1 Bonobo Sex and Society The behavior of a close relaMargaritoWhitt221
1
Bonobo Sex and Society
The behavior of a close relative challenges assumptions
about male supremacy in human evolution
by
Frans B. M. de Waal
(Originally published in the March 1995 issue of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, pp. 82-88)
FRANS B. M. de WAAL was trained as an
ethologist in the European tradition, receiving his
Ph.D. from the University of Utrecht in 1977. After a
six-year study of the chimpanzee colony at the
Arnhem Zoo, he moved to the U.S. in 1981 to work
on other primate species, including bonobos. He is
now a research professor at the Yerkes Regional
Primate Research Center in Atlanta and professor of
psychology at Emory University.
At a juncture in history during which women are seeking equality with men,
science arrives with a belated gift to the feminist movement. Male-biased
evolutionary scenarios – Man the Hunter, Man the Toolmaker and so on –
are being challenged by the discovery that females play a central, perhaps
even dominant, role in the social life of one of our nearest relatives. In the
past few years many strands of knowledge have come together concerning a
relatively unknown ape with an unorthodox repertoire of behavior: the
bonobo.
The bonobo is one of the last large mammals
to be found by science. The creature was
discovered in 1929 in a Belgian colonial
museum, far from its lush African habitat. A
German anatomist, Ernst Schwarz, was
scrutinizing a skull that had been ascribed to
a juvenile chimpanzee because of its small
size, when he realized that it belonged to an
adult. Schwarz declared that he had stumbled
on a new subspecies of chimpanzee. But soon the animal was assigned the
status of an entirely distinct species within the same genus as the
chimpanzee, Pan.
http://www.emory.edu/YERKES/
http://www.emory.edu/YERKES/
http://www.emory.edu/PSYCH/Faculty/dewaal.html
2
The bonobo was officially classified as Pan paniscus, or the diminutive Pan.
But I believe a different label might have been selected had the discoverers
known then what we know now. The old taxonomic name of the
chimpanzee, P. satyrus – which refers to the myth of apes as lustful satyrs –
would have been perfect for the bonobo.
The species is best characterized as female-centered and egalitarian and as
one that substitutes sex for aggression. Whereas in most other species sexual
behavior is a fairly distinct category, in the bonobo it is part and parcel of
social relations – and not just between males and females. Bonobos engage
in sex in virtually every partner combination (although such contact among
close family members may be suppressed). And sexual interactions occur
more often among bonobos than among other primates. Despite the
frequency of sex, the bonobo's rate of reproduction in the wild is about the
same as that of the chimpanzee. A female gives birth to a single infant at
intervals of between five and six years. So bonobos shar ...
Snakes Myths & Facts in English by Santosh TakaleSantosh Takale
The prime intent of this book is to eradicate all myths, among masses regarding snakes. But I have also added some information on how to identify snake, precautions to avoid snake bite, first aid after snake bite and very importantly, I have mentioned few references which can be referred for detailed information on the snakes.
I would like to express my Special Thanks to Mumbaikar, Aniket & All members of CON-Veshvi.
Regards.
- Santosh Takale.
Snakes Myths & Facts in English by Santosh Takale (Revised)Santosh Takale
The prime intent of this book is to eradicate all myths, among masses regarding snakes. But I have also added some information on how to identify snake, precautions to avoid snake bite, first aid after snake bite and very importantly, I have mentioned few references which can be referred for detailed information on the snakes.
I would like to express my Special Thanks to Mumbaikar, Aniket & All members of CON-Veshvi.
Regards.
- Santosh Takale.
1 Bonobo Sex and Society The behavior of a close relaMargaritoWhitt221
1
Bonobo Sex and Society
The behavior of a close relative challenges assumptions
about male supremacy in human evolution
by
Frans B. M. de Waal
(Originally published in the March 1995 issue of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, pp. 82-88)
FRANS B. M. de WAAL was trained as an
ethologist in the European tradition, receiving his
Ph.D. from the University of Utrecht in 1977. After a
six-year study of the chimpanzee colony at the
Arnhem Zoo, he moved to the U.S. in 1981 to work
on other primate species, including bonobos. He is
now a research professor at the Yerkes Regional
Primate Research Center in Atlanta and professor of
psychology at Emory University.
At a juncture in history during which women are seeking equality with men,
science arrives with a belated gift to the feminist movement. Male-biased
evolutionary scenarios – Man the Hunter, Man the Toolmaker and so on –
are being challenged by the discovery that females play a central, perhaps
even dominant, role in the social life of one of our nearest relatives. In the
past few years many strands of knowledge have come together concerning a
relatively unknown ape with an unorthodox repertoire of behavior: the
bonobo.
