The document outlines a workshop on data structures and algorithms held at Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering, focusing on C++ and its Standard Template Library (STL). Key topics include template functions and classes, iterators, algorithms, and various container types such as vectors, stacks, and queues. Additionally, it presents several coding problems and solutions related to array manipulation and data structure implementations.

1. MUKESH PATEL SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT & ENGINEERING, SHIRPUR
Day-2
19th February 2023
Data Structures- Using STL in C++
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Instructor
Piyush Kumar Soni
Assistant Professor,
Information Technology Department
Workshop on
Data Structures &
Algorithms

2. MUKESH PATEL SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT & ENGINEERING, SHIRPUR
Contents
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• Template Functions and Classes
• C++ Standard Template Library (STL)
• Iterators
• Algorithms
• Containers
• vectors
• list
• queue
• stack
• Functions

3. MUKESH PATEL SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT & ENGINEERING, SHIRPUR
Template Functions and Classes
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• A template is a simple yet very powerful tool in C++. The idea is to pass data
type as a parameter so that we don’t need to write the same code for different
data types.
• Eg., we may need to sort() for different data types. Rather than writing and
maintaining multiple codes, we can write one sort() and pass data type as a
parameter.
• Keywords to support templates: ‘template’ and ‘typename’. The second
keyword can always be replaced by the keyword ‘class’.
• Templates are expanded at compile time.
• This is like macros. The difference is, that the compiler does type checking
before template expansion. The idea is simple, source code contains only
function/class, but compiled code may contain multiple copies of the same
function/class.

4. MUKESH PATEL SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT & ENGINEERING, SHIRPUR
Template Functions
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• Function Templates: We write a generic function that can be used for
different data types.

5. MUKESH PATEL SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT & ENGINEERING, SHIRPUR
Template Classes
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• Class Templates: Like function templates, class templates are useful when a
class defines something that is independent of the data type.

6. MUKESH PATEL SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT & ENGINEERING, SHIRPUR
Standard Template Library (STL)
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• The Standard Template Library (STL) is a set of C++ template classes to
provide common programming data structures and functions.
• It is a generalized library and so, its components are parameterized.
• The key benefits of the STL is that it provides a way to write generic,
reusable code that can be applied to different data types.
• Key components of the STL include
• Iterators
• Algorithms
• Containers
• Functions

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Iterators
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• As the name suggests, iterators are used for working on a sequence of
values.
• Iterators are used to point at the memory addresses of STL containers.
• They reduce the complexity and execution time of the program.
• Operations:-
• begin() :- This function is used to return the beginning position of the
container.
• end() :- This function is used to return the after end position of the
container.

8. MUKESH PATEL SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT & ENGINEERING, SHIRPUR
Iterators
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• next() :- This function
returns the new iterator
that the iterator would
point after advancing
the positions mentioned
in its arguments.
• prev() :- This function
returns the new iterator
that the iterator would
point after decrementing
the positions mentioned
in its arguments.

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Iterators
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• inserter() :- This function is used to insert the elements at any position in the
container. It accepts 2 arguments, the container and iterator to position where
the elements have to be inserted.

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Algorithms
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• The header algorithm defines a collection of functions specially designed to
be used on a range of elements.
• They act on containers and provide means for various operations for the
contents of the containers.
• Examples:
• Sort
• Reverse
• Max

11. MUKESH PATEL SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT & ENGINEERING, SHIRPUR
Sort
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• Sorting means arranging the data in a
particular fashion, which can be
increasing or decreasing.
• There is a built-in function in C++ STL
by the name of sort().
• This function internally uses IntroSort.
It is implemented using hybrid of
QuickSort, HeapSort and InsertionSort.
By default, it uses QuickSort but if
QuickSort is doing unfair partitioning
and taking more than N*logN time, it
switches to HeapSort and when the
array size becomes really small, it
switches to InsertionSort.

12. MUKESH PATEL SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT & ENGINEERING, SHIRPUR
Reverse and Max
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• reverse(first_iterator, last_iterator) – To reverse a vector. ( if ascending ->
descending OR if descending -> ascending)
• *max_element (first_iterator, last_iterator) – To find the maximum element
of a vector.

