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Whispering Tree Buiness Consultancy Office
address: H-1143 Buda
web: www.whisperingtree.hu
e-mail: whisperingteebt@gmail.com
A COMPLETE GUIDE TO
DOING BUSINESS
IN HUNGARY
2018
EVERYTHING YOU NEED
A FREE E-BOOK
#BUSINESS STARTUP, #
#SOCIAL INSURANCE
1
Whispering Tree Buiness Consultancy Office
1143 Budapest, Szobránc u. 15/A. AS.2. Hungary
www.whisperingtree.hu/EN
whisperingteebt@gmail.com |mobile: +36 20 548 4103
A COMPLETE GUIDE TO
DOING BUSINESS
IN HUNGARY
EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW
BOOK
#BUSINESS STARTUP, #TAXATION,
#SOCIAL INSURANCE, #ACCOUNTING
DOING BUSINESS
TAXATION,
, #ACCOUNTING
2
TALE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 3
1.1 About Hungary 3
2 STARTING AN ENTERPRISE IN HUNGARY 4
2.1 Legal form of Hungarian enterprises 4
2.2 Difference between a legal and a non-legal person 4
2.3 About Hungarian private enterprise 4
2.4 About Hungarian Business Partnerships (KKT and BT.) 5
2.5 About Hungarian Limited Liability Company (KFT.) 5
2.6 Comparison of legal forms of Hungarian businesses 6
2.7 Documents needed for Hungarian company registration 8
2.8 Setting up a Hungarian company by authorization 8
2.9 What is an apostille and where you can obtain one? 8
2.10 Opening bank accounts 8
2.11 Opening electronic company portal 9
2.12 Formation of a Hungarian company: step-by-step guide 10
2.13 Company startup document checklist 10
3 TAXATION IN HUNGARY 12
3.1 General overview 12
3.2 Income taxes 12
3.3 Social security taxes 14
3.4 Other taxes 14
3.5 Summary of the major taxes, rates and corresponding deadlines in Hungary 15
4 SOCIAL SECURITY IN HUNGARY 17
4.1 General overview 17
4.2 Minimal salary (2018) 17
4.3 Taxes attached to social insurance and employment (2018) 18
4.4 How much social insurance an entrepreneur has to pay in Hungary? (2018) 19
4.5 Benefits from social security 19
5 ACCOUNTING IN HUNGARY 20
5.1 Common regulations 20
5.2 Private enterprises 20
5.3 Companies 20
5.4 Financial audit 20
6 FAQ 21
7 CONTACT 22
3
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 About Hungary
Hungary is republic situated in Central-Europe. It is an EU member country since 2004.
Area: 93.030 sqkm
Population: 9.845k (2015)
Form of government: Republic (democracy)
Capital city: Budapest
GDP: 120.7 billion USD (2015)
Climate: Continental, moderate
Last election held: 2018
Next elections: 2022
Leading political party FIDESZ
Prime minister: Viktor Orbán
President of State: János Áder
Official currency Hungarian forint (HUF)
Measurement system: Metric
Time zone: UTC +1
4
2 STARTING AN ENTERPRISE IN
HUNGARY
2.1 Legal form of Hungarian enterprises
There are three major types of businesses in Hungary:
1. Private enterprise and private company
2. Company
3. Branch office
Private enterprise and private company are non-legal persons. Legally, those are considered natural
persons.
Every company is a legal person.
A branch office may be established by a foreign parent company and is considered a non-legal
person. Branch office, legally, may not be separated from its parent company: its transactions are
part of the business activity of the parent company.
2.2 Difference between a legal and a non-legal person
Legal persons may have rights and obligation under their own name, while non-legal persons cannot.
There must be always a legal or a natural person behind a non-legal person. E.g. a private enterprise
legally is the same person as the individual who established it.
2.3 About Hungarian private enterprise
2.3.1 Basics
Legal or non-legal person Non-legal person
Minimum share capital There is no capital for a private enterprise
Way of establishment Electronically through customer gate
Possible taxation method of profit Personal income tax, KATA, KIVA
Minimum number of owners N/A
Financial liability of the owner Unlimited
Maximum income, number of
employees
Not limited
2.3.2 Who can start a private enterprise?
Private enterprise may be formed by:
• Hungarian citizens
• EU citizens
5
• Non-EU citizens if they have a permanent residence permit or a residence permit with the
following reasons: studying, gainful activity, unifying family.
2.4 About Hungarian Business Partnerships (KKT and BT.)
2.4.1 Basics
Legal or non-legal person Legal person
Minimum share capital No minimal capital
Way of establishment Electronically through a lawyer or public notary
Possible taxation method of profit Corporate income tax, KATA, KIVA
Minimum number of owners 2
Financial liability of the owner
Kkt: unlimited for every owner
Bt-s: unlimited for at least 1 owner
Maximum income, number of
employees
Not limited
2.4.2 Who can form a Hungarian Business Parntership?
Almost anybody which means: local, EU and non-EU citizens and local or foreign registered legal
persons.
•
2.5 About Hungarian Limited Liability Company (KFT.)
2.5.1 Basics
Legal or non-legal person Legal person
Minimum share capital 3.000.000.-HUF
Way of establishment Electronically through a lawyer or public notary
Possible taxation method of profit Corporate income tax, KIVA
Minimum number of owners 1
Financial liability of the owner Limited
Maximum income, number of
employees
Not limited
2.5.2 Who can form a Hungarian Limited Liability Company?
Almost anybody which means: local, EU and non-EU citizens and local or foreign registered legal
persons.
6
2.6 Comparison of legal forms of Hungarian businesses
The following properties should be taken into account in the comparison of the legal formats of
Hungarian enterprises:
• Legal or non-legal person (as described above)
• Registration process: whether a lawyer and court registration is needed or not
• Minimal capital: what is the minimum amount that should be paid as registered capital
• Number of owners: how many owners the company may have
• Financial liability: is there a limited or unlimited financial liability behind the enterprise
• Taxation system: what taxation methods the business may apply
7
The table below is a short summary of the comparison of the Hungarian business formats.