The bonobo is one of the last large mammals
to be found by science. The creature was
discovered in 1929 in a Belgian colonial
museum, far from its lush African habitat. A
German anatomist, Ernst Schwarz, was
scrutinizing a skull that had been ascribed to
a juvenile chimpanzee because of its small
size, when he realized that it belonged to an
adult. Schwarz declared that he had stumbled
on a new subspecies of chimpanzee. But soon the animal was assigned the
status of an entirely distinct species within the same genus as the
chimpanzee, Pan.
http://www.emory.edu/YERKES/
http://www.emory.edu/YERKES/
http://www.emory.edu/PSYCH/Faculty/dewaal.html
2
The bonobo was officially classified as Pan paniscus, or the diminutive Pan.
But I believe a different label might have been selected had the discoverers
known then what we know now. The old taxonomic name of the
chimpanzee, P. satyrus – which refers to the myth of apes as lustful satyrs –
would have been perfect for the bonobo.
The species is best characterized as female-centered and egalitarian and as
one that substitutes sex for aggression. Whereas in most other species sexual
behavior is a fairly distinct category, in the bonobo it is part and parcel of
social relations – and not just between males and females. Bonobos engage
in sex in virtually every partner combination (although such contact among
close family members may be suppressed). And sexual interactions occur
more often among bonobos than among other primates. Despite the
frequency of sex, the bonobo's rate of reproduction in the wild is about the
same as that of the chimpanzee. A female gives birth to a single infant at
intervals of between five and six years. So bonobos shar ...
Snakes Myths & Facts in English by Santosh TakaleSantosh Takale
The prime intent of this book is to eradicate all myths, among masses regarding snakes. But I have also added some information on how to identify snake, precautions to avoid snake bite, first aid after snake bite and very importantly, I have mentioned few references which can be referred for detailed information on the snakes.
I would like to express my Special Thanks to Mumbaikar, Aniket & All members of CON-Veshvi.
Regards.
- Santosh Takale.
Snakes Myths & Facts in English by Santosh Takale (Revised)Santosh Takale
The prime intent of this book is to eradicate all myths, among masses regarding snakes. But I have also added some information on how to identify snake, precautions to avoid snake bite, first aid after snake bite and very importantly, I have mentioned few references which can be referred for detailed information on the snakes.
I would like to express my Special Thanks to Mumbaikar, Aniket & All members of CON-Veshvi.
Regards.
- Santosh Takale.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
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Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Do possums attack humans?.pdf
1. DO POSSUMS ATTACK HUMANS?
Unraveling the Enigmatic Behavior of Possums in Canberra
Possums, those enigmatic marsupials that quietly traverse Canberra’s neighbourhoods
at night, have long been surrounded by myths and misconceptions. In this exploration,
we aim to unveil the truth behind their mysterious behaviour and dispel the common
misconception: Do possums attack humans in Canberra?
Meet the Possums in Canberra
Unique Species: Introducing the Marsupial Possum of Canberra
Firstly, let’s acquaint ourselves with these remarkable creatures. The marsupial possum
is a unique species in Canberra, often misunderstood due to its distant relationship with
kangaroos and koalas. Possums in Canberra possess a range of fascinating traits that
set them apart.
Behavioral Characteristics of Possums in Canberra
Possums in Canberra are known for their distinct behavioural characteristics, from their
nocturnal habits to their territorial instincts. These behaviours are integral to their
survival in various environments, including the Canberra region.
Possum’s Fascinating Adaptations and Survival Strategies in Canberra
To thrive in different ecosystems of Canberra, possums have developed a set of
adaptations and survival strategies. Their prehensile tails, sharp claws, and
2. resourcefulness all play a role in their ability to endure and flourish in the unique
environment of the Australian Capital Territory.
Understanding Possum Behavior in Canberra
Nocturnal Creatures: The Nightlife of Possums.
Possums in Canberra are creatures of the night, and understanding their nocturnal
behaviour is essential to comprehend their role in the ecosystem of this region.
Nurturing Possum Families: Maternal Instincts and Care.
Possum mothers exhibit solid maternal instincts, providing care and protection to their
young joeys. Their nurturing behaviour sheds light on their complex family dynamics
within Canberra.
Territorial Instincts: How Possums Establish Their Domains.
Possums in Canberra establish territories and communicate with one another through
scent markings. These territorial instincts offer insights into their interactions with
humans and other possums in the unique context of Canberra.
Debunking the Aggression Myth in Canberra
The Truth Behind Possums’ Fear of Humans.
Contrary to the belief that possums in Canberra are aggressive, they are generally timid
and exhibit a natural fear of humans. This fear often stems from negative interactions
and habitat encroachment, a shared concern in Canberra.
Possums as Prey Animals: Their Instinct to Avoid Conflict.
3. Possums in Canberra are, by nature, prey animals. Their survival strategy is centred
around avoiding conflict, making aggression an unlikely behaviour in this region.
