Most biological flyers undergo orderly deformation in flight, and the deformations of wings lead to complex fluid-structure interactions. In this paper, an aerodynamic-structural coupling method of flapping wing is developed based on ANSYS to simulate the flapping of flexible wing.
Firstly, a three-dimensional model of the cicada’s wing is established. Then, numerical simulation method of unsteady flow field and structure calculation method of nonlinear large deformation are studied basing on Fluent module and Transient Structural module in ANSYS,
the examples are used to prove the validity of the method. Finally, Fluent module and Transient Structural module are connected through the System Coupling module to make a two-way fluidstructure Coupling computational framework. Comparing with the rigid wing of a cicada, the
coupling results of the flexible wing shows that the flexible deformation can increase the aerodynamic performances of flapping flight.
M.Goman et al (1993) - Aircraft Spin Prevention / Recovery Control SystemProject KRIT
М.Г.Гоман, А.В.Храмцовский, В.Л.Суханов, В.А.Сыроватский, К.А.Татарников «Система предотвращения попадания / вывода самолёта из штопора», доклад на 3-й российско-китайской научной конференции по аэродинамике и динамике полёта самолёта, Центральный Аэрогидродинамический институт (ЦАГИ), г.Жуковский, 1993 г., 14 стр.
M.Goman, A.Khramtsovsky, V.Soukhanov, V.Syrovatsky and K.Tatarnikov "Aircraft Spin Prevention/Recovery Control System", presented at the Third Russian-Chinese Scientific Conference on Aerodynamics and Flight Dynamics of Aircraft, Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI), Zhukovsky, Moscow region, Russia, November 9-12, 1993, 14 pp.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
In 2001 Euroavia Toulouse organized a symposium on ground effect. We invited most of the Russian and German actors, and some experts from Holland, UK or France for a week of science around the subject of ekranoplans / flying boats. This was dedicated to students. A book was issued... and now that all copies have been sold for a while I am sharing this on LinkedIn for everyone.
Enjoy.
Stéphan AUBIN
Notes on the formula for minimum horizontal radius. Rev. 05 (January 2016) - Added notes on different measures of speed and different speeds for horizontal and vertical
design. Added row h to values table. Modified layout. Added extra note and reference on 3D road design.
M.Goman et al (1993) - Aircraft Spin Prevention / Recovery Control SystemProject KRIT
М.Г.Гоман, А.В.Храмцовский, В.Л.Суханов, В.А.Сыроватский, К.А.Татарников «Система предотвращения попадания / вывода самолёта из штопора», доклад на 3-й российско-китайской научной конференции по аэродинамике и динамике полёта самолёта, Центральный Аэрогидродинамический институт (ЦАГИ), г.Жуковский, 1993 г., 14 стр.
M.Goman, A.Khramtsovsky, V.Soukhanov, V.Syrovatsky and K.Tatarnikov "Aircraft Spin Prevention/Recovery Control System", presented at the Third Russian-Chinese Scientific Conference on Aerodynamics and Flight Dynamics of Aircraft, Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI), Zhukovsky, Moscow region, Russia, November 9-12, 1993, 14 pp.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
In 2001 Euroavia Toulouse organized a symposium on ground effect. We invited most of the Russian and German actors, and some experts from Holland, UK or France for a week of science around the subject of ekranoplans / flying boats. This was dedicated to students. A book was issued... and now that all copies have been sold for a while I am sharing this on LinkedIn for everyone.
Enjoy.
Stéphan AUBIN
Notes on the formula for minimum horizontal radius. Rev. 05 (January 2016) - Added notes on different measures of speed and different speeds for horizontal and vertical
design. Added row h to values table. Modified layout. Added extra note and reference on 3D road design.
M.Goman, A.Khramtsovsky, Y.Patel (2003) - Modeling and Analysis of Aircraft S...Project KRIT
М.Г.Гоман, А.В.Храмцовский, Йоуг Патель «Моделирование и анализ режимов штопора самолёта, обусловленных аэродиномической асимметрией», проект доклада на конференции AIAA, 2003 г.
M.Goman, A.Khramtsovsky, Y.Patel "Modeling and Analysis of Aircraft Spin Produced by Aerodynamic Asymmetry", draft AIAA paper, 2003
Investigation of buffet control on transonic airfoil by tangential jet blowingМурад Брутян
Two-dimensional steady-state and unsteady numerical simulations are carried out in the framework of
Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations to characterize the buffet phenomenon on supercritical
transonic airfoil. Tangential jet blowing is investigated to delay buffet onset on the airfoil. In this case,
the jet of compressed air is blown continuously from small slot nozzle tangentially to wing upper
surface in the region of shock location to reduce shock-induced separation.
Airfoil properties, shapes & structural dynamical features are described. Nomenclature or the classification types are presented along with the application.
Common methods for analysis of the structural dynamics on a wing or blade are presented along with the possible applications.
The flow across an airfoil is studied for different angle of attack. The CFD analysis results are documented and studied for different angle of attack using fluent & gambit.
EXPERIMENTAL and ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS of FLOW PAST D-SHAPED CYLINDERAM Publications
The study of flow past the bluff body is very important in aerodynamics. The D-Shaped cylinder is one of the
bluff bodies which serve some vital operational function in aerodynamic. So it is necessary to study the flow past the DShaped
cylinder. In this paper the flow past D-Shaped cylinder of dimensions B=90mm, H=80mm, and L=200mm is
studied experimentally and analytically. The analytical results are validated with experimental results. The flow
parameter drag co-efficient is calculated for different Reynolds number using Drag co-efficient relation and results of
drag co-efficient are validated with experimental results. Based on the experimental and analytical results, the drag coefficient
of circular cylinder and D-Shaped cylinder are compared. The Strouhal number is calculated using Strouhal
number co-relation for different Reynolds number and results of Strouhal number are validated with previous results
from literature. The experimentation is carried in small open type wind tunnel. The Reynolds number regime currently
studied corresponds to low Reynolds number. The present research involves the calculation of drag co-efficient for DShaped
cylinder. This experiment is based on existing wind tunnel that is already developed. The focus of the present
research is on finding the drag co-efficient both by experimentally and analytically.
