1) Reading and writing are important communication skills that allow people to gain information, expand knowledge, and experience other cultures. 2) The reading process is interactive, involving the writer, text, and reader. Successful reading requires decoding, interpreting meaning, and understanding the author's intent. 3) Effective writing involves considering the reader and matching their background and needs. Writers use language, content, and conventions to make their text comprehensible and communicative for the reader.

1. “Discourse and
Context in
Language Teaching”

2. “Discourse and Context in
Language Teaching: A Guide for
Language Teachers”
Chapter 7 “Reading” & Chapter 8 “Writing”
Celce-Murcia,M & Olshtain
ISFD n° 41 - Profesorado de Inglés
Students: López Verónica - Nagel Paula - Torres Karina
Teacher: Stella Saubidet
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3. Written Language Skills
⬩ Reading
⬩ Writing
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4. 4
Communication takes place between
readers and writers through well
planned, organized and
comprehended texts
We communicate in order to:
- Gain information.
- Expand our knowledge.
- Open to culture and literature.

5. Interactive view
Integration and
combination of
BOTTOM-UP and TOP-
DOWN
strategies.
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READING WRITING
Consideration and
accommodation of ideas
to provide support to
interpretation.

6. Good and Effective
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Writers Readers
Match schemata. Recognition and decoding of the text.
Notion of reader Combination of Bottom-up and Top-Down.
Anticipate Readers’ needs. Reading strategies.
Use language, content and conventions of
writing
Fit their skills to the type of text and
objective of reading.
Be sensitive to readers, their background
knowledge and potential content schemata
Recruitment of background knowledge.
Create a text that is comprehensible and
communicative.
Use of co-text, matching old and new
information.
Metacognitive knowledge

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Coherence
Interactive
process
The reader
Use of his/her
background knowledge
to understand the
writer’s illocutionary
intention
The writer
Use of extratextual and
intratextual features to
give context and form The written
text
-genre
-rhetorical format
Interactive
process

8. 8
Cohesion
The writer
Use of reference to
unify and connect
topics and comments
between sentences
The reader
Use of his/her
linguistic knowledge to
decode the written text

9. 1.
Reading

10. The reader has to:
- DECODE the message by
recognizing the written signs.
- INTERPRET the message by
assigning meaning to the string of
words.
- UNDERSTAND what the
author's intention was.
The interactive nature of the
Reading process
Reading is an interactive
process between three
participants:
⬩ the writer
⬩ the text
⬩ the reader
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11. The psycholinguistic-
cognitive approach (Barnett)
⬩ It is learner- centered.
⬩ It is focused on cognitive
development.
⬩ It is focused on text
processing.
⬩ Prior knowledge =
SCHEMATA
There are two main
approaches to
reading in literature:
⬩ Top-down
approaches
⬩ Bottom-up
approaches
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12. Top- down approach
View .the interpretation
process as a continuum of
changing hypothesis about
the incoming information
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Bottom- up approach
View reading as a series of
stages that proceed in fixed
order from sensory input to
comprehension. .
Bottom-up vs. Top-down

13. Interactive view of reading
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“Knowledge base + BOTTOM-UP strategies + TOP-
DOWN strategies = COMPREHENSION
★ Top-Down Processing → Used in less familiar texts.
○ Prior Knowledge + Reader’s expectations.
Content + Text Genre Expectations +
Experience
★ Bottom-Up Processing → Used in more difficult texts
○ Linguistic Information + Reading strategies
Semantic + Syntactic

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15. Difficulties Encountered by
Readers while Reading
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★ Global processing difficulties:
○ Grammatical features that cause difficulties:
★ Discourse features that might cause difficulties:
★ Lexical accessibility:

16. Developing a reading course
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⬩ Defining Reading Goals:
▫ Discourse-based approach: Maximise
independent reading, metacognitive
awareness and learner autonomy.
▫ Discourse-oriented reading: Negotiate
interaction with the text.
▫ Expose learners to a variety of texts, genres,
content areas, and styles of writing.

17. 2.
Writing.

18. Different views for the relationship
between
Speaking and Writing
★ -Writing is different from speech
★ -Writing is similar to speech
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Writing is similar to speech Social
Interactionist View
This view perceives dialog to be as important for the
development of writing competence
as it is for spoken discourse
Vygotsky viewed writing as a
monological speech based on
socialized dialogic speech

20. .
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Lorem ipsum
congue
Lorem
ipsum
Lorem
ipsum
Language of
the written
text
The writer
(Knower)
The audience
(Reader)
Berlin´s model approach to writing theory.
4 Components

21. 21
Written text production Framework

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Revision and edition
top-down and bottom-up strategies
Maxims of quantity, quality,relevance and manner(Grice)
Quantity Amount of information in a text.
Quality Support and justification for the position adopted.
Relevance Meaningful text within the potential context of
the reader.
Manner Use of bottom-up techniques.

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Features of a well written text
The writer produce a coherent text to the potential reader
using extratextual and intratextual features
Extratextual features:
Reader´s background
knowledge
Topic given information
Intratextual features:
Writer´s strategies to
produce a coherent text
Comment new information

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Writing Process
● Planning, organizing sequences that makes sense
● Several revising to develop ideas, concepts and
propositions based on cultural conventions
Planning Writing Revising

25. Reference
★ Celce-Murcia, M. (2001). Discourse And Context In Language
Teaching. Cambridge University Press.

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