13. MUKESH PATEL SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT & ENGINEERING, SHIRPUR
Containers
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• A container is a holder object that stores a collection of other objects (its
elements). They are implemented as class templates, which allows great
flexibility in the types supported as elements.
• The container manages the storage space for its elements and provides
member functions to access them, either directly or through iterators
(reference objects with similar properties to pointers).
• Following is the list of containers available with STL:
• vector
• list
• deque
• arrays
• forward_list
• queue
• priority_queue
• stack

14. MUKESH PATEL SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT & ENGINEERING, SHIRPUR
Vector
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• Vectors are the same as dynamic arrays with the ability to resize itself
automatically when an element is inserted or deleted, with their storage being
handled automatically by the container.
• Vector elements are placed in contiguous storage so that they can be accessed
and traversed using iterators.
• Funtions:
• begin() – Returns an iterator pointing to the first element in the vector
• end() – Returns an iterator pointing to the theoretical element that follows the last
element in the vector
• rbegin() – Returns a reverse iterator pointing to the last element in the vector (reverse
beginning). It moves from last to first element
• rend() – Returns a reverse iterator pointing to the theoretical element preceding the first
element in the vector (considered as reverse end)

15. MUKESH PATEL SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT & ENGINEERING, SHIRPUR
Vector
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Vector
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• size() – Returns the
number of elements in the
vector.
• resize(n) – Resizes the
container so that it contains
‘n’ elements.
• empty() – Returns whether
the container is empty.

17. MUKESH PATEL SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT & ENGINEERING, SHIRPUR
Stack
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• Stacks are a type of container adaptors with LIFO(Last In First Out) type of
working, where a new element is added at one end (top) and an element is
removed from that end only.
• The functions associated with stack are:
• empty() – Returns whether the stack is empty
• size() – Returns the size of the stack
• top() – Returns a reference to the top most element of the stack
• push(g) – Adds the element ‘g’ at the top of the stack
• pop() – Deletes the most recent entered element of the stack

18. MUKESH PATEL SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT & ENGINEERING, SHIRPUR
Stack
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Queue
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• Queues are a type of container adaptors that operate in a first in first out
(FIFO) type of arrangement. Elements are inserted at the back (end) and are
deleted from the front.

20. MUKESH PATEL SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT & ENGINEERING, SHIRPUR
Problem-Statement-1
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• Concatenation of Array:
• Given an integer array nums of length n, you want to create an array ans of
length 2n where ans[i] == nums[i] and ans[i + n] == nums[i] for 0 <= i < n
(0-indexed).
• Specifically, ans is the concatenation of two nums arrays.
• Return the array ans.
• Example:
Input: nums = [1,2,1]
Output: [1,2,1,1,2,1]
Explanation: The array ans is formed as follows:
- ans = [nums[0],nums[1],nums[2],nums[0],nums[1],nums[2]]
- ans = [1,2,1,1,2,1]

21. MUKESH PATEL SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT & ENGINEERING, SHIRPUR
Solution
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22. MUKESH PATEL SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT & ENGINEERING, SHIRPUR
Problem-Statement-2
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• Kids With the Greatest Number of Candies:
• There are `n` kids with candies. You are given an integer array `candies`,
where each `candies[i]` represents the number of candies the `ith` kid has,
and an integer `extraCandies`, denoting the number of extra candies that you
have.
• Return a boolean array result of length n, where result[i] is true if, after
giving the ith kid all the extraCandies , they will have the greatest number of
candies among all the kids, or false otherwise.
• Note that multiple kids can have the greatest number of candies.

23. MUKESH PATEL SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT & ENGINEERING, SHIRPUR
Solution
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24. MUKESH PATEL SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT & ENGINEERING, SHIRPUR
Problem-Statement-3
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• Reverse String:
• Solution:

25. MUKESH PATEL SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT & ENGINEERING, SHIRPUR
Problem-Statement-4
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• Backspace String Compare:
• Given two strings s and t, return true if they are equal when both are typed
into empty text editors. '#' means a backspace character.
• Note that after backspacing an empty text, the text will continue empty.
• Example 1:
Input: s = "ab#c", t = "ad#c"
Output: true
Explanation: Both s and t become "ac".
• Example 2:
Input: s = "ab##", t = "c#d#"
Output: true
Explanation: Both s and t become "".

26. MUKESH PATEL SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT & ENGINEERING, SHIRPUR
Solution
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27. MUKESH PATEL SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT & ENGINEERING, SHIRPUR
Problem-Statement-5
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• Implement a stack using Queue:
• Solution:

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Solution
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29. MUKESH PATEL SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT & ENGINEERING, SHIRPUR
Problem-Statement-6
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• Number of Students Unable to Eat Lunch:
• The school cafeteria offers circular and square sandwiches at lunch break,
referred to by numbers `0` and `1` respectively. All students stand in a queue.
Each student either prefers square or circular sandwiches.
• The number of sandwiches in the cafeteria is equal to the number of students.
The sandwiches are placed in a stack. At each step:
• If the student at the front of the queue prefers the sandwich on the top of
the stack, they will take it and leave the queue.
• Otherwise, they will leave it and go to the queue's end.
• This continues until none of the queue students want to take the top
sandwich and are thus unable to eat.

30. MUKESH PATEL SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT & ENGINEERING, SHIRPUR
Solution
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31. MUKESH PATEL SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT & ENGINEERING, SHIRPUR
Thank You…!!!
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