EAGES Proceedings - K. V. Rozhdestvenskii 2Stephan Aubin
In 2001 Euroavia Toulouse organized a symposium on ground effect. We invited most of the Russian and German actors, and some experts from Holland, UK or France for a week of science around the subject of ekranoplans / flying boats. This was dedicated to students. A book was issued... and now that all copies have been sold for a while I am sharing this on LinkedIn for everyone.
Enjoy.
Stéphan AUBIN
Prediction of aerodynamic characteristics for slender bluff bodies with nose ...vasishta bhargava
the numerical approach is used to verify the aero/hydrodynamic performance of different
geometries of nose cones. Computational methods predict the flow characteristics fairly accurately in order to validate
the data obtained from experiments. The simulation involves muzzle velocity that range from 5m/s to 25 m/s i.e. 1.69 to
8.4 x 105
and calculated for the different angle of attack, -10 to 20 degrees, to demonstrate the flow behavior around the
shells. Nosecone is the most forward section of any slender moving bodies which are used in rockets, guided missiles,
submarines, aircraft drop tanks and aircraft fuselage to reduce the aerodynamic or hydrodynamic drag. The basic
geometry of bluff body is cylinder with variant nosecone shapes such as flat and tapered head, with moderate to low
taper ratios and conical head.
CFD and EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS of VORTEX SHEDDING BEHIND D-SHAPED CYLINDERAM Publications
The flow around bluff bodies is an area of great research of scientists for several years. Vortex shedding is
one of the most challenging phenomenon in turbulent flows. This phenomenon was first studied by Strouhal. Many
researchers have modeled the various objects as cylinders with different cross-sections among which square and
circular cylinders were the most interested sections to study the vortex shedding phenomenon. The Vortex Shedding
frequency depends on different aspects of the flow field such as the end conditions, blockage ratio of the flow passage,
and width to height ratio. This case studies the wave development behind a D-Shaped cylinder, at different Reynolds
numbers, for which we expect a vortex street in the wake of the D-Shaped cylinder, the well known as von Kármán
Street. This body typically serves some vital operational function in aerodynamic. In circular cylinder flow separation
point changes with Reynolds number but in D-Shaped cylinder there is fix flow separation point. So there is more
wake steadiness in D-Shaped cylinder as compared to Circular cylinder and drag reduction because of wake
steadiness.In the present work CFD simulation is carried out for flow past a D-Shaped cylinder to see the wake
behavior. The Reynolds number regime currently studied corresponds to low Reynolds number, laminar and
nominally two-dimensional wake. The fluid domain is a two-dimensional plane with a D-Shaped cylinder of
dimensions B=90mm, H=80mm and L=200mm. CFD calculations of the 2-D flow past the D-Shaped cylinder are
presented and results are validated by comparing with Experimental results of pressure distribution on cylinder
surface. The experimentation is carried out using small open type wind tunnel. The flow visualization is done by
smoke visualization technique. Results are presented for various B/H ratios and Reynolds numbers. The variation of
Strouhal number with Reynolds number is found from the analysis. The focus of the present research is on reducing
the wake unsteadiness.
Dr. Bilal Siddiqui of DHA Suffa University conducted a two day workshop on softwares used extensively in aerospace industry. The first session was organized by ASME's student chapter at DSU on Friday, the 2nd of December, 2016, which covered USAF Stability and Control DATCOM software used for aerodynamic prediction and aircraft design. Students and faculty from DSU as well as those from Pakistan Airforce Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology (PAF KIET) attended the session. The second session was held on Tuesday, 6th of December at PAF KIET's Korangi Creek campus and focused on interfacing DATCOM with Matlab and Simulink softwares for aircraft simulator design. Students were given hands on training on the softwares. It is worth noting that Dr. Bilal also delivered a lecture titled "It isn't exactly Rocket Science: The artsy science of rocket propulsion" at PAF KIET on the 6th October, as part of an effort to popularize rocket science among academia and changing the scientific culture in Pakistan.
Gas foil bearing analysis and the effect of bump foil thickness on its perfor...ijmech
Gas foil bearings (GFBs) satisfy many of the requirements noted for novel oil-free turbomachinery.However, GFBs have a limited load carrying capacity. This paper presents a numerical model in order to assess the performance characteristics of gas foil bearings. The finite difference scheme has been used to discretize the governing Reynolds equation and the pressure is calculated by solving non-linear matrix equation using Newton-Raphson technique. The static performance analysis has been carried out. The computational analysis have been compared with the experimental and theoretical results available in the literature and the effects of bump foil thickness, number of bumps and bump compliance coefficient on the load carrying capacity at different rotor speed have been investigated. The results of the study show that too thin bump foil thickness may lead to a significant decrease in the load capacity. However for accurate predictions of the foil bearing performances, more details foil structure of 1D and 2D finite element model
should be considered.
APPLICATION OF TAGUCHI METHOD FOR PARAMETRIC STUDIES OF A FUNNEL SHAPED STRUC...ijmech
In this paper, attempt has been made to minimize sound reflection from the wall by using Taguchi’s method and to find optimal structure for the suggested test-section inside the cavitation tunnel. The suggested structure which was added to the test-section is funnel-shaped with a performance like a check valve. In order to obtain approximate values of five independent parameters, three levels were taken into account for each parameter. By combining parameters of different levels, 27 tests were designed using Taguchi’s method and Minitab Software. Different acoustic analyses were conducted in COMSOL Multiphysics software, and defined parameter of general reflection coefficient was obtained for 21 observer points. Applying the general reflection coefficients to Minitab Software and drawing the SNR graph, approximate values of the parameters were obtained. However, these values did not produce enough accuracy to design the optimal structure. For this reason, five levels around optimal values, obtained from the previous analysis, were considered for each parameter. Same steps were repeated again for the parameters at five
levels and optimal values were obtained. Optimal structure was modelled and analyzed. Consequently, appropriate defined parameters of general and local reflection coefficients were extracted which represented an optimal structure for the intended test section.
M.Goman, A.Khramtsovsky, Y.Patel (2003) - Modeling and Analysis of Aircraft S...Project KRIT
М.Г.Гоман, А.В.Храмцовский, Йоуг Патель «Моделирование и анализ режимов штопора самолёта, обусловленных аэродиномической асимметрией», проект доклада на конференции AIAA, 2003 г.
