edison's Kinetoscope, they set out to create a device that overcame its limitations of only allowing one viewer at a time. By 1895, they had invented the Cinematographe, a much smaller hand-cranked device that could both film and project movies, establishing the standard film rate of 16 frames per second. The Cinematographe was a major improvement over Edison's Kinetoscope and is credited with inventing the foundation of modern cinematography.
The Lumiere Brothers were Auguste and Louis Lumiere, two French brothers who were technical innovators in photography and film. After seeing Thomas Edison's Kinetoscope, they set out to create a device that overcame its limitations of only allowing one viewer at a time. By 1895, they had invented the Cinematographe, a much smaller hand-cranked device that could both film and project movies, establishing the standard of 16 frames per second. The Cinematographe was a major improvement over Edison's Kinetoscope and is credited with inventing the basis of modern cinematography.
The Lumiere Brothers were Auguste and Louis Lumiere, two French brothers who were technical innovators in photography and film. After seeing Thomas Edison's Kinetoscope, they set out to create a device that overcame its limitations of only allowing one viewer at a time. By 1895, they had invented the Cinematographe, a much smaller hand-cranked device that could both film and project movies, establishing the standard of 16 frames per second. The Cinematographe is credited as a major invention in the history of film.
This document provides a history of film editing from its early beginnings to modern practices. It discusses how the earliest films had very little editing due to limitations in technology. As technology advanced, editing became more sophisticated, allowing filmmakers to cut between different shots and locations. The document outlines the contributions of early innovators like the Lumiere Brothers, Edwin Porter, and D.W. Griffith and how their experiments with editing techniques influenced modern cinema. It also provides useful background on the origins of editing tools like the Moviola.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the movie industry. It discusses early movie technologies from the late 19th century and the establishment of the first movie studios in Hollywood in the early 20th century. It then summarizes the golden age of Hollywood in the 1930s-40s and how the industry adapted to new technologies and media over time, including television, VCRs, DVDs, and online distribution methods. Finally, it outlines some of the key components and roles within the modern movie production and distribution process and some common controversies involving movie content.
This document provides an overview of film, including its history, production process, associated fields like criticism and theory, and the film industry. It discusses how film developed from early visual devices like zoetropes into a global art form and business. Key aspects covered include how films are made up of frames to create the illusion of motion, the cultural impact of films, and how large-scale production involves many steps and financing.
The document provides a timeline of key developments in photography technology from 1790 to 1975. It describes early inventions like the camera and collodion process in the 1800s. Major innovations included roll film by George Eastman in 1884; the Brownie box camera in 1900, making photography widely accessible; and the first 35mm camera by Oskar Barnack in 1913. Later, Edwin Land invented instant photography with Polaroid in 1948 and Steve Sasson created the first digital camera in 1975. The evolution of more portable and automated cameras expanded the field of photojournalism over time.
The 1880s saw the beginnings of moving image technology as inventors worked to capture and project moving pictures. Thomas Edison patented early motion picture devices like the Kinetoscope in the late 1880s. In the 1890s, the Lumiere Brothers developed the Cinematographe, which could both film and project movies. Meanwhile, inventors and showmen in England also pioneered early cinema technology and exhibition. This laid the foundation for the development of motion pictures into the 20th century.
Adv4 m the invention and early years of cinema part iiccharters27
The document discusses the early development of cinema in the 1910s. Key developments included the rise of the studio system in Hollywood, the establishment of vertical integration between production, distribution, and exhibition companies, and the emergence of genres like westerns, comedies, and epics. This period also saw the origins of techniques like continuity editing and the star system that became defining aspects of classical Hollywood cinema.
This presentation was designed for a high school film production class - it provides a visual accompaniment to a lecture on Film History. This module covers the period from the beginnings of photography through the early days of exhibition. Projectors and projection techniques are featured.
In 2020 as a result of the Coronavirus Pandemic, I recorded a video of this presentation. Here is the link:https://youtu.be/GQuJJ8QkHQE Please feel free to use it in your classrooms.
