The document discusses the prevalence of cyberbullying, highlighting that around 24.1% of university students have experienced it, with the phenomenon being more common as students age. It also examines the types of victims and aggressors, with findings indicating gender differences in experiencing and perpetrating cyberbullying. Additionally, it explores the relationship between traditional bullying and cyberbullying, suggesting that those who are bullied in one form are likely to be victims in the other.

1. PrevalenceofCyberbullying
Theterm ‘cyberbullying’isarelativelynewone,andhasrecentlyturned
intoasocialphenomenoninthemodernsociety.Mostofthetime,itleaves
studentsunabletodealwiththeirbullies,leavingthem feelinghelplessand
alone.Fowler,JordanandCamper(2014)conductedastudyon1825students
infourUniversitiesinFlorida,anddiscoveredthat24.1percentamongthe
participantshadbeenvictimsofcyberbullyingduringaperiodof12months.
Thesenumbersarenotjustshocking,buttheyalsoshow thatoneinfour
peoplepeoplehaveexperiencedbecomingvictimsofthisscenario.Thisdatais
interestingbecausewhenitiscomparedwithstudiesconductedamong
youngerstudents,thenumbersareunbelievablydifferent.Welner,VanHeigen
andEgger(2014)alsofoundthatamong2,45813to14yearoldstudents,less
reported experiencing being cyberbullied.A similardiscovery was also
presentedbyWalschandGrey(2011)whofoundthatabout105212-18year
oldstudents,11.1percenthadadmittedbecomingvictimsofcyberbullying.
ThisThisstudyconcludesthatthephenomenonofcyberbullyingseemstobemore
prevalentamong studentsastheygetolder.Wesleyetal.(2014)also
mentionedthat30.8percenthadfallenvictimsoftheso-calledtraditional
bullying.
Thispresentsthequestionastowhythereislessprevalenceamong
youngerstudents.Onepossiblereasonisthattheymaynothaveenough
accesstothemethodsandtoolsusedincyberbullyingcomparedtowhat
studentsatuniversitylevelhave.Anotherreasonisthattheymaynotbeas
exposed to technologicaladvancements yetas the olderones.These
continuestoraisesomequestionsregardingtheproblemofcyberbullying,and
whatclassifiesthestudentperpetrators,includingtheirreasonsfordoingthis
toothers.toothers.
TheImpactofPhysicalIntimidationinthe
WayCyberbullyingHappens
LiteratureReview

2. Peoplewhobully.Oneimportantfactorthatshouldbegivenattentionwhen
analyzingtheissueofcyberbullyingisunderstandingthedifferenttypesof
peoplewhoareconsideredastheaggressors.Theveryfirstthingthatshould
bediscussedinanalyzingisthematterofgender.StalloneandVanWesten
(2010)discoveredthatwhenitcomestotheissueofcyberbullying,malesare
lesslikelytobecometheaggressorswithothermaleswhoarereportedas
victimsofcyberbullyingfarmoreoftencomparedtofemales.Theyalsonoted
thatthat36.2percentofthestudentswereactuallyunawareoftheactualgenderof
thebullies.Thisisquiteintriguingbecauseitistheverysamepercentageas
thenumberofbulliedmales,anditonlygoesontoshowthatabout1in3
studentsdonotknowwhotheiraggressorsare,addingtothestigmaandfear
thatisoftenassociatewithcyberbullying.
Typesofvictims.Variousresearchershaveconductedtheirownstudies
regardingthetypesofpeoplewhobecomevictimstocyberbullying.Thisis
oftencalled‘cybervictomology’.AllenandCook(2013)performedastudy,
concludingthatthegenderofthevictimsgreatlyvarieddependingonthetype
ofcyberbullyingdone.Ithasbeendiscoveredthatmalesareusuallythe
receiversofdirectcyberbullying.Ontheotherhand,femalesaremorelikelyto
becyberbulliedindirectly,suchasbeingvictimsofonlinegossip.These
findingsfindingsseemtoremaintrueinsocialnormswherethemalesareoftenviewed
asconfrontational,whilefemalesarebeingstereotypedforgossiping.
Whilethereareafewstudieslookingatthegenderofthevictims,several
othersdoresearchoncertainthingslikethecharacteristicsandpersonalities
ofthevictims.Frayetal(2014)discoveredthattherearealotofreasonswhy
peoplefallvictimsofcyberbullying.Among thesereasonsincludetheir
personalappearance,issueswithinpeers,aswellascontrastingviews.