M.Goman, A.Khramtsovsky, Y.Patel "Modeling and Analysis of Aircraft Spin Produced by Aerodynamic Asymmetry", draft AIAA paper, 2003
Investigation of buffet control on transonic airfoil by tangential jet blowingМурад Брутян
Two-dimensional steady-state and unsteady numerical simulations are carried out in the framework of
Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations to characterize the buffet phenomenon on supercritical
transonic airfoil. Tangential jet blowing is investigated to delay buffet onset on the airfoil. In this case,
the jet of compressed air is blown continuously from small slot nozzle tangentially to wing upper
surface in the region of shock location to reduce shock-induced separation.
Airfoil properties, shapes & structural dynamical features are described. Nomenclature or the classification types are presented along with the application.
Common methods for analysis of the structural dynamics on a wing or blade are presented along with the possible applications.
The flow across an airfoil is studied for different angle of attack. The CFD analysis results are documented and studied for different angle of attack using fluent & gambit.
EXPERIMENTAL and ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS of FLOW PAST D-SHAPED CYLINDERAM Publications
The study of flow past the bluff body is very important in aerodynamics. The D-Shaped cylinder is one of the
bluff bodies which serve some vital operational function in aerodynamic. So it is necessary to study the flow past the DShaped
cylinder. In this paper the flow past D-Shaped cylinder of dimensions B=90mm, H=80mm, and L=200mm is
studied experimentally and analytically. The analytical results are validated with experimental results. The flow
parameter drag co-efficient is calculated for different Reynolds number using Drag co-efficient relation and results of
drag co-efficient are validated with experimental results. Based on the experimental and analytical results, the drag coefficient
of circular cylinder and D-Shaped cylinder are compared. The Strouhal number is calculated using Strouhal
number co-relation for different Reynolds number and results of Strouhal number are validated with previous results
from literature. The experimentation is carried in small open type wind tunnel. The Reynolds number regime currently
studied corresponds to low Reynolds number. The present research involves the calculation of drag co-efficient for DShaped
cylinder. This experiment is based on existing wind tunnel that is already developed. The focus of the present
research is on finding the drag co-efficient both by experimentally and analytically.
EAGES Proceedings - K. V. Rozhdestvenskii 2Stephan Aubin
In 2001 Euroavia Toulouse organized a symposium on ground effect. We invited most of the Russian and German actors, and some experts from Holland, UK or France for a week of science around the subject of ekranoplans / flying boats. This was dedicated to students. A book was issued... and now that all copies have been sold for a while I am sharing this on LinkedIn for everyone.
Enjoy.
Stéphan AUBIN
Prediction of aerodynamic characteristics for slender bluff bodies with nose ...vasishta bhargava
the numerical approach is used to verify the aero/hydrodynamic performance of different
geometries of nose cones. Computational methods predict the flow characteristics fairly accurately in order to validate
the data obtained from experiments. The simulation involves muzzle velocity that range from 5m/s to 25 m/s i.e. 1.69 to
8.4 x 105
and calculated for the different angle of attack, -10 to 20 degrees, to demonstrate the flow behavior around the
shells. Nosecone is the most forward section of any slender moving bodies which are used in rockets, guided missiles,
submarines, aircraft drop tanks and aircraft fuselage to reduce the aerodynamic or hydrodynamic drag. The basic
geometry of bluff body is cylinder with variant nosecone shapes such as flat and tapered head, with moderate to low
taper ratios and conical head.
CFD and EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS of VORTEX SHEDDING BEHIND D-SHAPED CYLINDERAM Publications
The flow around bluff bodies is an area of great research of scientists for several years. Vortex shedding is
one of the most challenging phenomenon in turbulent flows. This phenomenon was first studied by Strouhal. Many
researchers have modeled the various objects as cylinders with different cross-sections among which square and
circular cylinders were the most interested sections to study the vortex shedding phenomenon. The Vortex Shedding
frequency depends on different aspects of the flow field such as the end conditions, blockage ratio of the flow passage,
and width to height ratio. This case studies the wave development behind a D-Shaped cylinder, at different Reynolds
numbers, for which we expect a vortex street in the wake of the D-Shaped cylinder, the well known as von Kármán
Street. This body typically serves some vital operational function in aerodynamic. In circular cylinder flow separation
point changes with Reynolds number but in D-Shaped cylinder there is fix flow separation point. So there is more
wake steadiness in D-Shaped cylinder as compared to Circular cylinder and drag reduction because of wake
steadiness.In the present work CFD simulation is carried out for flow past a D-Shaped cylinder to see the wake
behavior. The Reynolds number regime currently studied corresponds to low Reynolds number, laminar and
nominally two-dimensional wake. The fluid domain is a two-dimensional plane with a D-Shaped cylinder of
dimensions B=90mm, H=80mm and L=200mm. CFD calculations of the 2-D flow past the D-Shaped cylinder are
presented and results are validated by comparing with Experimental results of pressure distribution on cylinder
surface. The experimentation is carried out using small open type wind tunnel. The flow visualization is done by
smoke visualization technique. Results are presented for various B/H ratios and Reynolds numbers. The variation of
Strouhal number with Reynolds number is found from the analysis. The focus of the present research is on reducing
the wake unsteadiness.
Dr. Bilal Siddiqui of DHA Suffa University conducted a two day workshop on softwares used extensively in aerospace industry. The first session was organized by ASME's student chapter at DSU on Friday, the 2nd of December, 2016, which covered USAF Stability and Control DATCOM software used for aerodynamic prediction and aircraft design. Students and faculty from DSU as well as those from Pakistan Airforce Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology (PAF KIET) attended the session. The second session was held on Tuesday, 6th of December at PAF KIET's Korangi Creek campus and focused on interfacing DATCOM with Matlab and Simulink softwares for aircraft simulator design. Students were given hands on training on the softwares. It is worth noting that Dr. Bilal also delivered a lecture titled "It isn't exactly Rocket Science: The artsy science of rocket propulsion" at PAF KIET on the 6th October, as part of an effort to popularize rocket science among academia and changing the scientific culture in Pakistan.