The document summarizes the history of animation techniques from early pioneers like the Lumiere Brothers to modern digital applications. It covers techniques such as cel animation, where drawings are made on transparent sheets and combined with backgrounds; rotoscoping, where animators trace over filmed scenes; drawn on film, where animations are drawn directly onto film stock; and clay animation, which uses plasticine clay figures manipulated in stop motion. Pioneering devices discussed include the zoetrope, flipbook, and kinetoscope, precursors to modern movie projectors.
Belton Chapter 1 The Emergence of Cinema as an InstitutionProfMartilli
The cinema emerged as a major American institution in the early 20th century. Movies became the most popular form of entertainment, with 80-90 million Americans attending weekly in lavish movie palaces resembling cathedrals. The development of narrative films and star system transformed cinema into a unifying national pastime. By the 1950s, cinema had evolved into a mature institution catering to changing audiences in the modern era.
This chapter provides an overview of the history and development of the motion picture industry from its origins in the late 19th century through modern digital filmmaking. Key points include: the major studios dominated Hollywood from the 1930s-1950s; television greatly impacted the film industry in the 1950s by capturing much of its audience; and the transition to digital technology is transforming film production, distribution, and exhibition. The chapter also describes the organizational structure and economics of the modern movie industry.
Early Hollywood cinema developed from vaudeville shows and variety acts in the late 1800s. [1] Thomas Edison and the Lumiere Brothers were pioneers who developed early film technologies and made some of the first films in the 1890s. [2] Edison's films were more static, while the Lumiere Brothers shot films on location with camera movement. [3] Georges Melies pioneered special effects and fantasy films at the turn of the 20th century. Directors like Edwin Porter and D.W. Griffith then advanced narrative film techniques and helped establish conventions like parallel editing.
The document provides a brief history of the development of films from the late 19th century through the early 20th century. It describes key early inventions and innovators that advanced film technology and the art of moviemaking, including the zoopraxiscope, chronophotography, early cameras, the kinetoscope, the cinematograph, and some of the first publicly screened films including Workers Leaving the Lumiere Factory and A Trip to the Moon. The development of film in these early decades was driven by inventors and technological advances rather than by artists.
This document provides a timeline and overview of the history of film from 1888 to present day. It begins with the early developments in cinema from 1888-1897 which saw important inventions and demonstrations from Edison, the Lumiere Brothers, and others. It then discusses some notable directors and films from 1898-1905 and the career of Charlie Chaplin in the 1910s. The document also summarizes the French New Wave movement, director Francois Truffaut, and provides brief biographies of Ridley Scott, Tim Burton, and Ashvin Kumar. It concludes with information about prominent short film festivals around the world.
The document provides a history of the development of motion pictures from the 19th century through the early 20th century. It describes key early inventions and technologies that led to motion pictures like the magic lantern, zoetrope, and kinetoscope. Thomas Edison developed the kinetoscope, one of the first motion picture viewing devices, and opened one of the first movie studios. The Lumiere brothers then developed the cinematographe and began producing their own films. Other early innovators mentioned include Eadward Muybridge, Etienne Marey, and Auguste Melies. Edison engaged in patent wars to control the emerging film industry which stalled its growth for a few years.
The document provides a history of the film industry from its early origins to the development of movie studios and distribution networks. It describes key innovations like the kinetoscope, cinematographe, and magic lanterns that helped evolve motion pictures. Pioneers like the Lumiere brothers, Edison, Dickson, and Melies are credited with inventing early film technologies and establishing some of the first movie production studios. However, Edison's attempts to assert broad patent control through lawsuits also stalled the growth of the industry for a few years.
The camera has evolved significantly over hundreds of years. The first pinhole camera was invented in the 1500s, while the first lens camera was created in 1558. Major developments include the first portable camera obscura in the 1660s, the first permanent photograph in 1829, and the first practical photographic process in 1839. Modern photography began in the late 1880s with roll film and Kodak cameras, while the first digital camera was created in 1975. Camera technology has advanced from single-use to SLR models with interchangeable lenses and digital capabilities.
NewhouseSU COM 107 Communications and Society #NH1074Ward - Ch. 6 SlideshowDr. William J. Ward
1) Technology has greatly impacted the movie industry since its inception, from the invention of celluloid to advancements like 3D.
2) The Hollywood studio system rose to power in the 1920s through practices like block booking and vertical integration that dominated the industry.