Business type
Legal or
non-legal
person
Registration
process
Minimal
capital
Number
of owners
Financial
liability
Taxation system
Private
enterprise
Natural
person
Electronic
registration, no
lawyer and
court is needed
N/A 1 Unlimited
Private income
tax (SZJA)
Small taxpayers’
tax (KATA)
Small enterprise
tax (KIVA)
Private company
Natural
person
Electronic
registration, no
lawyer and
court is needed
N/A 1
Unlimited
or limited
Private income
tax (SZJA)
Small taxpayers’
tax (KATA)
Small enterprise
tax (KIVA)
Business
partnership (Kkt.
and Bt.)
Legal
person
Lawyer and
court
registration is
need
N/A min. 2.
Unlimited
for at least
1 owner,
limited the
others. In
case of Kkt.:
unlimited
for
everyone
Corporate
income tax (TAO)
Small taxpayers’
tax (KATA)
Small enterprise
tax (KIVA)
Limited company
(Kft.)
Legal
person
Lawyer and
court
registration is
need
3.000.000
HUF
min. 1
Limited for
all the
owners
Corporate
income tax (TAO)
Small enterprise
tax (KIVA)
Private limited
company (Zrt.)
Legal
person
Lawyer and
court
registration is
need
5.000.000
HUF
min. 1
Limited for
all the
owners
Corporate
income tax (TAO)
Small enterprise
tax (KIVA)
Public limited
company (Nyrt.)
Legal
person
Lawyer and
court
registration is
need
20.000.000
HUF
Public
shares
should be
issued
Limited for
all the
owners
Corporate
income tax (TAO)
Branch office
Non-
legal
person
Lawyer and
court
registration is
need
N/A
Ownership
is not
applicable
Parent
company is
liable
Corporate
income tax (TAO)
8
2.7 Documents needed for Hungarian company registration
Documents needed by private persons (i.e. owner of the Hungarian company will be a private person
or more private persons):
• Valid passport
• Proof of Hungarian temporary or permanent address (Hungarian address card) OR
proof of address is home country (e.g. bank statement, address card or the like). A
private enterprise requires a valid Hungarian address card.
• Hungarian personal tax number (free of charge, application may be done personally in
Hungary or by proxy)
• Hungarian social security number for the general manager(s) and employee(s) of the
company. A private entrepreneur requires a local social security number.
Documents needed by legal-persons or companies (i.e. the owner of the Hungarian business will be
a foreign company or other legal person):
• Copy of company register or other proof of incorporation with an apostille that certifies the
validity of the do cument
• Official Hungarian translation of the above mentioned document
• Valid passport of the representative of the legal person
• Proof of Hungarian temporary or permanent address (Hungarian address card) OR proof of
address is home country (e.g. bank statement, address card or the like)
• Hungarian personal tax number (free of charge, application may be done personally in
Hungary or by proxy)
2.8 Setting up a Hungarian company by authorization
It is possible to set up a Hungarian company by authorization (i.e. our company will sign on the
behalf of our client), however, an apostilled authorization (power of attorney = PoA) is required
during the procedure. The authorization will be prepared and handled by us.
What you will need to do is to get the PoA signed and apostilled.
2.9 What is an apostille and where you can obtain one?
Apostille is an internationally accepted proof issued by a certified lawyer of public notary or by the
Hungarian Embassy. It testifies the validity of the documents that are signed. It is officially required
for some documents by the Hungarian Court.
2.10 Opening bank accounts
One may open several private and/or corporate bank accounts. The general practice is that there is
no initial deposit needed. Credit cards are not popular in Hungary, rather debit cards are used. A
9
debit card may be obtained at the time of the bank account opening, although, it usually takes two
weeks to be prepared.
Please note, that Hungarian businesses need to open at least one domestic Hungarian forint bank
account.
Companies may have foreign currency domestic and foreign bank accounts also. The domestic
account are automatically reported to the authorities by the banks. Foreign ones should be reported
to the authorities manually.
Bank accounts may be opened personally by the general manager or by proxy (power of
authorization).
2.11 Opening electronic company portal
From 2018, electronic company portal is mandatory to open and maintain. The state will use this to
communicate with the company.
We will open this for you in order to comply with the regulations.
10
2.12 Formation of a Hungarian company: step-by-step guide
2.13 Company startup document checklist
Description Check
Documents for private person owner(s) and general manager(s)
Valid passport OR a valid ID card (EU citizens only)
Proof of home address (e.g. bank statement, address card – official translation
may be required also in some cases)
T34 form and Hungarian personal tax number certificate (will be obtained in
Hungary in person or by authorization in advance of company registration)
Documents for legal entity owner(s)
11
Description Check
Company register certificate/extract with an apostille
Official translation of the above document (will be obtained in Hungary)
Founding documents (countersigned by lawyer OR apostilled and sent to the court)
Assignment of delivery for each of the owners and general manager who do NOT
have a Hungarian address
Declaration of acceptance of the position of general manager
Declaration of usage of seat
Declaration of payment of registered capital
List of shareholders
Specimen of signature for general manager(s)
Founder’s resolution
Articles of incorporation
Authorization of company registration, personal tax ID registration, bank account
opening, mandatory registrations and company portal opening (if done by that
way)
Internal documents (mandatory but not sent to the court)
Authorization for opening bank accounts and obtaining debit cards (if necessary)
Authorization for tax offices (required to post any tax declaration)
Short description of the case (Chamber of Lawyers’ standard)
Assignment for the lawyer (power of attorney) to register the company
Identification datasheet (required by Hungarian legislation since anti-terrorism
and anti-money-laundering legislations have been introduced)
Local and international criminal record and ID document validity query
(mandatory)
12
3 TAXATION IN HUNGARY
3.1 General overview
The following section is an overview of the Hungarian taxation system for newcomers. Hungarian
taxes may be classified in four major groups:
• Income taxes
• Value added tax
• Social security taxes
• Other taxes
3.2 Income taxes
3.2.1 Personal income tax (Személyi jövedelemadó SZJA)
Personal income tax may be applied to earnings generated by private persons in Hungary. The rate of
this tax is fixed 15% (in 2018).
The basis of the personal tax is the earnings that are realized during the tax year (i.e. calendar year
by default).
Earnings = Incomes - Expenses accepted by personal income tax law
To what earnings the personal income tax may be applied?
• Wages, salary
• Regular commissions
• Profit generated by private enterprise
• Earnings generated by selling properties (land, building) or other possessions (car, furniture
etc.)