Gas foil bearing analysis and the effect of bump foil thickness on its perfor...ijmech
Gas foil bearings (GFBs) satisfy many of the requirements noted for novel oil-free turbomachinery.However, GFBs have a limited load carrying capacity. This paper presents a numerical model in order to assess the performance characteristics of gas foil bearings. The finite difference scheme has been used to discretize the governing Reynolds equation and the pressure is calculated by solving non-linear matrix equation using Newton-Raphson technique. The static performance analysis has been carried out. The computational analysis have been compared with the experimental and theoretical results available in the literature and the effects of bump foil thickness, number of bumps and bump compliance coefficient on the load carrying capacity at different rotor speed have been investigated. The results of the study show that too thin bump foil thickness may lead to a significant decrease in the load capacity. However for accurate predictions of the foil bearing performances, more details foil structure of 1D and 2D finite element model
should be considered.
APPLICATION OF TAGUCHI METHOD FOR PARAMETRIC STUDIES OF A FUNNEL SHAPED STRUC...ijmech
In this paper, attempt has been made to minimize sound reflection from the wall by using Taguchi’s method and to find optimal structure for the suggested test-section inside the cavitation tunnel. The suggested structure which was added to the test-section is funnel-shaped with a performance like a check valve. In order to obtain approximate values of five independent parameters, three levels were taken into account for each parameter. By combining parameters of different levels, 27 tests were designed using Taguchi’s method and Minitab Software. Different acoustic analyses were conducted in COMSOL Multiphysics software, and defined parameter of general reflection coefficient was obtained for 21 observer points. Applying the general reflection coefficients to Minitab Software and drawing the SNR graph, approximate values of the parameters were obtained. However, these values did not produce enough accuracy to design the optimal structure. For this reason, five levels around optimal values, obtained from the previous analysis, were considered for each parameter. Same steps were repeated again for the parameters at five
levels and optimal values were obtained. Optimal structure was modelled and analyzed. Consequently, appropriate defined parameters of general and local reflection coefficients were extracted which represented an optimal structure for the intended test section.
ANALYSIS OF EMISSION CHARACTERISTIC OF NM-DIESEL BLEND ON VCR DIESEL ENGINEijmech
The consumption of fuel is increasing resulting in pollution of environment with smoke and NOx due to the
development in automobile and power sector. These emission contents smoke and NOx can be reduced by
adding additives with diesel fuel. As these additives are very costly and hence becomes unviable. These
additives decrease the performance of combustion.
Oxygenated compounds are most widely used among additives. The reason for this is the participation of
their oxygen in reactions leading to better combustion and hence lowering the emission contents the
molecular structure of the oxygen contents of additives directly influence on smoke reduction and the
oxygen concentration of the fuel flame also effects the emission specially Nitro paraffin compound
additives have high oxygen contents is then molecular structure. So we considered as oxygenated
additives.
We have used nitro methane (NM) (2%) as an additives with diesel while analyzing the emission
characteristic on VCR Engine
PREDICTION OF REPAIR & MAINTENANCE COSTS OF DIESEL ENGINEijmech
Diesel engine is widely use for different applications, the failure frequency of diesel engine is more increase to increase the age & use of engine in order to take decision to replacement of engine on the basis of Repair & Maintenance cost (R&M) & predication of future Repair & Maintenance costs of diesel engine used in Borewell compressor. Present case study discusses prediction of accumulated R&M costs (Y) of Diesel engine against usage in hours (X). Recorded data from the company service station is used to determine regression models for predicting total R&M costs based on total usage hours. The statistical results of the study indicates that in order to predict total R&M costs is more useful for replacement
decisions than annual charge.
ANALYSIS OF ENERGY CONSERVATION OF AN INSTITUTIONAL BUILDING USING DESIGN BUI...ijmech
Buildings contribute impact on CO2 emission and energy consumption. Electric energy
consumption in buildings is about 40% of the total energy consumption of India. In this work building
simulation technology is used to evaluate a variety of envelope thermal characteristics and low carbon
technology in an integrated manner at the early design stage itself to assist the delivering of sustainable
green buildings with a high rating of performance and energy consumption. Building simulation enables
designer to identify the key energy loads, test their strategies and compare permutation of design strategy
in order to optimize the energy consumption.
Design Builder (DB) software is used to carry out a series of sensitivity analysis on set of design
parameters, with an aim to achieve a comfortable and energy efficient building. Several parametric studies
have been conducted to enable building designers to carry out analysis of energy efficient building model
related to building orientation, construction, air infiltration, natural ventilation, window type, openings,
and lighting. To calculate the energy saving, basic condition of building model is compared with Energy
Conservation Building Code (ECBC) building model. Consider basic condition of building is case A and
condition of building according to ECBC is case B.
Application of value stream mapping tool to reduce wastes in bearing industryijmech
In today’s highly competitive business environment, companies require improvement in Production Lead
Times, costs and customer service levels to survive. Because of this, companies have become more
customers focused. The result is that companies have been putting in significant effort to improve their
efficiency.
This paper present the practical application of Value Stream Mapping (VSM) tool implement in a bearing
industry. A value stream is an assortment of all actions (value added as well as non-value added) that are
required to bring a product through the essential flows, starting with raw material and ending with the
customer. For drawing current state value stream mapping, all relevant data has been collected and analyzed. Then analysis of current state map has been done for identifying non-value adding activities, in
other words waste and suggestions on how to remove or reduce different wastes. From the results achieved
by current VSM, it was observable that the two processes Annealing and CNC Machining have higher cycle
time and WIP. In order to increase their capacity, their cycle should be reduced.
By implementing some lean principles and changes in the production line, the future state map was created and the reduction the different types of wastes reduced. The total processing time was reduced from 409
seconds to 344 seconds.
ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF ULTRASONIC VIBRATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF MICROEL...ijmech
The application of ultrasonic vibrations to a workpiece or tool is a novel hybrid approach in microelectrical discharge achining. The advantages of this method include effective lushing out of debris, higher machining efficiency and lesser short-circuits during machining. This paper presents a systematic analysis of the influence of kinetic effects of the ultrasonic vibrations on the material removal rate (MRR)
and tool electrode wear rate (TWR). The tool wear ratio was estimated for the process at all processing conditions. The maximum variation in tool wear ratio is observed to be 82%. Therefore, MRR and TWR were independently analyzed by using three scientific tools: i) AOM plots, ii) interaction plots and iii) three-dimensional scatter plots. The increase in MRR is 47% corresponding to an increase in the maximum
power of vibrations by 30%. The ultrasonic vibrations are found to be very effective at higher machining depths for achieving stable machining conditions. Regression equations were developed for MRR and TWR with capacitance, ultrasonic vibration factor, feed rate and machining time.
