The document discusses the growth of the nursing profession during the COVID-19 pandemic. It describes how the pandemic led to an increased need for nurses and highlighted the important role they play in healthcare. The nursing profession has evolved over time from one focused primarily on assisting doctors to an independent profession requiring extensive education and training. Nursing theories and research have expanded the scope of nursing practice. The pandemic further increased the demand for nurses and recognition of their skills and contributions.

1. ENGLISH
CORONA PANDAMIC GROWTH
IN NURSING PROFESSION
SUBMITTED BY: ZAKIA SAJID
SUBMITTED TO: MIISS MEHAK
DATE:
CORONA PANDEMIC
Introduction
Symptoms of COVID-19
Coronavirus in Pakistan
COVID-19 vaccine

2.  Preventive measures
Introduction
• Coronavirus are actually a large family of viruses that cause the following
types of illness.
• Common cold
• Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV)
• Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV)
In late 2019, a new (or novel) coronavirus that has not been seen previously in
humans was identified as the cause of human illness. It was given the
name2019-nCoV’. Later on, World Health Organization (WHO), in a press
release February 11, 2020, named this rapidly spreading disease as COVID-19.
This acronym was formed “Corona Virus Disease 2019”.
This virus was first identified in December 2019 in a Chinese city, named
Wuhan. After that, it began to spread very quickly in different countries. China,
India, Brazil, Russia, France, Spain, Italy, USA, Uk and Mexico were among the
most-effected countries. This virus has caused a large number of deaths across
the world and the game is not over yet. The pandemic is still ongoing. As of
February 05, 2021, there have been 2,265,354 deaths caused by the
coronavirus reported to WHO. World Health Organization has declared the
outbreak of COVID-19 to be a Public Health Emergency of international
Concerns.
Symptoms of COVID-19
Fever, cough and difficulty in breathing are the common signs of COVID-19.
Apart from this, fatigue, sore throat, loss of smell, muscle pain and abdominal
pain are also observed in the patients infected by COVID-19. In more severe
cases, this infection can cause pneumonia, kidney failure and even death.
Coronavirus is Pakistan
Coronavirus was reported to reach Pakistan on February 26, 2020 when two
cases (one in Islamabad and the other in Karachi) were recorded. Soon, new
cases began to get registered in other provinces as well. June15, 2020 was the

3. most horrible day for the Pakistan when 6825 new cases were recorded in just
24 hours.
The Government of Pakistan took rigorous measures like setting up of special
hospitals, laboratories for testing, quarantine facilities, awareness campaign
and the strict implementation of lockdown SOPs to control the spread of virus.
All international flights were suspended and borders were shut down. Schools
and universities were closed. A ban was imposed on public gatherings. Due to
these timely steps, the number of daily cases and percentage of people testing
positive started to decline. As of February 05 2021, there have been 11,886
deaths caused by the coronavirus in Pakistan.
Due to the strict lockdown throughout the country, many businesses and
industries were closed and this caused an increase in the unemployment and
poverty rate in Pakistan. Almost 20 million people became jobless due to
pandemic. The Government announced an economic relief package for the
unemployed daily wage workers and healthcare professionals. Besides this, a
number of generous and humanitarian people and organizations also came
forward to rescue the nation from this widespread crisis.
At present, Pakistan is at the 8th position regard to the highest number of
confirmed cases in Aisa and at the 28th position with regard to the highest
number of confirmed cases in the world. Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad and
Peshawar are the most-affected cities that make up nearly 55% of the
country’s total confirmed cases.
COVID-19 VACCINE
Islamabad, 8 May 2021, Pakistan received its first shipment of
OxfordAstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines from the COVAX Facility. The COVID-19
vaccine has also been presented as the perfect cure for halting the current
pandemic. According to research, the COV-19 pandemic is responsible for
decimating people and spoiling many lives, but the COV-19 vaccine provides
hope. The current research found that Pakistanis have insufficient information
about COVID-19 vaccines but have more favourable attitudes toward them.
The results indicate that respective health authorities should distribute and
advertise immediate health education services and more reliable information.
Governments should implement a strategy to enhance public understanding,
optimistic beliefs, help minimize doubt, and increase the public's belief in the
need for the introduction of COVID-19 vaccination to deal.

4. PREVENTIVE MEASURES:
Following are the preventive measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19:
• Maintain a safe distance from others (at least 1 metre), even if they
don’t appear to be sick.
• Wear a mask in public, especially indoors or when physical distancing is
not possible.
• Choose open, well-ventilated spaces over closed ones. Open a window if
indoors.
• Clean your hands often. Use soap and water, or an alcohol-based hand
rub.
• Get vaccinated when it’s your turn. Follow local guidance about
vaccination.
• Cover your nose and mouth with your bent elbow or a tissue when you
cough or sneeze.
• Stay home if you feel unwell.
GROWTH IN NURSING PROFESSION
Nursing is a dynamic profession and in recent times has evolved with the ever-changing world of
healthcare. It is the use of clinical judgment and the provision of care to enable people to promote,
improve, maintain or recover health or, when death is inevitable, to die peacefully. (RCN, 2002).
Growing up in Nigeria, there has been a stereotypical perception of the concept of Nursing as a
profession which is often devoid of formal learning. It is perceived that all nursing entails is to take
orders from the doctor and ensure the patient got his/her medication, it was safe to say all nurses
are known for in Nigeria was to give injections to an ill person or assist a new mother in caring for
her new born. Nursing has over the years transitioned from a form of learning through
apprenticeship, to various forms of formal learning and intensive training in addition to acquiring
required skills for practice. The apprentice is taken under the control of a senior who is well versed
in his/her current field over a period of years (Tatum. M, 2011). Care provided by nurses, extends
beyond following the instructions of the physician concerning the patient, administering medication
and other therapies. Nurses are responsible for assessing, observing, monitoring patients and