• Dividends, interest
• Capital earnings (exchange rate gains)
3.2.2 Corporate income tax (Társasági adó - TAO)
Corporate income tax may be applied to companies that not decided to use special taxation systems
like KATA or KIVA.
The rough calculation of corporate income tax basis is the following:
Taxable profit = Earnings before taxes +/- Corporate income tax modifiers
The rate of the corporate income tax is 9%.
13
There is a so-called minimum tax basis. It should be applied after the first tax year of the company.
The essence of this system is that if the actual tax basis does not reach a certain level, 2% of all the
incomes should be considered as minimum tax basis.
3.2.3 Small taxpayers’ tax (KATA) – a wonderful tax!
May be applied by private enterprises, private companies and business partnerships (Kkt., Bt.). It is a
fixed fee in every month. It includes all the income taxes, the social security taxes plus the dividend
tax.
The fixed tax is only 50.000.-HUF/month. The rest may be used for private spending. The limit for
this tax is 12.000.000.-HUF yearly income (in 2018). Above the limit, 40% additional tax should be
based on the difference.
It a very popular and convenient taxation form. For private enterprises and small companies, this
might be the best choice.
3.2.4 Small enterprise tax (Kisvállalati adó - KIVA)
KIVA is a simplified taxation system may be applied by several businesses (please refer to enterprise
legal format section). The basic rate is 16%, however, the calculation of the basis is quite
sophisticated. It includes the income tax and the social security contribution tax. It may carry benefits
for some of the enterprises compared to the corporate income tax system.
3.2.5 Local turnover tax (Helyi iparűzési adó)
Local turnover tax should be paid to the local government where the enterprise has its seat address
or operates a business property. If several local areas are affected, the local turnover tax should be
split.
The actual rate of the local turnover tax is determined by the local governments. The maximum rate
is that may be applied is 2%.
Basis of the local turnover tax = Revenue – Costs of materials – Costs of goods sold – Cost of services
sold
3.2.6 Value added tax (Általános forgalmi adó - ÁFA)
Value added tax work very similar to other countries. Basically, it should be paid on local
consumption. There are three VAT rates in Hungary: 27%, 18% and 5%.
The essence of the system is that VAT paid on purchases may be deducted from the VAT that should
be paid on sales. The difference should be paid to the government.
The system is complicated and contains strict regulations, especially the rules applied to invoicing.
Under 8 million forint of yearly turnover, the enterprise may choose a VAT free status. This means
that the business should not pay and deduct VAT. In addition, VAT returns should not be posted.
Cash accounting VAT method may also be applied upon choice under 125 million forint of yearly
turnover. Cash accounting means that the VAT should be paid and deducted when the value of the
invoice is actually paid. This system may be beneficial if the buyers pay later.
There are three VAT declaration frequencies in Hungary. Reclaim limits are also connected to VAT
frequencies:
14
• Monthly – 1 million forint
• Quarterly – 250 million forint
• Yearly – no reclaim limit
EU tax number should be registered if the business plan to manage EU transactions (i.e. buying and
selling from and to other EU countries). EU transactions should be reported to the government.
3.3 Social security taxes
Hungary introduced the public social security system. That means every insured resident should pay
a certain amount of contribution. In return, he will be part of the government social insurance
system. What is included in public social security in Hungary?
• Retirement
• Healthcare and health benefits
• Unemployment benefit
Please refer to section named Social Security in Hungary
3.4 Other taxes
3.4.1 Business car tax
Business car tax is paid on the personal cars owned by the company or on private owned personal
cars, if the company accounts any costs. Business car tax should not be paid on lorries and trucks and
on other non-personal vehicles.
Business car tax only depends on the performance and environmental class of the car. The higher the
performance of the car is and the less emission the car has, the lower the tax is.
3.4.2 Local car tax
Local car tax is determined by and should be paid to the local government. It depends on the
performance and age of the car.
3.4.3 Tourist tax
Tourist tax should be paid to the local government by those who carry out short-term
accommodation businesses activities (e.g. booking.com, rnb.com). It is either a fixed amount and
based on the nights that are spent by the tourists or a certain percentage of the overall
accommodation fee.
3.4.4 Business phone and representation tax
If a company books phone costs, there is tax that should be paid on the costs. 20% of the gross
telephone spending should be considered as private spending and is taxed by the state. The taxation
is done through the personal income tax system.
15
The same is true for representation and business gift expenses: those items are taxed through the
personal income tax system.
3.4.5 Excise duty
Excise duty should be paid on certain products (tobacco, alcohol and petrol) by manufacturers,
wholesalers. It is a very complicated and strict tax system which requires the employment of
professionals.
3.4.6 Environmental tax
Environmental tax should be paid on packaging materials (paper, iron, glass, plastic) by the
wholesaler or the manufacturer of the product. Most of the enterprises may meet this tax as a
separate item in the invoice which raises the purchasing price of the packaging material.
3.5 Summary of the major taxes, rates and corresponding deadlines in
Hungary
Tax name
Tax subject (Who
pays it?)
Tax rate
Tax form nr. and
frequency of report
Due date
Corporate income tax Companies 9% 29 – Yearly 31st
May
Small taxpayers tax
(KATA)
Bt and Private
enterprises
50.000.-
HUF/month
KATA – Yearly 25th
February
Value added tax (VAT)
Every business,
sometimes
private persons
also
27%
65,A60 – Monthly,
quarterly or yearly
20th
day after
month or
quater
Personal income tax
(SZJA)
Private persons 15% 53 – Yearly 20th
May
Local turnover tax
(HIPA)
Every business
Depends on
the
settlement,
average is
2%
HIPA – Yearly 31st
May
Chamber of commerce
contribution
Every business
5.000.-
HUF/year
Yearly, no form
required
31st
March
Dividend tax
Private persons if
they withdraw
dividend form a
company
15% + 14% =
29%
53 – Yearly 25th
February
Private enterprise tax
Private
enterprises
15% 53 – Yearly 25th
February
Private enterprise
dividend tax
Private
enterprises
15% + 14% =
29%
53 – Yearly 25th
February
16
Tax name
Tax subject (Who
pays it?)