Suppressing undesired vibration of 3 r robot arms using impact dampersijmech
The behavior of a vibration system suppressed with an impact damper is investigated, where the impact
damper is simplified as a combination of spring and viscous damping. The analytical answer for the contact duration is developed using iteration perturbation technique. Iteration perturbation is a new analytical technique which can solve strongly nonlinear equations. In the presented work an impact damper is used to reduce the undesired vibration of an industrial robot arm. For this reason a 3R robot is equipped with a simple model of a single unit impact damper which is constructed using spring, mass and viscous damper. The output forces of robot with and without impact damper are compared and effects of using the impact damper on correct application of the robot are shown
Peristaltic flow of blood through coaxial vertical channel with effect of mag...ijmech
The present paper investigates the effects of peristaltic flow of blood through coaxial vertical channel with
effect of magnetic field: blood flow study.The effects of various physical parameters on axial velocity and
pressure gradient have been computed numerically. It is observed that the maximum velocity increases
with increase in Magnetic field (M) even though for phase shiptııııı/ 4 for all the two cases
= - 0.5,
= -1. However, opposite effects are noticed for
= 0.5,
= 1.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF AN INDIAN ARMY VEHICLE (A CAR FOR THE CIVIL AREA WA...ijmech
The function of this car is to provide convenience to the soldiers in the civil area warzone. Unlike other
army vehicles, this car has broad tires which works well on the road. The car has four forward gears &
four reverse gears. So after firing on the target the driver has no need to waste the time in turning the
vehicle. As the differential is fixed in all other vehicles but in this project we placed a modified moving
differential. Which changes its position between the forward and the reverse gear drive shafts. Hence
provide convenience to the gear shifting. The car has chassis less construction. i.e., the body has directly
mounted on the frame of the car with the help of fasteners. The car body is made up of fiberglass, we used
the approach of clay modeling in the designing of the molds and the virtual design of the car body is
designed under Catia V5. The parts of the car has been taken from the junkyard, the flushed cleaned,
greased or oiled , fitted , modified if needed, tested and then painted and finally assembled in the vehicle.
STUDY OF RECAST LAYERS AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS ON AL-7075 METAL MATRIX COMPOSIT...ijmech
Demand for low weight to strength ratio for exclusive application in automobile and aerospace components created scope for advance studies on Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs). However, machining of MMCs challenges for conventional machining processes due to uneven hardness, matrix of composites and undesired tool life. Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) is one of the unconventional material removal process, which offers alternatives for machining of MMCs because, being a non-contact process it can be machine excessive harder material, intricate shape with better surface finish and tool life. The evolved heat during EDM process and subsequent flushing of machined debris and rapidly resolidified layer is formed by the re-solidification of residual molten material on the machined surface during the EDM process leaves behind recast layers which is extremely hard and brittle. In the presents study optimization of process parameters to minimize the surface roughness of the rapidly resolidified layer of Al 7075 MMC while
machining using EDM process is carried out using the Taguchi tequniues. The gap current, pulse on-time and pulse off-time were considered as process parameters. The formation of resolidified layers is investigated in terms of the surface roughness as response variables inside the hole and near the hole while EDM drilling.
A BENCHMARK MODEL FOR INTERNAL ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRY USING FUZZY TOPSIS APPR...ijmech
Internal assessment is one of the most important factor of an industry, needs appropriate improvement
planning between the departments with development of Benchmark model among them. The proposed study
applies Fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution to rank different alternatives.
The preliminary results indicate that the proposed model is capable of determining appropriate
competition between departments which are Human Resource, Finance, Production, Quality Assurance. To
remove the subjectivity, the linguistic data about the attributes is converted into a crisp score by using
fuzzy numbers and then the different alternatives are evaluated based on attributes by TOPSIS approach to
find the best alternative according to the industry’s requirement. Thus the endeavor has been made by the
authors to give a simple model for the evaluation of internal assessment of an industry
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- 106
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system. Algebraic grid generation is used in the initial transformations, followed by an elliptic
transformation to complete the grid generation to computational domain. The resulting discretized system
of equations is solved using an ADI method. The built code is validated and the results showed an increase
in average Nusselt number with increasing the volume fraction of the nanoparticles for the whole range of
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parameters which are prepared by solid models along with actual boundary conditions. The planned work
outcomes of sufficient tolerance in varying the working parameters of Chisel Plow sections for ejecting the
extra weight in a solid section and also to increase the weight of plow for a consistent potency.
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lengths of two parallel sides of the cross-section of crane hook are varied and different candidates are
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system reduces the energy required to dive to less than half as the speed increases to 2 to 5 knot. Using
numerical methods can answer a lot of questions and a simulation of the dynamic behavior of the device. In
this article, modeling of fluid flow around the Diver helper of FLUENT software and using Dynamic Mesh
have been done.
Flow lines show an increase in the angle of the fins and causes development of vortices behind them.
Pressure Cantor can also be used in the analysis of the fins. The drag coefficient ballet based on the device
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costing was determined and a simple payback period for Trinidad and Tobago was calculated. The
analysis indicated a minimum and maximum payback period of 27 years and 97.4 years, respectively.
Therefore, in Trinidad and Tobago, even the most cost effective PV system was not financially feasible. A
comparative payback period for neighbouring countries of Barbados and St. Vincent, with three times
higher power cost than Trinidad and Tobago, indicated that solar power is more attractive and feasible
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The small scale industries (SSIs) play very important role in the Indian economy. SSIs contribute in terms
of industrial production, export, employment and creation of an entrepreneurial base for the country. In
most of the SSIs in India, either traditionally designed tools are used or manual work is performed. Long
hours work with traditionally designed tools and un-ergonomic work places can cause musculoskeletal
disorders (MSDs) and other occupational health problems among workers. Workers well-being is highly
associated with the productivity and cost benefits of small scale industries. This review paper aims to
identify various MSDs and occupational health problems among workers in SSIs. The effects of ergonomic
interventions for improved occupational healthas well as productivity enhancement and cost benefits of
SSIs are also reviewed in paper.