3. David,RandolfandOrion(2015)conductedastudyinvolvingvictims,aswell
as theirdemographics,looking atthe reasons why people are being
cyberbullied.Someoftheresultsinthestudyaddressedseveralotherreasons
forbeingcyberbullied,discoveringthat14percentofthevictimswerebullied
becauseoftheirsexualorientation.
Allofthese factors are highlyimportantbecause theyfitin to the
classificationoftraditionalbullyingthatalotofpeoplearefamiliarof.Atthe
sametime,italsoshowsthatitnowtranscendstothecyberworldnow.This
furtherleadstomorequestionsregardingtherelationshipbetweenthesetwo,
and how cyberbullying has furtherinfluenced the way harassmentis
continuing.
Bullyandvictimrelationship.Therelationshipthatexistsbetweenthebully
and the victim is anotherthing thatis researched heavily among the
professionals.BayerandLee(2009)performedastudyinvolving532middle
schoolstudents,concludingthatjustbelowhalfofthestudentsfellpreyto
cyberbullyingandtraditionalbullying.Thisalsoprovestrueamongseveral
otherstudies.Walteret.al.(2014)alsoconcludedthatthosewhowerebullied
inatraditionalwayhadhigherlikelihoodtofallingvictimstocyberbullying.An
inteinterestingrelationshipbetweenthebulliesandthevictimsisthatstudiesalso
show thatthose who become victims have the tendency to become
aggressorsinthevirtualworldonline.
References
Allen,G.,&Cook,Y.(2013).Cyberbullyingamongadolescentsthroughmobilephones:Therolethatgenderandstatusplay.Communications:
CommunicationResearchJournal,40(2),109-120.Doi:10.1313/common-2013-0007.
Bayer,B.,&Lee,K.(2009).BecomingaCybervictim:RoutineActivities,Theory,andAnti-SocialityofCyberbullyinginSocialMedia.Journalof
CommunicationinCanada,42(3),373-399.
David,Y.,Randolf,U.,&Orion,P.(2015).Storiesofbullyinganddealingwiththeproblem.Communication,InformationandSociety,20(3),234-256.
Doi:12.3425/1432sd34.2015.234
Fowler,X.,Jordan,D.,&Camper,E.(2014).Effectsofbullying,cyberbullyingandthestigma.PsychologyToday,29(2),46-71.
Fray,J.(2014).Cyberbullying among Universities:Impacts,Experiences and Perspectives.Research in Education Journal,1.
Doi:10.35325/3435/254
Stallone,S.,&Stallone,S.,&VanWesten,K.(2010).Therelationshipbetweentraditionalbullyingandcyberbullying.JournalofStudentTechnology,2(1),12-15.
Walsch,K.,&Grey,A.(2011).Routineactivitiesofapotentialcyberbully.JournalofCommunication,42(1),345-356.
Walter,C.,Jacob,T.,&Farmer,H.(2014).Whybullied?JournalofEffectivePsychology,32(3),134-156.
Welner,T.,VanHeigen,A.,&Egger,O.(2014).Therelationshipbetweenstandardbullyingandvirtualbullying.ComputerToday,2(1),12-14.
Wesley,H.,Dramm,Q.,Cobb,E.(2014).TheCyberbullyingProtocol.ModernComputerPsychology,5(2),12-14.