Tax rate
Tax form nr. and
frequency of report
Due date
Excise duty on
properties bought
Everybody 4% B4000 – Occasionally -
Excise duty on car
purchased
Everybody
Depends on
engine
volume
-
Social security Every employer
See section
social
security. It
included
several taxes
08
12th
day after
each month
17
4 SOCIAL SECURITY IN HUNGARY
4.1 General overview
Social security system includes the following services:
• Retirement
• Healthcare and health benefits
• Unemployment benefit
In order to have social security in Hungary, a so-called insurance relationship is needed. When is
somebody considered as an insured person? The most important and common cases are the
followings:
• Employment under work contract (including general manager if carried out as employee)
• Assignment contract if the regular fee exceeds 30% of minimal wage
• If any of the private person owners of a company acts also as a general manager
• Self employed entrepreneur – if not carried out under work contract or as general manager
• Private entrepreneur - if not under KATA system
• Health insurance based on mutual agreement with the Hungarian Health Institute (OEP)
4.2 Minimal salary (2018)
In Hungary, the system of minimal salary is introduced. This is the basis of the social security taxes
and the minimal salary that employers have to pay for their employees.
Minimal wage is determined and revised every year by the government. It depends on the level of
education and it is always calculated for 40 hours/week of employment.
Level of education Minimal wage (40 workhours/week)
Primary school or below 138.000 HUF
Secondary school or above 180.500 HUF
18
4.3 Taxes attached to social insurance and employment (2018)
Tax Percentage Base Who pays it?
Social contribution tax 19,5% Salary but not less than the
minimal salary Employer
Training contribution 1,5%
Taxes paid on salary 21%
Retirement fund 10%
Salary but not less than the
minimal salary
Employee
Health fund 7%
Unemployment fund 1,5%
Personal income tax 15% Effective payment
Taxes deducted from salary 33,5%
TOTAL 54,5%
When someone DOES NOT have to pay public insurance?
• Having a certified insurance in another EU country for any reasons (not applicable, if the
persons is applying for Hungarian residency, since that will require Hungarian social security
and will terminate any other insurances)
• Having a Hungarian work contract with at least 36 workhours a week
• Having another insurance as an entrepreneur where all the minimums are paid
• Having a certified social security in the home country if Hungary and home country have a
mutual agreement on social cooperation and that law accepts foreign insurance in Hungary
(it is very rare in practice)
• The insured one is a retired person (in this case, health service contribution should be paid
which is a fixed and low fee)
19
4.4 How much social insurance an entrepreneur has to pay in Hungary?
(2018)
Social insurance depends on the legal relationship between the enterprise and the employed person.
Tax title Percentage
Self-employment,
private
entrepreneur,
general manager
who is owner at the
same time
Work Contract
with primary
school
Work Contract
with secondary
school or higher
degree
Minimal
tax
basis
Tax
Minimal
tax basis
Tax
Minimal
tax
basis
Tax
Social contribution
tax
19,5% 155.250 30.274 138.000 28.050 180.500 35.198
Training contribution 1,5% 138.000 2.070 138.000 1.913 180.500 2.708
Taxes paid on salary 21% - 32.344 - 29.963 - 37.906
Retirement fund 10% 138.000 13.800 138.000 12.750 180.500 18.050
Health fund 7% 207.000 14.490 138.000 8.925 180.500 12.635
Unemployment fund 1,5% 207.000 3.105 138.000 1.913 180.500 2.708
Personal income tax 15% 138.000 20.700 138.000 19.125 180.500 27.075
Taxes deducted from
salary
33,5% - 52.095 - 42.713 - 60.468
TOTAL 54,5% - 84.439 - 72.676 - 98.374
4.5 Benefits from social security
There are some benefits that the employer may deduct from social security tax.
Examples are: employees under the age 25 or above the age 55; mothers on maturity leave, public
employment; employment of disabled persons; employment of people with low education;
employment of permanently unemployed people.
20
5 ACCOUNTING IN HUNGARY
From accounting perspective, one may distinguish 2 major groups:
• Private enterprises
• Companies
5.1 Common regulations
Both private enterprises and companies should keep the same records about VAT (ÁFA) if they did
not choose to apply the VAT-free system.
Payroll and taxes attached requires every business to apply the same regulations.
5.2 Private enterprises
Private enterprises are not subject to accounting law, while companies are.
Private enterprises maintain their records according to the personal income tax regulations. If private
enterprise is under the KATA system, it should only keep its outgoing invoices and submit 1 tax
declaration in each year.
Private enterprises use the single entry bookkeeping method.
5.3 Companies
Companies fall under the regulations of accounting law. They should prepare yearly financial
statements and corporate income tax returns.
If a business partnership (Bt.) applies the KATA rules, it should not prepare financial statements.
Limited companies (Kft.) in Hungary should always post their financial statements. This is done
electronically.
Companies apply the double entry bookkeeping method.
5.4 Financial audit
External financial audit is mandatory in Hungary, if the yearly turnover of the company exceeds 300
million HUF in two oncoming years.
Private enterprises are not obliged to perform an external financial audit.
21
6 FAQ
Q: How much does it cost to establish a company in Hungary
A: We offer discounted packages for company registration, official seat, taxation, accounting and
residency permit. Please check out our website for our latest prices at www.whisperingtree.hu/EN
Q: How long does it take to open a company?
A: If all the documents are prepared, usually it will take from 2 days up to 2 week, depending on the
Hungarian Court. Please note that for non-Hungarians, it will take a little bit longer.
Q: Shall I come to Hungary or can I establish my business from abroad?
A: The Hungarian Court and banks accept a properly apostilled authorization. So, the presence of the
Client is not mandatory.
Q: Shall I deposit the minimum registered capital to a bank account?
A: Not at all. The declaration of the general manager is needed only that states the recieival of the
capital as petty cash.
Q: Does a Hungarian business mean automatic residency?
A: No. Residency should be obtained separately but based on the company and the business activity.
Q: Is there a minimum deposit before opening a Hungarian bank account?
A: In Hungary, no minimum deposit is needed to open any bank account. However, it is advisable to
deposit some money to cover the maintenance costs of the account.
Q: How can I avoid minimum social security tax?
A: If you are an EU citizen and you have social security in another EU member country, all you have
to prove is that fact (form E101). If you are coming from a non-EU country, the person of the general
manager and the owner should be separated.
Q: I am coming from a EU country. Can I establish a private enterprise?
A: Yes, you can without restrictions.
Q: I am coming from a non-EU country. Can I establish a private enterprise?
A: First, you will need a residency permit with the following reasons: studying, unifying family, gainful
activity.