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Optimization of machining parameters is very valuable to maintain the accuracy of the components and
obtain cost effective Machining.MRR (material removal rate) and surface roughness is playing primary
role in manufacturing using contemporary CNC (computer numerical controlled) machines, in the case of
mass manufacturing. In present study experimental and work is done for optimization of process
parameters. In experimental work total 32 experiments are designed according DOE method “Mixed
taguchi”. Three factors are selected for experimental work. Depth of cut, speed and feed rate is selected
factors for experimental work. All experiments are carried out in CIPET, Jaipur. Two responses are find
out in this work and are following: first one is material removal rate (MRR) and second response is surface
roughness (Ra) measurement. An artificial neural network is ‘Feed Forward Back Propagation’ type
model of developing the analysis and prediction of surface roughness and MRR with relationship between
all input process parameters
Strategic design of aircraft wings have evolved over time for maximum fuel efficiency. One of such ideas involves winglet which has been known
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SST turbulence model of CFD and the results are compared to that of the experimental and theoretical models. The simulation showed that the lift increased
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A comparative flow analysis of naca 6409 and naca 4412 aerofoileSAT Journals
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Dynamic aerodynamic structural coupling numerical simulation on the flexible wing of a cicada based on ansys
1. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.3, No.4, November 2014
DOI : 10.14810/ijmech.2014.3404 25
DYNAMIC AERODYNAMIC-STRUCTURAL
COUPLING NUMERICAL SIMULATION ON
THE FLEXIBLE WING OF A CICADA
BASED ON ANSYS
DONG Qiang, ZHANG Xi-jin, ZHAO Ning
School of Mechatronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China
strongdq@aliyun.com
ABSTRACT
Most biological flyers undergo orderly deformation in flight, and the deformations of wings lead
to complex fluid-structure interactions. In this paper, an aerodynamic-structural coupling
method of flapping wing is developed based on ANSYS to simulate the flapping of flexible wing.
Firstly, a three-dimensional model of the cicada’s wing is established. Then, numerical
simulation method of unsteady flow field and structure calculation method of nonlinear large
deformation are studied basing on Fluent module and Transient Structural module in ANSYS,
the examples are used to prove the validity of the method. Finally, Fluent module and Transient
Structural module are connected through the System Coupling module to make a two-way fluid-
structure Coupling computational framework. Comparing with the rigid wing of a cicada, the
coupling results of the flexible wing shows that the flexible deformation can increase the
aerodynamic performances of flapping flight.
KEYWORDS
Aerodynamic-structural coupling, Flexible wing, Lift and thrust coefficient, Numerical
simulation.
1. INTRODUCTION
Mimic-insect Flapping Wing Micro Air Vehicles (FWMAV) has broad application prospects [1],
is currently a hot research field on MAV. Studies [2] have shown that most insect wings have
significant flexible deformation during the flight, and some researches [3] have also found that
the flexible deformation has a greater impact on the aerodynamics performance of flapping
wings.
Heathcote et al [4] studied the effects of the spanwise flexibility on the wing thrust generated
during the wing flight up and down by experiment, and the results shown that the flexible wings
have higher thrust and propulsive efficiency than rigid wings. Combes and Daniel [5] examined
the relative contributions of fluid-dynamic and inertial-elastic forces to passive wing bending, and
found that the contribution of wing inertia to instantaneous wing shape is major compared to the
contribution of aerodynamic loading.
Hamamoto et al [6] have performed fluid-structure interaction analysis based on the arbitrary
Lagrangian-Eulerian method on a deformable dragonfly wing in hover, they found that the rigid
2. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.3, No.4, November 2014
26
wing need for greater peak torque and peak power than the flexible wing on generating the same
lift. Tang et al [7] coupled linear finite element and aerodynamic Navier-Stokes solver based
pressure to analyze the flexible wing in two-dimensional, and found that the deformation of the
wing has very small impact on the thrust generating. Overall, the principle of the deformable
flexible flapping wing not yet have a clear understanding, and there is not a three-dimensional
nonlinear numerical CFD/CSD coupling method, so this area still needs further exploration.
In this paper, the three-dimensional model of cicada’s wing is established, and ANSYS is used as
a platform to explore the numerical simulation method of unsteady flow field based on Fluent and
the nonlinear structure calculation method, and then the two are combined to simulate the
dynamic aerodynamic-structural coupling of flapping wing, where the instantaneous aerodynamic
forces are measured. The lift coefficient and trust coefficient are compared between the rigid
wing and the flexible wing. The results provide some reference for the design and control of
FWMAV.
2. MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF CICADA WING
2.1. Three-dimensional model of flexible Cicada wing
Cicada’s wing is composed of veins and membranes (Figure 1), and the membranes are divided
into many tiny pieces by the veins. On establishing the three-dimensional model of the wing, dues
to the actual production and simplify the calculation, the structure of the cicada’s wing has been
simplified, where the 3-D model of the veins and membranes are established separately, then the
two models are bonded to form the whole model of cicada’s wing.
For the model of the wing membranes, the high-definition cameras are used to capture the true
picture of cicada’s wings, then the vector image is imported to Pro/E, the edge contour of cicada’s
wings is plotted (here the relative movement between the forewing and underwing of cicada is
ignored), and the contour line is drew only little thickness to obtain the three-dimensional
simplified model of the membranes, shows in Figure 1, wing length = 52.5mm, wing wide =
27.0mm, membranes thickness = 100um.
For the model of the vein structure, the main veins which play the major role in supporting the
wings are selected (Figure 1). The cross-section of the veins is rectangular, which could be
conjoint well with the membranes, and increases gradually in width and thickness from the wing
tip to wing root ,these veins are fixed in the wing root to form a whole vein model.
Figure 1. Cicada wing and its 3D model
According to most productions of flapping-wing aircraft, the carbon fiber composite and
polyimide film are selected as the materials of veins and membranes, respectively. So that the 3-D
model of the established wing will have a certain elevated flexibility.
3. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.3, No.4, November 2014
27
2.2. Motion equations of cicada’s wing
Inertial reference system OXYZ is established, which is also known as fixed coordinate system.