3) Television posed a challenge to Hollywood in the 1950s, leading studios to adapt through new technologies and genres, though they remain a major force today through consolidation and blockbuster hits.
This document provides a history of cinema and discusses important developments and innovations in the medium. It covers the early innovations that enabled motion pictures, pioneers like Méliès and Griffith who developed editing techniques, experimental filmmakers like Dalí and Buñuel. It also summarizes the introduction of sound films and major directors from various countries, the rise of special effects with digital technology, and the growth of video and digital art.
This document summarizes the history of film from its early inventions in the late 18th century through modern developments. It describes key early inventions like the first permanent photograph in 1826 and Thomas Edison inventing the Kinetoscope in 1889. The 1920s saw the transition to sound films with The Jazz Singer in 1927 containing the first spoken dialogue. Major studios formed and the blockbuster trend emerged in the 1970s with Jaws. Recent decades saw the rise of home video, cable TV, and independent films gaining mainstream success with films like The Blair Witch Project.
by: Omurov Adilet
https://www.instagram.com/omurovv_/
I take from one guy from prezi; https://prezi.com/z64oshk_qau0/movie-industry-presentation/ this is the PREZI type
I did in power point
This document provides a history of film editing from its early beginnings to modern practices. It discusses how the earliest films had very little editing due to limitations in technology. As technology advanced, editing became more sophisticated, allowing filmmakers to cut between different shots and locations. The document outlines the contributions of early innovators like the Lumiere Brothers, Edwin Porter, and D.W. Griffith and how their experiments with editing techniques influenced modern cinema. It also provides useful background on the origins of editing tools like the Moviola.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the movie industry. It discusses early movie technologies from the late 19th century and the establishment of the first movie studios in Hollywood in the early 20th century. It then summarizes the golden age of Hollywood in the 1930s-40s and how the industry adapted to new technologies and media over time, including television, VCRs, DVDs, and online distribution methods. Finally, it outlines some of the key components and roles within the modern movie production and distribution process and some common controversies involving movie content.
This document provides an overview of film, including its history, production process, associated fields like criticism and theory, and the film industry. It discusses how film developed from early visual devices like zoetropes into a global art form and business. Key aspects covered include how films are made up of frames to create the illusion of motion, the cultural impact of films, and how large-scale production involves many steps and financing.
The document provides a timeline of key developments in photography technology from 1790 to 1975. It describes early inventions like the camera and collodion process in the 1800s. Major innovations included roll film by George Eastman in 1884; the Brownie box camera in 1900, making photography widely accessible; and the first 35mm camera by Oskar Barnack in 1913. Later, Edwin Land invented instant photography with Polaroid in 1948 and Steve Sasson created the first digital camera in 1975. The evolution of more portable and automated cameras expanded the field of photojournalism over time.
The 1880s saw the beginnings of moving image technology as inventors worked to capture and project moving pictures. Thomas Edison patented early motion picture devices like the Kinetoscope in the late 1880s. In the 1890s, the Lumiere Brothers developed the Cinematographe, which could both film and project movies. Meanwhile, inventors and showmen in England also pioneered early cinema technology and exhibition. This laid the foundation for the development of motion pictures into the 20th century.
Adv4 m the invention and early years of cinema part iiccharters27
The document discusses the early development of cinema in the 1910s. Key developments included the rise of the studio system in Hollywood, the establishment of vertical integration between production, distribution, and exhibition companies, and the emergence of genres like westerns, comedies, and epics. This period also saw the origins of techniques like continuity editing and the star system that became defining aspects of classical Hollywood cinema.
This presentation was designed for a high school film production class - it provides a visual accompaniment to a lecture on Film History. This module covers the period from the beginnings of photography through the early days of exhibition. Projectors and projection techniques are featured.
In 2020 as a result of the Coronavirus Pandemic, I recorded a video of this presentation. Here is the link:https://youtu.be/GQuJJ8QkHQE Please feel free to use it in your classrooms.
The document summarizes the history of animation techniques from early pioneers like the Lumiere Brothers to modern digital applications. It covers techniques such as cel animation, where drawings are made on transparent sheets and combined with backgrounds; rotoscoping, where animators trace over filmed scenes; drawn on film, where animations are drawn directly onto film stock; and clay animation, which uses plasticine clay figures manipulated in stop motion. Pioneering devices discussed include the zoetrope, flipbook, and kinetoscope, precursors to modern movie projectors.