Reclusive Nature: Shyness and Hiding as Defense Mechanisms.
When possums in Canberra feel threatened, they may resort to reclusive behaviours
such as hiding or “playing possum.” These are essential defence mechanisms that deter
potential predators and ensure their safety in the Canberra environment.
Factors Influencing Possum-Human Interactions in
Canberra
Urban Encroachment: How Habitat Loss Affects Possum Behavior
With urbanization encroaching into natural habitats in Canberra, possums find
themselves sharing spaces with humans more often. This has significant implications
for their behavior and underscores the importance of understanding their needs in an
urban setting.
Food Sources and Scavenging Habits
Possums in Canberra are opportunistic feeders, and urban environments offer
accessible food sources, leading to increased interactions with humans. Managing food
sources plays a crucial role in coexisting peacefully with possums in Canberra.
Attractants and Nuisances: Garbage, Pet Food, and Compost
Human practices like leaving unsecured garbage or pet food outdoors can inadvertently
attract possums in Canberra and lead to potential conflicts. Proper waste management
is vital for harmonious coexistence.
4. Rare Instances of Possum & Human Conflicts in
Canberra
Uncommon Confrontations: When Possums Feel Threatened in Canberra
While possum-human conflicts are rare in Canberra, they can occur in situations where
possums perceive themselves as threatened. Understanding the triggers for defensive
behavior in possums can help prevent confrontations and minimize stress for both
parties.
Handling Encounters: Dos and Don’ts for a Peaceful Resolution in Canberra
Knowing how to handle possum encounters in Canberra can promote peaceful
resolutions and positive coexistence, fostering a harmonious relationship with these
marsupial neighbors.
Addressing Possum Misunderstandings in Canberra
Possum-Related Diseases: Dispelling Health Concerns in Canberra
Although possums may carry diseases, the risk of transmission to humans in Canberra
is minimal. Proper hygiene practices can mitigate potential health concerns and ensure
the safety of residents.
Possums’ Role in Urban Ecosystems: Ecological Benefits in Canberra
Possums in Canberra play a vital role in urban ecosystems by helping control insect
populations and serving as prey for larger predators, contributing to the balance of
nature in the unique environment of the Australian Capital Territory.
Tips for Harmonious Coexistence in Canberra
Securing Garbage and Compost: Preventing Unwanted Visits in Canberra
5. Properly securing garbage and compost bins is crucial in reducing attractants for
possums in Canberra, promoting peaceful coexistence.
Pet Safety: Reducing Interactions Between Possums and Pets in Canberra
Supervising pets outdoors in Canberra can help minimize interactions between them
and possums, ensuring the safety of both animals and fostering a harmonious
environment.
Understanding Zoonotic Diseases: Are Possums a Threat
in Canberra?
While the risk is low, it’s essential to be aware of zoonotic diseases in Canberra and
take practical measures for disease prevention, ensuring the well-being of both
residents and possums.
Practical Measures for Disease Prevention and Education in Canberra
Promoting education about possums and their behaviours in Canberra can reduce fear
and misunderstandings while preventing potential health risks and fostering positive
coexistence.
Summary
Possums in Canberra are gentle creatures with minimal threat to humans.
Understanding their behavior and dispelling the myth of aggression can lead to more
positive interactions and peaceful coexistence. By taking simple steps and fostering
understanding, Canberra’s residents can share their urban spaces with these marsupial
neighbors, contributing to the conservation of their species and the well-being of the
unique ecosystem of the Australian Capital Territory.
6. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q. How to Differentiate Between Possums and Other Similar Animals in
Canberra?
Possums, especially in regions like Canberra, are often mistaken for other wildlife, such
as gliders or rodents. Here are some key distinctions to help you differentiate between
possums and similar animals:
1. Appearance:
– Possums: Possums in Canberra are small to medium-sized marsupials with furry
tails and pointed snouts. They typically have gray or brown fur and are known for their
large, expressive eyes.
– Gliders: Gliders are similar in size to possums but have a membrane of skin that
allows them to glide from tree to tree. They have distinctive wing-like membranes, which
possums lack.
– Rodents: Rodents, such as rats and mice, have sharp, chisel-like front teeth and
long tails. Possums in Canberra do not have these characteristics.
2. Tail:
– Possums: Possums have furry tails, but they are not as bushy as those of some
other animals. Their tails are not prehensile.
– Gliders: Gliders have membrane-covered tails that they use for gliding.
– Rodents: Rodents have long, scaly tails without fur.
3. Behavior:
7. – Possums: Possums are generally slow-moving and arboreal, meaning they spend a
lot of time in trees. They are primarily herbivorous.
– Gliders: Gliders are known for their gliding ability, which allows them to move swiftly
between trees. They are also herbivorous.
– Rodents: Rodents are often ground-dwelling and can be omnivorous, feeding on a
variety of
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