The body-fixed coordinate system oxyz is established on the wing, where the x-axis is along the
wing chord, the y-axis is along the wing span. Inertial coordinate system remains stationary,
while the body-fixed coordinates is fixed on the wing, and moves with the wing. In the initial
(t=0), the body-fixed coordinates system is coincided with the inertial coordinate system. Figure
2 shows the movement of Cicada’s wing. The simplified motion of cicada’s wings is obtained
according to the in-house experiments, namely, the wing is flapping up and down around the Y-
axis in the fixed coordinate system, while rotating around the x-axis at the upper and the lower
vertex of flapping, so that the wing in down-stroke remains 0 degrees of attack, and in up-stroke
remains 15 degrees of attack. In Figure 4, θ is the angle between the plane of the flapping and the
horizontal surface, β is the twist angle.
Figure 2. Movement of the cicada wing
The movement of cicada’s wings can be expressed by the following two equations:
1) Flapping around Y-axis in fixed coordinate system;
0( ) sin(2 )t ftθ θ π= (1)
2) Rotating around x-axis in body-fixed coordinates system;
0
0 0
0 0
0
)
(0 19 / 80)
0.5 sin[40 ( 18 / 80)] 0.5
(19 / 80 21 / 80 )
( ) 0 (21 / 80 59 / 80
0.5 sin[40 ( 56 / 80)] 0.5
(59 / 80 61 / 80 )
(61 / 80 99 / 80 )
t T
f t T
T nT t T nT
t T nT t T nT
f t T
T nT t T nT
T nT t T nT
β
β π β
β
β π β
β
≤ <
− +
+ ≤ < +
= + ≤ < +
− +
+ ≤ < +
+ ≤ < +
(2)
Where f is the flapping frequency (Hz), θ0 is flapping amplitude (rad), β0 is the maximum torsion
angle (rad), T = 1/f is flapping cycle.
4. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.3, No.4, November 2014
28
3. NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
3.1. Computation of unsteady aerodynamics
The Reynolds number of flapping wing flight is about 102
~104
, which belongs to the low
Reynolds number unsteady air flow. Currently, although the calculation method for this problem
has well developed, but more of them are complex, and with the development of commercial
CFD software, it could be calculated simply, There ANSYS Fluent is used to explore the
simulation about the unsteady flow of flapping wing on three-dimensional.
The control equations for calculating is the three-dimensional incompressible N-S equations. In
inertial coordinate system OXYZ, the three-dimensional incompressible N-S equations [8] as
follows:
0
u v w
x y z
∂ ∂ ∂
+ + =
∂ ∂ ∂
(3)
2 2 2
2 2 2
1
e
u u u u p u u u
u v w
t x y z x R x y z
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
+ + + =− + + +
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
(4)
2 2 2
2 2 2
1
e
v v v v p v v v
u v w
t x y z y R x y z
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
+ + + =− + + +
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
(5)
2 2 2
2 2 2
1
e
w w w w p w w w
u v w
t x y z z R x y z
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
+ + + =− + + +
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
(6)
Where u, v and w are fluid velocity along X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis, respectively. p is pressure, t
is time. In the above equations, Re=cU/v, is the Reynolds number, where v is the kinematic
viscosity coefficient of air, U is the average linear velocity of flapping wings , c is the mean chord
of the wings.
The ICEM CFD software is used for meshing the fluid grid, and the grid type is unstructured
tetrahedral. On account of the large deformation area, the dynamic moving grid skills which
combine the spring-based smoothing and the local remeshing method are taken to update grid.
For unsteady flow, the renormalization group (RNG) k-ε turbulence model is chose, the finite
volume method is used to separate the computing areas, and the discrete equations are solved by
the pressure-velocity coupling method –SIMPLE.
The lift and thrust coefficients can be expressed as follows:
L 2
0.5
LF
C
U Sρ
= (7)
T
T 2
0.5
F
C
U Sρ
= (8)
5. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.3, No.4, November 2014
29
Where FL , FT, ρ, U, S are lift, thrust, air density, average line speed of flapping wings, wing area,
respectively.
In order to compare and analysis expediently, the mean of the lift coefficient and thrust
coefficient of a cycle are used in this paper.
3.2. Analysis of structure dynamics
The flapping of a wing is a transient motion which varying with time, structural calculations use
the transient dynamics module (Transient Structural) in ANSYS. from classical mechanics, the
dynamics universal equation of an object as follows:
[ ]{ } [ ]{ } [ ]{ } { }'' '
( )M x C x K x F t+ + = (9)
where [M] is the mass matrix; [C] is the damping matrix; [K] is the stiffness matrix; {F(t)} is all
the external force vector which putting on the object; {x’’},{x’},{x} are the acceleration vector,
velocity vector and displacement vector of the moving object, respectively.
Due to the large deformation and displacement of the wings in flapping, the nonlinear structure
calculation is taken.
3.3. Coupling method [9], [10]
The calculation of flow-solid coupling follows basic conservation principles at the interface, it
satisfies the equal and conservation of the force (F) and displacement (d) between fluid and solid.
f s
f s
F F
d d
=
=
(10)
Where the subscript of f represents fluid and s represents solid.
For data transfer at the coupling interface, multi-field solver-MFX uses conservative interpolation
method, which combines pixel concept, unit split, build new control surfaces, bucket algorithm
and other ways to complete the data transfer, making the parameter data transfer accurately from
global to local at the interface.
Convergence conditions: in each time step, the value of the transferred data in continuous
iterative calculation is φ (force or displacement), in all the transfer position l, the value of the
transferred data in current iterative calculation curr
lϕ , in previous iteration calculation pre
lϕ , the
difference between curr
lϕ and curr
lϕ , relatives to the average value of transferred data through all
position on the current iteration, is defined as l∆
)
, the root mean square value of l∆
)
is RSM,
namely:
( )
( )
2
0.5 (max -min )
RSM
curr pre
l l
l
l
ϕ ϕ ω
ϕ ϕ ϕ
−
∆ =
× +
= ∆
)
)
(11)
6. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.3, No.4, November 2014
30
There takes RSMmax≤10-14
as the convergence condition, where ω is the under relaxation factor.
3.4. Coupling process
ANSYS provides the two-way fluid-structure interaction module-System Coupling, which uses
the orderly coupling method. Figure 3 gives the calculation process.
