Dynamic Object Routing

2016 Storage Developer Conference. © Insert Your Company Name. All Rights Reserved.
Dynamic Object Routing
Balaji Ganesan
Bharat Boddu
Cloudian Inc.

About Cloudian
GLOBAL PRESENCE
HQ: San Mateo CA;
Offices in US, Japan, China, EMEA
TOP TECHNICAL TALENT
With deep experience in storage,
big data & enterprise software
BASED IN SILICON VALLEY
To tackle storage challenges created
by exponentially growing data
2011 90 Global
2© 2016 Cloudian, Inc. All rights reserved.

3
Why Object Storage
To the application user, the
logical “object” matters,
Not how it’s physically
stored (e.g., pieces,
versions, location).
© 2016 Cloudian, Inc. All rights reserved.

4
Object vs. File vs. Block Storage
Abstraction
Level
OBJECTS
FILES
BLOCKS
HTTP (S3)
Application
Level
OS User
Level
OS Kernel
Level
NAS (NFS, CIFS)
SAN (iSCSI)

1. Full Amazon S3 API Compatibility, including error codes.
2. Multi-datacenter, peer-to-peer architecture. No single point of failure.
3. Multi-tenant: QoS controls, billing, reporting by user and group.
4. Elastic Capacity: Small start and scale-out as needed.
5. Management/Monitoring Console or REST API
6. Easy to Deploy : Packaged software or Appliance
5
HyperStore System Overview
Object
Storage
User/
Administrator
Management
console
Application
S3 over HTTP

HyperStore Use Cases
Media
Content Store
Data
Analytics
Private
Cloud
File Distribution
& Sharing
Backup
Archive

7
Logical Architecture
Admin
Server
S3 Server
Authentication
Account & QoS
Reports
Applications
HTTP
REST
Management
Console
Data Store
(Cassandra)
Authentication
User
Management
Reports
Data Explorer
Cloudian Mgmt Console
HTTP/S (S3)
HTTP/SWeb
Browser
Cloudian HyperStore
Data Store
(Replicas)
Data Store
(Erasure
Coding)
HyperStore®
Manager

8
High-level System View
DNS Server
and/or Load Balancer
Object Storage Cluster

 Peer-to-peer system = no SPOF
 Distributed Everything = Data , Metadata, Configuration
9
Distributed & Elastic Geo Cluster
User Defined Location Affinity
DC1
DC2
Add Node <-> Auto Rebalance
Server <-> vNodes <-> Disks

ObjectId-MD5
Metadata
Data
ObjectId-
Timestamp
Objects In HyperStore
• Objects are immutable.
ObjectId-MD5
Metadata
Data
ObjectId-
Timestamp

Data Partitioning
• Each storage node in the cluster is randomly assigned a set
of tokens, which represents the nodes position on the ring.
• Each node stores objects whose tokens are between it’s
own token (including) and predecessor node token
(excluding).
• This region on the ring is also call Token Range or Virtual
Node (vNode)

12
vnodes
 Vnodes are mapped to physical disks. Then one disk failure only affects those
vnodes.
 Max 256 vnodes per physical node. No token management. Tokens randomly
assigned.
 Increased rebuild speed in case of disk or node failure
 Allows heterogeneous machines in a cluster
HyperStore
Node1
vNode vNode vNode
HyperStore
Node2
vNode vNode
HyperStore
Node3
vNode vNode vNode
vNode vNode vNode

Static Mapping Table
disk1
vNode-A1
vNode-A2
disk2
vNode-B1
vNode-B2
disk3
vNode-C1
vNode-C3

vNode-
A1
vNode-
A2
vNode-
B1
vNode-
B2
vNode-
C1
disk1 disk2 disk3 disk4 disk5
Problems With Static Mapping
 Uneven Disk Usage

vNode-
A1
vNode-
A2
vNode-
B1
vNode-
B2,B3
vNode-
C1
disk1 disk2 disk3 disk4 disk5disk4
Problems With Static Mapping
Complex Failure Handling
© 2016 Cloudian, Inc. All rights reserved. 15

• Use a tool to move data from heavily used disk to less used
disk.
• Tool needs to be run manually.
• Lot of data movement.
• Complex to recover from errors if data movement fails.
Initial Solution

• A routing table is used to determine object's storage
location.
• ObjectId-MD5 as well as its insertion timestamp is used to
determine the object's storage location.
• Each vNode is assigned initially to one of the available disks
and a routing table entry is created for that vNode with
timestamp 0.
• Periodically run checks on disks usage

• When a disk utilization is greater than overall average
utilization, then some vNode(s) are moved from this disk to
less utilized disk(s) and a new entry is added to routing
table.
• All new objects that map to the vNode will be stored in
new disk location. Existing objects will be accessed from old
disk location using the routing table.
• This method avoids unnecessary data movement.

vNode-A1
Time:0,disk:disk1
Time:T1,disk:disk2
vNode-A2
Time:0, disk:disk1
vNode-B1
Time:0,disk:disk2
Time:T1,
disk:disk3
vNode-C1
Time:0, disk:
disk3
Time:T1, disk:
disk4
Time:T, disk:
disk3
Routing Table

vNode-
A1
vNode-
A2
vNode-
B1
vNode-
B2,B3
vNode-
C1
disk1 disk2 disk3 disk4 disk5
Smart Disk Balancing

Adding Multiple Nodes
• Cluster size is expanded by adding a new node to it
• Objects are moved to newly added node to re-balance data
• If cluster size is in the order of PBs, huge time is spent in
data re-balance
• If multiple nodes added at once some objects need to be
moved multiple times.
• DOR can be used to eliminate redundant object movement
and reduce data re-balance time
• It also provides high availability while cluster is transitioning
through changes
• It can be used to find the node storing a given object at any
point of time.

A
BC
Token: 0
Token: 400Token: 750
Token: 50
Token Range (0, 400] with Replication Factor 3 is stored on Nodes {B, C, A} at T0
Example Cluster

A
B
Token: 0
Token: 400Token: 750
Token: 50
Token: 200X
Token: 600
Y
Token: 900 Z
C
Cluster State Changes

Token Range (0, 200]
B C A Time T0
X B C Time T1
X B Y Time T2
DOR For Cluster
Time T3X B YX

THANK YOU
CLOUDIAN HYPERSTORE
More Info, free trial, demo, PoC:
● www.cloudian.com
● @CloudianStorage
● www.facebook.com/cloudian.cloudstorage

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