Belton Chapter 1 The Emergence of Cinema as an InstitutionProfMartilli
The cinema emerged as a major American institution in the early 20th century. Movies became the most popular form of entertainment, with 80-90 million Americans attending weekly in lavish movie palaces resembling cathedrals. The development of narrative films and star system transformed cinema into a unifying national pastime. By the 1950s, cinema had evolved into a mature institution catering to changing audiences in the modern era.
This chapter provides an overview of the history and development of the motion picture industry from its origins in the late 19th century through modern digital filmmaking. Key points include: the major studios dominated Hollywood from the 1930s-1950s; television greatly impacted the film industry in the 1950s by capturing much of its audience; and the transition to digital technology is transforming film production, distribution, and exhibition. The chapter also describes the organizational structure and economics of the modern movie industry.
Early Hollywood cinema developed from vaudeville shows and variety acts in the late 1800s. [1] Thomas Edison and the Lumiere Brothers were pioneers who developed early film technologies and made some of the first films in the 1890s. [2] Edison's films were more static, while the Lumiere Brothers shot films on location with camera movement. [3] Georges Melies pioneered special effects and fantasy films at the turn of the 20th century. Directors like Edwin Porter and D.W. Griffith then advanced narrative film techniques and helped establish conventions like parallel editing.
The document provides a brief history of the development of films from the late 19th century through the early 20th century. It describes key early inventions and innovators that advanced film technology and the art of moviemaking, including the zoopraxiscope, chronophotography, early cameras, the kinetoscope, the cinematograph, and some of the first publicly screened films including Workers Leaving the Lumiere Factory and A Trip to the Moon. The development of film in these early decades was driven by inventors and technological advances rather than by artists.
This document provides a timeline and overview of the history of film from 1888 to present day. It begins with the early developments in cinema from 1888-1897 which saw important inventions and demonstrations from Edison, the Lumiere Brothers, and others. It then discusses some notable directors and films from 1898-1905 and the career of Charlie Chaplin in the 1910s. The document also summarizes the French New Wave movement, director Francois Truffaut, and provides brief biographies of Ridley Scott, Tim Burton, and Ashvin Kumar. It concludes with information about prominent short film festivals around the world.
The document provides a history of the development of motion pictures from the 19th century through the early 20th century. It describes key early inventions and technologies that led to motion pictures like the magic lantern, zoetrope, and kinetoscope. Thomas Edison developed the kinetoscope, one of the first motion picture viewing devices, and opened one of the first movie studios. The Lumiere brothers then developed the cinematographe and began producing their own films. Other early innovators mentioned include Eadward Muybridge, Etienne Marey, and Auguste Melies. Edison engaged in patent wars to control the emerging film industry which stalled its growth for a few years.
The document provides a history of the film industry from its early origins to the development of movie studios and distribution networks. It describes key innovations like the kinetoscope, cinematographe, and magic lanterns that helped evolve motion pictures. Pioneers like the Lumiere brothers, Edison, Dickson, and Melies are credited with inventing early film technologies and establishing some of the first movie production studios. However, Edison's attempts to assert broad patent control through lawsuits also stalled the growth of the industry for a few years.
The camera has evolved significantly over hundreds of years. The first pinhole camera was invented in the 1500s, while the first lens camera was created in 1558. Major developments include the first portable camera obscura in the 1660s, the first permanent photograph in 1829, and the first practical photographic process in 1839. Modern photography began in the late 1880s with roll film and Kodak cameras, while the first digital camera was created in 1975. Camera technology has advanced from single-use to SLR models with interchangeable lenses and digital capabilities.
NewhouseSU COM 107 Communications and Society #NH1074Ward - Ch. 6 SlideshowDr. William J. Ward
1) Technology has greatly impacted the movie industry since its inception, from the invention of celluloid to advancements like 3D.
2) The Hollywood studio system rose to power in the 1920s through practices like block booking and vertical integration that dominated the industry.
3) Television posed a challenge to Hollywood in the 1950s, leading studios to adapt through new technologies and genres, though they remain a major force today through consolidation and blockbuster hits.