Q: I am studying here. Can I open a private enterprise or a company?
A: Yes. You can establish both independently from your citizenship.
22
7 CONTACT
If you have any further questions, please feel free to contact us.
Web: www.whisperingtree.hu/EN
e-mail: whisperingtreebt@gmail.com; info@whisperingtree.hu
Mobile/Viber: +36 20 548 4103
Address: 1143 Budapest, Szobránc u. 15/A. AS.2., Hungary
Office hours: Monday-Friday from 9 a.m. till 5 p.m. (9-17)
23
www.whisperingtree.hu

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Doing business in Hungary 2018

  • 1. Whispering Tree Buiness Consultancy Office address: H-1143 Buda web: www.whisperingtree.hu e-mail: whisperingteebt@gmail.com A COMPLETE GUIDE TO DOING BUSINESS IN HUNGARY 2018 EVERYTHING YOU NEED A FREE E-BOOK #BUSINESS STARTUP, # #SOCIAL INSURANCE 1 Whispering Tree Buiness Consultancy Office 1143 Budapest, Szobránc u. 15/A. AS.2. Hungary www.whisperingtree.hu/EN whisperingteebt@gmail.com |mobile: +36 20 548 4103 A COMPLETE GUIDE TO DOING BUSINESS IN HUNGARY EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW BOOK #BUSINESS STARTUP, #TAXATION, #SOCIAL INSURANCE, #ACCOUNTING DOING BUSINESS TAXATION, , #ACCOUNTING
  • 2. 2 TALE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 About Hungary 3 2 STARTING AN ENTERPRISE IN HUNGARY 4 2.1 Legal form of Hungarian enterprises 4 2.2 Difference between a legal and a non-legal person 4 2.3 About Hungarian private enterprise 4 2.4 About Hungarian Business Partnerships (KKT and BT.) 5 2.5 About Hungarian Limited Liability Company (KFT.) 5 2.6 Comparison of legal forms of Hungarian businesses 6 2.7 Documents needed for Hungarian company registration 8 2.8 Setting up a Hungarian company by authorization 8 2.9 What is an apostille and where you can obtain one? 8 2.10 Opening bank accounts 8 2.11 Opening electronic company portal 9 2.12 Formation of a Hungarian company: step-by-step guide 10 2.13 Company startup document checklist 10 3 TAXATION IN HUNGARY 12 3.1 General overview 12 3.2 Income taxes 12 3.3 Social security taxes 14 3.4 Other taxes 14 3.5 Summary of the major taxes, rates and corresponding deadlines in Hungary 15 4 SOCIAL SECURITY IN HUNGARY 17 4.1 General overview 17 4.2 Minimal salary (2018) 17 4.3 Taxes attached to social insurance and employment (2018) 18 4.4 How much social insurance an entrepreneur has to pay in Hungary? (2018) 19 4.5 Benefits from social security 19 5 ACCOUNTING IN HUNGARY 20 5.1 Common regulations 20 5.2 Private enterprises 20 5.3 Companies 20 5.4 Financial audit 20 6 FAQ 21 7 CONTACT 22
  • 3. 3 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 About Hungary Hungary is republic situated in Central-Europe. It is an EU member country since 2004. Area: 93.030 sqkm Population: 9.845k (2015) Form of government: Republic (democracy) Capital city: Budapest GDP: 120.7 billion USD (2015) Climate: Continental, moderate Last election held: 2018 Next elections: 2022 Leading political party FIDESZ Prime minister: Viktor Orbán President of State: János Áder Official currency Hungarian forint (HUF) Measurement system: Metric Time zone: UTC +1
  • 4. 4 2 STARTING AN ENTERPRISE IN HUNGARY 2.1 Legal form of Hungarian enterprises There are three major types of businesses in Hungary: 1. Private enterprise and private company 2. Company 3. Branch office Private enterprise and private company are non-legal persons. Legally, those are considered natural persons. Every company is a legal person. A branch office may be established by a foreign parent company and is considered a non-legal person. Branch office, legally, may not be separated from its parent company: its transactions are part of the business activity of the parent company. 2.2 Difference between a legal and a non-legal person Legal persons may have rights and obligation under their own name, while non-legal persons cannot. There must be always a legal or a natural person behind a non-legal person. E.g. a private enterprise legally is the same person as the individual who established it. 2.3 About Hungarian private enterprise 2.3.1 Basics Legal or non-legal person Non-legal person Minimum share capital There is no capital for a private enterprise Way of establishment Electronically through customer gate Possible taxation method of profit Personal income tax, KATA, KIVA Minimum number of owners N/A Financial liability of the owner Unlimited Maximum income, number of employees Not limited 2.3.2 Who can start a private enterprise? Private enterprise may be formed by: • Hungarian citizens • EU citizens
  • 5. 5 • Non-EU citizens if they have a permanent residence permit or a residence permit with the following reasons: studying, gainful activity, unifying family. 2.4 About Hungarian Business Partnerships (KKT and BT.) 2.4.1 Basics Legal or non-legal person Legal person Minimum share capital No minimal capital Way of establishment Electronically through a lawyer or public notary Possible taxation method of profit Corporate income tax, KATA, KIVA Minimum number of owners 2 Financial liability of the owner Kkt: unlimited for every owner Bt-s: unlimited for at least 1 owner Maximum income, number of employees Not limited 2.4.2 Who can form a Hungarian Business Parntership? Almost anybody which means: local, EU and non-EU citizens and local or foreign registered legal persons. • 2.5 About Hungarian Limited Liability Company (KFT.) 2.5.1 Basics Legal or non-legal person Legal person Minimum share capital 3.000.000.-HUF Way of establishment Electronically through a lawyer or public notary Possible taxation method of profit Corporate income tax, KIVA Minimum number of owners 1 Financial liability of the owner Limited Maximum income, number of employees Not limited 2.5.2 Who can form a Hungarian Limited Liability Company? Almost anybody which means: local, EU and non-EU citizens and local or foreign registered legal persons.