5. recording any relevant information to aid in treatment decision making. Nurses are also responsible
for the holistic care of patients. A significant change in nursing is the perception of nurses being the
jobs of females. It has always been perceived as a woman’s job and this has been quite difficult to
change, although the male gender is gradually increasing in the field of nursing. The gender
stereotype in recent times has evolved with more people recognising that it is a profession that is
not restricted to only the female gender. In my country, the perception in many homes ascribe the
role of medical doctors to male and nurses to females. A nurse who truly views a person holistically
in a non-judgmental, caring and accepting perspective will strive in the uniqueness rather than
stereotypical characteristics (Sampselle, 1990). Furthermore, nurses are now found in almost every
healthcare setting and have become an integral part of the medical industry. They are now medical
professionals needed in schools, prisons, sports and even the military setting. Nursing theories and
extensive research have shaped the development of the role of nurses in terms of care delivery and
patient centred care. Nurses also undergo extensive trainings which have expanded the range of
care settings that make them more respected medical personnel as opposed to performing functions
that focus on just assisting doctors and giving sponge baths. In conclusion, one thing is certain the
nursing profession has passed through several phases and it continues to be a growing field. There is
room for improvement of the nursing profession, the advancements have helped improved the
perception of nursing being a mere job that was not revered to one that deserves respect.
EVOLUTION OF NURSING THEORY
The history of professional nursing began with Florence Nightingale who envisioned nurses as a
body of educated women. In last century, nursing began with a strong emphasis on practice.
Historical eras in nursing
1. Curriculum era
2. Research era
3. Graduate nursing era
4. Theory era
Curriculum era
Addressed the question of what prospective nurses must study and learn to become a nurse. i.e.,
Courses nurses need to take, the need to move from hospital-based nursing program to college level
education and university level education. Research era
as more and more nurses sought degrees in higher education, research era emerged. Nurses began
to participate in research and research course began to be included in nursing curricula.
Graduate nursing education era
Master's program in nursing emerged to meet the need for nurse with specialized education in
nursing. The master's education had an embedded course in nursing research nearing the end of
this era a course in nursing theory or nursing conceptual models that introduced students to the
early nursing theorists and development of nursing theories was introduced.

6. Theory era
Was the natural outgrowth of research era. With an increased understanding of research and
knowledge development. It became obvious that research without theory produced isolated
information, however research and theory produced nursing science.
The Evolution of Nursing
Nursing in the Past
Early nursing began in the home. Family members would care for the sick where
they lived before hospitals existed. In around 300 A.D., some of the first hospitals
emerged in the Roman Empire. The first written documents about nursing were also
during this era.
The number of hospitals grew during the Middle Ages. As the Catholic church
spread across Europe, it built monasteries along the way. Many of these buildings
contained hospitals, staffed by nurses.
Modern nursing is said to have begun around 1845. Florence Nightingale led several
women in treating the sick and injured Crimean War soldiers. Her treatment
practices set new standards for nursing care. Across the Atlantic, American doctor
Joseph Warrington wrote a book for society nurses and midwives. This was the first
example of a regulated nursing text.
The next evolution of nursing was in education. Women started receiving training to
become nurses in small to mid-size hospital systems. Their education was
observation-based and took two to three years. After graduation, the hospital that
owns the education center would bring them on as full-time nurses.
As time went on, hospitals grew larger, and education became more comprehensive.
Nurses of all races and backgrounds were accepted into programs and became part
of the workforce. Technology began to play a larger role in nursing. Advanced
patient beds, stethoscopes and blood pressure devices became the norm.
In the 1960s, specialized nursing began to emerge. Nurses could be trained for
intensive care units or other specialties. Specialized nurses helped hospitals deliver
better, more efficient care to their patients.
The evolution of nursing continued in its education system. Advances in technology
and medicine created the need for more educated nurses. Nursing education moved
from hospitals to the classroom. Certification programs emerged, allowing nurses to
perform certain duties. Degree programs granted access to treat patients in
hospitals.
Nursing in the Present
Education and technology represent the largest differences between nursing’s past
and present.

7. A college degree or nursing specialist certification is require for nurses to enter the
hospital environment. Education consists of a few years in a classroom
setting. Virtual and in-person labs simulate the working environment. From there,
nurses in training are required to work alongside registered nurses to gain
experience before graduating.
After graduation, nurses must continue their education. Medicinal advancements,
new technology and other factors keep nurses in the classroom long after college.
Continued education is a must. Without it, nurses may find themselves unprepared
and limited in the types of nursing they can practice.
Technology has advanced to a point where nurses in training may learn in a virtual
space. Once in the field, nurses use advanced technology to monitor their patients’
vital signs, distribute their medicine and measure their weight. Today, clipboards
have been replaced with secure computer systems for keeping patient notes.
Modern nurses have also traded in all-white uniforms for multicolored scrubs and
rubber shoes. Often, the unit they serve dictates the color of a nurse’s scrubs.
Nursing in the Future
More education and new technology seem to be a guarantee in the future of
nursing. Today, 57% of nurses hold at least a Bachelor of Science degree. 18% of
nurses have completed a graduate program. Currently, nursing schools are limited in
the number of applicants they can accept. With increased faculty, more classrooms
and higher budgets, these numbers can continue to grow.
Due to technology’s influence on the medical field, many predict future nurses will
also have to be proficient in information management. Nurses need to understand
how to gather and analyze new data made available by technology. This data is
useful to better predict and treat both short-term and long-term illness.
The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health claims a number of
barriers will prevent nurses from being able to respond to a changing health care
system. One of these barriers is leadership in hospitals. Most are controlled by those
unaware of the problems nurses face in the line of duty every day.