This document provides a history of cinema and discusses important developments and innovations in the medium. It covers the early innovations that enabled motion pictures, pioneers like Méliès and Griffith who developed editing techniques, experimental filmmakers like Dalí and Buñuel. It also summarizes the introduction of sound films and major directors from various countries, the rise of special effects with digital technology, and the growth of video and digital art.
This document summarizes the history of film from its early inventions in the late 18th century through modern developments. It describes key early inventions like the first permanent photograph in 1826 and Thomas Edison inventing the Kinetoscope in 1889. The 1920s saw the transition to sound films with The Jazz Singer in 1927 containing the first spoken dialogue. Major studios formed and the blockbuster trend emerged in the 1970s with Jaws. Recent decades saw the rise of home video, cable TV, and independent films gaining mainstream success with films like The Blair Witch Project.
by: Omurov Adilet
https://www.instagram.com/omurovv_/
I take from one guy from prezi; https://prezi.com/z64oshk_qau0/movie-industry-presentation/ this is the PREZI type
I did in power point
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2. Early Years
• 17th -18th century: Lantern slides
• 19th century saw vast proliferation of visual forms
of popular culture
• Industrial Era
• Books of photographs, illustrated fiction
3. Early Years
• Middle/working class:
• Visit circuses, amusement parks, music halls, theater
troupes, dioramas, stereoscopes
5. Stereoscopes
• Hand-held viewers that created three dimensional
effects by using oblong cards with two
photographs printed side by side
6. Pre-conditions for Motion
Pictures
• 1st: Scientists had to realize, the human eye will
perceive motion if a series of slightly different
images is placed before it in rapid succession-
minimally around 16 per second.
9. Pre-conditions for Motion
Pictures
• 2nd: these fast-moving images needed to be
projected on a surface
• 17th Century “magic lanterns” projecting glass
lantern slides (paintings illuminated by glass), but
couldn’t flash large numbers of images fast
enough to create illusion of motion.
11. Exposure
• the act of presenting rays of light to a
photosensitive surface.
• First photograph/frame had exposure time of 8
hours (1839)
• Motion pictures=split-second exposure
• This became feasible in 1878
12. Pre-conditions for Motion
Pictures
• 4th: Photographs needed to be printed on a base
flexible enough to be passed through a camera
rapidly.
• 1888: George Eastman devised a camera that
made photographs on rolls of thin paper. Kodak!
• The next year, he introduced transparent roll of
film creating a breakthrough in the move toward
cinema.
13. Pre-conditions of Motion
Picture
• 5th: Needed to find a suitable mechanism for
cameras and projectors.
• The camera: the film strip had to stop briefly while
light entered through the lens and exposed each
frame; a shutter then covered the film as another
frame moved into place.
14. Shutter
• a mechanical device for opening and closing the
aperture of a camera lens to expose film or the
like.
15. Aperture
• an opening, usually circular, that limits the quantity
of light that can enter an optical instrument.
16. Major Pre-cursors of Motion Picture
• Eadward Muybridge (1878) and the running horses
•Photographer
•Row of 12 cameras, each making an exposure in one-thousandth of a
Second.
•Lantern to project the images which were eventually drawings copied
from the photographs onto a revolving disk
See attached video.
17. Invention of the Motion
Picture
• Thomas Edison developed Kinetoscope in 1891
the first motion picture system (peep show in a
box)
• Scottish-English immigrant William Dixson joined
Edison’s team to help develop the technology that
would combine pictures and sound
• Looped in :30 vignettes, no story connecting them.
• Boxing Cats
18. Kinetoscope
• A phonograph inside the cabinet. The viewer would
look into the peep-holes of the Kinetoscope to watch
the motion picture while listening to the accompanying
phonograph through two rubber ear tubes connected
to the machine. The picture and sound were made
somewhat synchronous by connecting the two with a
belt
• 46 frames per second
20. The Bioscop
• Invented by Skladanowsky brothers
• Held two strips of 3 ½” film running side by side-
frames projected alternately
• 15 minute programs
• Too cumbersome
22. The Lumiere Brothers
• Invented a projection system that helped make
cinema a commercially viable enterprise
internationally!!