  • 6. 6 2.6 Comparison of legal forms of Hungarian businesses The following properties should be taken into account in the comparison of the legal formats of Hungarian enterprises: • Legal or non-legal person (as described above) • Registration process: whether a lawyer and court registration is needed or not • Minimal capital: what is the minimum amount that should be paid as registered capital • Number of owners: how many owners the company may have • Financial liability: is there a limited or unlimited financial liability behind the enterprise • Taxation system: what taxation methods the business may apply
  • 7. 7 The table below is a short summary of the comparison of the Hungarian business formats. Business type Legal or non-legal person Registration process Minimal capital Number of owners Financial liability Taxation system Private enterprise Natural person Electronic registration, no lawyer and court is needed N/A 1 Unlimited Private income tax (SZJA) Small taxpayers’ tax (KATA) Small enterprise tax (KIVA) Private company Natural person Electronic registration, no lawyer and court is needed N/A 1 Unlimited or limited Private income tax (SZJA) Small taxpayers’ tax (KATA) Small enterprise tax (KIVA) Business partnership (Kkt. and Bt.) Legal person Lawyer and court registration is need N/A min. 2. Unlimited for at least 1 owner, limited the others. In case of Kkt.: unlimited for everyone Corporate income tax (TAO) Small taxpayers’ tax (KATA) Small enterprise tax (KIVA) Limited company (Kft.) Legal person Lawyer and court registration is need 3.000.000 HUF min. 1 Limited for all the owners Corporate income tax (TAO) Small enterprise tax (KIVA) Private limited company (Zrt.) Legal person Lawyer and court registration is need 5.000.000 HUF min. 1 Limited for all the owners Corporate income tax (TAO) Small enterprise tax (KIVA) Public limited company (Nyrt.) Legal person Lawyer and court registration is need 20.000.000 HUF Public shares should be issued Limited for all the owners Corporate income tax (TAO) Branch office Non- legal person Lawyer and court registration is need N/A Ownership is not applicable Parent company is liable Corporate income tax (TAO)
  • 8. 8 2.7 Documents needed for Hungarian company registration Documents needed by private persons (i.e. owner of the Hungarian company will be a private person or more private persons): • Valid passport • Proof of Hungarian temporary or permanent address (Hungarian address card) OR proof of address is home country (e.g. bank statement, address card or the like). A private enterprise requires a valid Hungarian address card. • Hungarian personal tax number (free of charge, application may be done personally in Hungary or by proxy) • Hungarian social security number for the general manager(s) and employee(s) of the company. A private entrepreneur requires a local social security number. Documents needed by legal-persons or companies (i.e. the owner of the Hungarian business will be a foreign company or other legal person): • Copy of company register or other proof of incorporation with an apostille that certifies the validity of the do cument • Official Hungarian translation of the above mentioned document • Valid passport of the representative of the legal person • Proof of Hungarian temporary or permanent address (Hungarian address card) OR proof of address is home country (e.g. bank statement, address card or the like) • Hungarian personal tax number (free of charge, application may be done personally in Hungary or by proxy) 2.8 Setting up a Hungarian company by authorization It is possible to set up a Hungarian company by authorization (i.e. our company will sign on the behalf of our client), however, an apostilled authorization (power of attorney = PoA) is required during the procedure. The authorization will be prepared and handled by us. What you will need to do is to get the PoA signed and apostilled. 2.9 What is an apostille and where you can obtain one? Apostille is an internationally accepted proof issued by a certified lawyer of public notary or by the Hungarian Embassy. It testifies the validity of the documents that are signed. It is officially required for some documents by the Hungarian Court. 2.10 Opening bank accounts One may open several private and/or corporate bank accounts. The general practice is that there is no initial deposit needed. Credit cards are not popular in Hungary, rather debit cards are used. A
  • 9. 9 debit card may be obtained at the time of the bank account opening, although, it usually takes two weeks to be prepared. Please note, that Hungarian businesses need to open at least one domestic Hungarian forint bank account. Companies may have foreign currency domestic and foreign bank accounts also. The domestic account are automatically reported to the authorities by the banks. Foreign ones should be reported to the authorities manually. Bank accounts may be opened personally by the general manager or by proxy (power of authorization). 2.11 Opening electronic company portal From 2018, electronic company portal is mandatory to open and maintain. The state will use this to communicate with the company. We will open this for you in order to comply with the regulations.
  • 10. 10 2.12 Formation of a Hungarian company: step-by-step guide 2.13 Company startup document checklist Description Check Documents for private person owner(s) and general manager(s) Valid passport OR a valid ID card (EU citizens only) Proof of home address (e.g. bank statement, address card – official translation may be required also in some cases) T34 form and Hungarian personal tax number certificate (will be obtained in Hungary in person or by authorization in advance of company registration) Documents for legal entity owner(s)
  • 11. 11 Description Check Company register certificate/extract with an apostille Official translation of the above document (will be obtained in Hungary) Founding documents (countersigned by lawyer OR apostilled and sent to the court) Assignment of delivery for each of the owners and general manager who do NOT have a Hungarian address Declaration of acceptance of the position of general manager Declaration of usage of seat Declaration of payment of registered capital List of shareholders Specimen of signature for general manager(s) Founder’s resolution Articles of incorporation Authorization of company registration, personal tax ID registration, bank account opening, mandatory registrations and company portal opening (if done by that way) Internal documents (mandatory but not sent to the court) Authorization for opening bank accounts and obtaining debit cards (if necessary) Authorization for tax offices (required to post any tax declaration) Short description of the case (Chamber of Lawyers’ standard) Assignment for the lawyer (power of attorney) to register the company Identification datasheet (required by Hungarian legislation since anti-terrorism and anti-money-laundering legislations have been introduced) Local and international criminal record and ID document validity query (mandatory)
  • 12. 12 3 TAXATION IN HUNGARY 3.1 General overview The following section is an overview of the Hungarian taxation system for newcomers. Hungarian taxes may be classified in four major groups: • Income taxes • Value added tax • Social security taxes • Other taxes 3.2 Income taxes 3.2.1 Personal income tax (Személyi jövedelemadó SZJA) Personal income tax may be applied to earnings generated by private persons in Hungary. The rate of this tax is fixed 15% (in 2018). The basis of the personal tax is the earnings that are realized during the tax year (i.e. calendar year by default). Earnings = Incomes - Expenses accepted by personal income tax law To what earnings the personal income tax may be applied? • Wages, salary • Regular commissions • Profit generated by private enterprise • Earnings generated by selling properties (land, building) or other possessions (car, furniture etc.) • Dividends, interest • Capital earnings (exchange rate gains) 3.2.2 Corporate income tax (Társasági adó - TAO) Corporate income tax may be applied to companies that not decided to use special taxation systems like KATA or KIVA. The rough calculation of corporate income tax basis is the following: Taxable profit = Earnings before taxes +/- Corporate income tax modifiers The rate of the corporate income tax is 9%.