Figure 3. Process of two-ways fluid-structure interaction
The specific process as follows:
(1) The connection among Fluent module, Transient structural module and System Coupling
module is established, and the coupling calculation parameters are set;
(2) System Coupling module controls the calculated progress, Transient structural module
receives the aerodynamic force of previous calculated step on the flapping wing surface,
then solves the structural dynamics equations, exports the displacement of each grid point
on flapping wings at this time;
(3) Fluent module receives each grid point displacement, uses the dynamic mesh method to
update the deformation of flexible flapping wing, then solves the unsteady Navier-Stokes
equations, and exports the unsteady aerodynamic force of the flapping wing surface;
(4) Checking the convergence condition, if RSM is converged, calculating the next time step.
Otherwise, repeating step (2) to step (3).
4. COMPUTATION VALIDATION
4.1. CFD validation by a case of rigid wing
In order to verify the validity of the CFD results, the flapping motion of Drosophila model which
was used in the experiment by Dickinson et al [11] is simulated. In their experiment, the wing
length is 0.25 m and the wing area is 0.0167m2
, the fluid density is 0.88x103
kg m–3
, the flapping
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31
frequency is 0.145Hz, the flapping amplitude is 160°, the angle of attack in flapping up and down
are 40°, and the rotation phase advances 8% than the flapping phase. For comparison, the UDF
function is used to calculate the lift of Drosophila model in flapping directly (Fluent have
mutations in the beginning of the calculation, so the stable calculated data is taken). The
comparison between the simulation results and experimental results of Dickinson et al. is shown
in Figure 4, and the trend of the two are corresponded well, indicating that the use of Fluent to
simulate the unsteady flow field of flapping wing on three-dimensional is feasible.
Figure 4. Comparison of computed results and experiment data from Dickinson.
4.2. Validation of structure computation
Figure 5.The delta wing model of cut tip
According to the literature [12] the delta wing model (Figure 5) of cut tip is used to conduct a
nonlinear static analysis, the material parameters: E = 2.07x1011
Pa, u = 0.25, thickness is
0.888mm, fixing the roots, and putting a concentrated load PZ =10N on the endpoint of the
trailing edge. The calculation and the literature results of the load point displacement are listed in
Table 1, both are very approximate, and the displacement of the tip approximately 16 times the
thickness, reflecting the structural large deformation obviously.
Table 1. Displacement of the load point
PZ =10N Displacement
MSC. NASTRAN computation 13.9mm
Literature result 13.8mm
Present computation 13.86mm
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5. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE NUMERICAL RESULTS
The actual shape of an insect wing is thin, and the wing surface is uneven. Rees [13] thought that,
from the aerodynamic point of view, the function of the wing structure is precisely similar with a
airfoil of slight thickness. Luo Guo-yu [14] used a numerical simulation to validate that this
uneven structure did not affect the overall aerodynamic performance of flapping motion. So as to
simplify the calculation, the wing surface structure’s effect on aerodynamic performance is
ignored here, and for coupling calculation, the wing membrane is acted as the interface in fluid-
structure interaction. Namely, in structural calculation, both the veins and membranes are taken
into account to compute the deformation and displacement of wing membrane, then the date is
transferred to the flow field (only considering the wing membrane) to update the membrane’s
shape, Fluent module calculated the aerodynamic force of the membrane surface, and transferred
it to the structure module. Then the System Coupling module looped the iteration.
According to the characteristics of cicada wings in flight, flapping frequency f=40Hz, torsion
angle β0=15°, flapping amplitude θ0=90°, the time step is 0.0001s, flow velocity is U0 = 5m/s (the
flight velocity of cicada is 2~8m/s, we used the average velocity). After calculating 250 time
steps, the instantaneous lift coefficient and thrust coefficient of the flexible wing and rigid wing
are measured and compared in figure 5, where the non-dimensional time from 0.13 to 0.63 is
downward stroke, and others are upward stroke, the wing rotating around the upper vertex
(t=0.13) and the lower vertex (t=0.63) of flapping. Table 1 shows the mean lift coefficient and
mean thrust coefficient of flexible wing and rigid wing in a period.
In Figure 6(a), the flexible wing generates higher positive lift peak than rigid wing in the rotation
process (t=0.13 and t=0.63) and the downward stroke (t=0.13~0.63) during the flight. In the
upward stroke, the flexible wing generates a small up peak. Combining with Table 2, where the
mean lift coefficient of flexible wing almost doubles that of rigid wing, we draw the conclusions
that the flexible deformation of the flapping wings can increase the lift generated on the wings
during the flight.
Figure 6(b) shows that, in the downward stroke (t=0.13~0.63), the thrust coefficient of flexible
wing fluctuates around the thrust coefficient of rigid wing, and the mean thrust coefficient of
flexible wing within downstroke a little higher than that of rigid wing. In the upward stroke,
obviously, the flexible wing shows better thrust peak compared to rigid wing. The mean thrust
coefficient of flexible wing almost doubles that of rigid wing (Table 2). That is to say, the flexible
deformation of the flapping wings can increase the thrust on the upward stroke.
(a) Lift cofficient (b) Thrust cofficient
Figure 6. Comparison of lift and thrust coefficients between rigid wing and flexible wing
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Table 2. Mean lift and thrust coefficient the of rigid wing and flexible wing in a period
Mean lift coefficient Mean thrust coefficient
Rigid wing 0.0064 0.0030
flexible wing 0.0121 0.0067
6. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, a dynamic aerodynamic-structural coupling method of flapping wing was developed
based on ANSYS, and the numerical simulations on the flexible wing and rigid wing of a cicada
is conducted.
The results show that, the flexible deformation of the wing (established in this paper) can increase
the lift coefficient peak in the rotation process and the downward stroke, and it also increases the
thrust coefficient peak in the upward stroke. Finally, the mean lift coefficient and mean thrust
coefficient of flexible wings both almost double that of rigid wings.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work is supported under National Natural Science Foundation of China (51175426) and
Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China (2012JM7010). The authors
would like to thank Prof. Zhao Ning and A.P. Zhang Xi-jin for his work in help and instruction.
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AUTHORS
Dong Qiang
Graduate Student,School of Mechatronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China.
Field of research: Design and Analysis of Flapping Wing Micro Air Vehicles (FWMAV)