• Designed the “cinematographe”
• 35 mm film
• 16 frames per second
24. American Developments
• Edison’s Kinetoscope evolved into Vitascope (life
scope) October 1895
• Rough Sea at Dover
• Inventor, Thomas Armat created Vitascope and
Edison manufactured it.
• 1894: American Mutoscope Company
• 70 mm film that yielded larger, sharper images
25. American Developments
• 1897: 2 means of film exhibition
• Peep show devices for individual viewing
• Projection systems for audiences
• Types of cinema:
• Scenics, topicals and fiction films
27. Topicals
• News events, recreations of key occurrences in
studio
• Sinking of battleship Maine during Spanish-American
War (1898)
28. Fiction Films
• Brief staged scenes telling a story
• Some shot outdoors, but most shot in front of painted
backdrops
• 1904-became the industry’s main product
• Camera set up in one position and action unfolded in
one continuous take.
• No credits, music
• Provided live
• by the “exhibitor”
29. American Developments
• 1905- Admission to Nickelodeon (movie theater) = $.05-$.10
for a 15-60 minute production
• Audiences sat on benches, wooden seats
• Front display=hand painted signs
• Actors stood behind screen and spoke dialogue in
synchronization with the action on the screen
• Sound effects were made with noisemakers behind the
screen
• Warner Bros., Universal, Paramount, MGM got there start as
Nickelodeon exhibitors
31. American Cinema: Pre WWI
• Industry professionals focused on swiftly
expanding the demand for film in America
• Nickelodeon theaters were clustered in business
districts and working-class neighborhoods
• 1908 Nickelodeons were the main form of
exhibition
• Most films came from abroad
• Studio System born from the Nickelodeon boom
32. American Cinema: Pre-WWI
• Edison company vs. American Mutoscope and
Biograph
• Conflicts over camera patents and equipment licensing
distracted the two companies from the distribution
aspect.
• Two companies decided to cooperate-created Motion
Pictures Patent Company that owned and charged
licensing fees on key existing patents.
• Production companies had to pay MPPC licensing fees
in order to exist.
34. American Cinema: Pre-WWI
• MPPC limited number of foreign companies
• MPPC’s goal was to control all three aspects of
the industry: production, distribution and
exhibition.
• Only licensed companies could produce, distribute
and exhibit films=oligopoly
• Eastman Kodak only sold films to MPPC licensed
companies, etc.
35. Production
• The whole creative process involved in the making
of a film (shooting footage, set design, costume,
directing, editing, etc)
37. Exhibition
• The process of showing the film in theaters
• Exhibitors were those who owned and operated
theaters and were involved in the buying/renting
process of films.
38. Oligopoly
• When a small number of firms cooperate to
control the market.
• In the film industry, when any other unlicensed
firmed attempted to shoot, distribute, or exhibit a
film, MPPC would threatened to sue for patent
infringement.
• Monopoly: when one firm controls the market
39. American Cinema: Pre-WWI
• The independents fought back!!
• 6000 theaters agreed to pay the fees to MPPC
• 2000 refused
• A market for unlicensed producers and distributors
was created by these 2000
• This portion of the industry was identified as the
independents.
40. Independents
• A group of professionals in the film industry who
were not licensed through the MPPC to create,
distribute, and exhibit films.
41. American Cinema: Pre WWI
• The Independent Movement
• Independent Motion Picture Company, New York
Motion Picture Company
• These companies could rent films from European
companies that MPPC had shut out.
• To avoid patent infringement suits they claimed to be
using cameras that employed different mechanisms
than Edison’s.
42. American Cinema: Pre-WWI
• The MPPC retaliated and created the General Film Company in
1910 in an attempt to monopolize the distribution aspect of
filmmaking.
• GFC released ALL films made by MPPC producers.
• MPPC also hired detectives to investigate the Independents
claims in regards to mechanisms.
• MPPC lost a key suit where IMP claimed to be using a different
mechanism and after investigations, the court ruled that this
particular mechanism had been anticipated in earlier patents,
so therefore was not a violation
• This freed all independents from the fear of infringement law
suits!!!
43. American Cinema: Pre-WWI
• After key loss, MPCC suffered, and many
independents began banding together.
• It was during this time that the feature film length
was established AND it was the birth of the
Hollywood Studio System.