  • 13. 13 There is a so-called minimum tax basis. It should be applied after the first tax year of the company. The essence of this system is that if the actual tax basis does not reach a certain level, 2% of all the incomes should be considered as minimum tax basis. 3.2.3 Small taxpayers’ tax (KATA) – a wonderful tax! May be applied by private enterprises, private companies and business partnerships (Kkt., Bt.). It is a fixed fee in every month. It includes all the income taxes, the social security taxes plus the dividend tax. The fixed tax is only 50.000.-HUF/month. The rest may be used for private spending. The limit for this tax is 12.000.000.-HUF yearly income (in 2018). Above the limit, 40% additional tax should be based on the difference. It a very popular and convenient taxation form. For private enterprises and small companies, this might be the best choice. 3.2.4 Small enterprise tax (Kisvállalati adó - KIVA) KIVA is a simplified taxation system may be applied by several businesses (please refer to enterprise legal format section). The basic rate is 16%, however, the calculation of the basis is quite sophisticated. It includes the income tax and the social security contribution tax. It may carry benefits for some of the enterprises compared to the corporate income tax system. 3.2.5 Local turnover tax (Helyi iparűzési adó) Local turnover tax should be paid to the local government where the enterprise has its seat address or operates a business property. If several local areas are affected, the local turnover tax should be split. The actual rate of the local turnover tax is determined by the local governments. The maximum rate is that may be applied is 2%. Basis of the local turnover tax = Revenue – Costs of materials – Costs of goods sold – Cost of services sold 3.2.6 Value added tax (Általános forgalmi adó - ÁFA) Value added tax work very similar to other countries. Basically, it should be paid on local consumption. There are three VAT rates in Hungary: 27%, 18% and 5%. The essence of the system is that VAT paid on purchases may be deducted from the VAT that should be paid on sales. The difference should be paid to the government. The system is complicated and contains strict regulations, especially the rules applied to invoicing. Under 8 million forint of yearly turnover, the enterprise may choose a VAT free status. This means that the business should not pay and deduct VAT. In addition, VAT returns should not be posted. Cash accounting VAT method may also be applied upon choice under 125 million forint of yearly turnover. Cash accounting means that the VAT should be paid and deducted when the value of the invoice is actually paid. This system may be beneficial if the buyers pay later. There are three VAT declaration frequencies in Hungary. Reclaim limits are also connected to VAT frequencies:
  • 14. 14 • Monthly – 1 million forint • Quarterly – 250 million forint • Yearly – no reclaim limit EU tax number should be registered if the business plan to manage EU transactions (i.e. buying and selling from and to other EU countries). EU transactions should be reported to the government. 3.3 Social security taxes Hungary introduced the public social security system. That means every insured resident should pay a certain amount of contribution. In return, he will be part of the government social insurance system. What is included in public social security in Hungary? • Retirement • Healthcare and health benefits • Unemployment benefit Please refer to section named Social Security in Hungary 3.4 Other taxes 3.4.1 Business car tax Business car tax is paid on the personal cars owned by the company or on private owned personal cars, if the company accounts any costs. Business car tax should not be paid on lorries and trucks and on other non-personal vehicles. Business car tax only depends on the performance and environmental class of the car. The higher the performance of the car is and the less emission the car has, the lower the tax is. 3.4.2 Local car tax Local car tax is determined by and should be paid to the local government. It depends on the performance and age of the car. 3.4.3 Tourist tax Tourist tax should be paid to the local government by those who carry out short-term accommodation businesses activities (e.g. booking.com, rnb.com). It is either a fixed amount and based on the nights that are spent by the tourists or a certain percentage of the overall accommodation fee. 3.4.4 Business phone and representation tax If a company books phone costs, there is tax that should be paid on the costs. 20% of the gross telephone spending should be considered as private spending and is taxed by the state. The taxation is done through the personal income tax system.
  • 15. 15 The same is true for representation and business gift expenses: those items are taxed through the personal income tax system. 3.4.5 Excise duty Excise duty should be paid on certain products (tobacco, alcohol and petrol) by manufacturers, wholesalers. It is a very complicated and strict tax system which requires the employment of professionals. 3.4.6 Environmental tax Environmental tax should be paid on packaging materials (paper, iron, glass, plastic) by the wholesaler or the manufacturer of the product. Most of the enterprises may meet this tax as a separate item in the invoice which raises the purchasing price of the packaging material. 3.5 Summary of the major taxes, rates and corresponding deadlines in Hungary Tax name Tax subject (Who pays it?) Tax rate Tax form nr. and frequency of report Due date Corporate income tax Companies 9% 29 – Yearly 31st May Small taxpayers tax (KATA) Bt and Private enterprises 50.000.- HUF/month KATA – Yearly 25th February Value added tax (VAT) Every business, sometimes private persons also 27% 65,A60 – Monthly, quarterly or yearly 20th day after month or quater Personal income tax (SZJA) Private persons 15% 53 – Yearly 20th May Local turnover tax (HIPA) Every business Depends on the settlement, average is 2% HIPA – Yearly 31st May Chamber of commerce contribution Every business 5.000.- HUF/year Yearly, no form required 31st March Dividend tax Private persons if they withdraw dividend form a company 15% + 14% = 29% 53 – Yearly 25th February Private enterprise tax Private enterprises 15% 53 – Yearly 25th February Private enterprise dividend tax Private enterprises 15% + 14% = 29% 53 – Yearly 25th February
  • 16. 16 Tax name Tax subject (Who pays it?) Tax rate Tax form nr. and frequency of report Due date Excise duty on properties bought Everybody 4% B4000 – Occasionally - Excise duty on car purchased Everybody Depends on engine volume - Social security Every employer See section social security. It included several taxes 08 12th day after each month
  • 17. 17 4 SOCIAL SECURITY IN HUNGARY 4.1 General overview Social security system includes the following services: • Retirement • Healthcare and health benefits • Unemployment benefit In order to have social security in Hungary, a so-called insurance relationship is needed. When is somebody considered as an insured person? The most important and common cases are the followings: • Employment under work contract (including general manager if carried out as employee) • Assignment contract if the regular fee exceeds 30% of minimal wage • If any of the private person owners of a company acts also as a general manager • Self employed entrepreneur – if not carried out under work contract or as general manager • Private entrepreneur - if not under KATA system • Health insurance based on mutual agreement with the Hungarian Health Institute (OEP) 4.2 Minimal salary (2018) In Hungary, the system of minimal salary is introduced. This is the basis of the social security taxes and the minimal salary that employers have to pay for their employees. Minimal wage is determined and revised every year by the government. It depends on the level of education and it is always calculated for 40 hours/week of employment. Level of education Minimal wage (40 workhours/week) Primary school or below 138.000 HUF Secondary school or above 180.500 HUF
  • 18. 18 4.3 Taxes attached to social insurance and employment (2018) Tax Percentage Base Who pays it? Social contribution tax 19,5% Salary but not less than the minimal salary Employer Training contribution 1,5% Taxes paid on salary 21% Retirement fund 10% Salary but not less than the minimal salary Employee Health fund 7% Unemployment fund 1,5% Personal income tax 15% Effective payment Taxes deducted from salary 33,5% TOTAL 54,5% When someone DOES NOT have to pay public insurance? • Having a certified insurance in another EU country for any reasons (not applicable, if the persons is applying for Hungarian residency, since that will require Hungarian social security and will terminate any other insurances) • Having a Hungarian work contract with at least 36 workhours a week • Having another insurance as an entrepreneur where all the minimums are paid • Having a certified social security in the home country if Hungary and home country have a mutual agreement on social cooperation and that law accepts foreign insurance in Hungary (it is very rare in practice) • The insured one is a retired person (in this case, health service contribution should be paid which is a fixed and low fee)
  • 19. 19 4.4 How much social insurance an entrepreneur has to pay in Hungary? (2018) Social insurance depends on the legal relationship between the enterprise and the employed person. Tax title Percentage Self-employment, private entrepreneur, general manager who is owner at the same time Work Contract with primary school Work Contract with secondary school or higher degree Minimal tax basis Tax Minimal tax basis Tax Minimal tax basis Tax Social contribution tax 19,5% 155.250 30.274 138.000 28.050 180.500 35.198 Training contribution 1,5% 138.000 2.070 138.000 1.913 180.500 2.708 Taxes paid on salary 21% - 32.344 - 29.963 - 37.906 Retirement fund 10% 138.000 13.800 138.000 12.750 180.500 18.050 Health fund 7% 207.000 14.490 138.000 8.925 180.500 12.635 Unemployment fund 1,5% 207.000 3.105 138.000 1.913 180.500 2.708 Personal income tax 15% 138.000 20.700 138.000 19.125 180.500 27.075 Taxes deducted from salary 33,5% - 52.095 - 42.713 - 60.468 TOTAL 54,5% - 84.439 - 72.676 - 98.374 4.5 Benefits from social security There are some benefits that the employer may deduct from social security tax. Examples are: employees under the age 25 or above the age 55; mothers on maturity leave, public employment; employment of disabled persons; employment of people with low education; employment of permanently unemployed people.
  • 20. 20 5 ACCOUNTING IN HUNGARY From accounting perspective, one may distinguish 2 major groups: • Private enterprises • Companies 5.1 Common regulations Both private enterprises and companies should keep the same records about VAT (ÁFA) if they did not choose to apply the VAT-free system. Payroll and taxes attached requires every business to apply the same regulations. 5.2 Private enterprises Private enterprises are not subject to accounting law, while companies are. Private enterprises maintain their records according to the personal income tax regulations. If private enterprise is under the KATA system, it should only keep its outgoing invoices and submit 1 tax declaration in each year. Private enterprises use the single entry bookkeeping method. 5.3 Companies Companies fall under the regulations of accounting law. They should prepare yearly financial statements and corporate income tax returns. If a business partnership (Bt.) applies the KATA rules, it should not prepare financial statements. Limited companies (Kft.) in Hungary should always post their financial statements. This is done electronically. Companies apply the double entry bookkeeping method. 5.4 Financial audit External financial audit is mandatory in Hungary, if the yearly turnover of the company exceeds 300 million HUF in two oncoming years. Private enterprises are not obliged to perform an external financial audit.
  • 21. 21 6 FAQ Q: How much does it cost to establish a company in Hungary A: We offer discounted packages for company registration, official seat, taxation, accounting and residency permit. Please check out our website for our latest prices at www.whisperingtree.hu/EN Q: How long does it take to open a company? A: If all the documents are prepared, usually it will take from 2 days up to 2 week, depending on the Hungarian Court. Please note that for non-Hungarians, it will take a little bit longer. Q: Shall I come to Hungary or can I establish my business from abroad? A: The Hungarian Court and banks accept a properly apostilled authorization. So, the presence of the Client is not mandatory. Q: Shall I deposit the minimum registered capital to a bank account? A: Not at all. The declaration of the general manager is needed only that states the recieival of the capital as petty cash. Q: Does a Hungarian business mean automatic residency? A: No. Residency should be obtained separately but based on the company and the business activity. Q: Is there a minimum deposit before opening a Hungarian bank account? A: In Hungary, no minimum deposit is needed to open any bank account. However, it is advisable to deposit some money to cover the maintenance costs of the account. Q: How can I avoid minimum social security tax? A: If you are an EU citizen and you have social security in another EU member country, all you have to prove is that fact (form E101). If you are coming from a non-EU country, the person of the general manager and the owner should be separated. Q: I am coming from a EU country. Can I establish a private enterprise? A: Yes, you can without restrictions. Q: I am coming from a non-EU country. Can I establish a private enterprise? A: First, you will need a residency permit with the following reasons: studying, unifying family, gainful activity. Q: I am studying here. Can I open a private enterprise or a company? A: Yes. You can establish both independently from your citizenship.
  • 22. 22 7 CONTACT If you have any further questions, please feel free to contact us. Web: www.whisperingtree.hu/EN e-mail: whisperingtreebt@gmail.com; info@whisperingtree.hu Mobile/Viber: +36 20 548 4103 Address: 1143 Budapest, Szobránc u. 15/A. AS.2., Hungary Office hours: Monday-Friday from 9 a.m. till 5 p.m. (9-17)